1.

STATE FIVE DEFINITION OF PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY RESOURCES AND EXPLAIN STEP BY STEP
Preservation of library resources refers to the actions taken to ensure the long-term availability and
accessibility of library materials for future generations.

It is the process of maintaining, protecting and improving the integrity of library collections, both
physical and digital, over time.

Preservation includes measures such as conservation, digitization, and disaster preparedness to

ensure that library materials remain in good condition and are accessible to users.

Preservation activities aim to prevent the deterioration, loss, or damage of library resources, and to
ensure that the materials are usable and accessible to researchers and the general public.

It is a proactive approach to the management of library collections that includes risk assessment,
planning, and implementation of preservation strategies in order to ensure the continued access and
use of library materials over time.

2.EXPLAIN 10 BIOLOGICAL AGENTS THAT CAN DESTROY LIBRARY MATERIALS

Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi can cause damage to library materials through mold
growth, discoloration, and the production of acids that can weaken or degrade paper and other
materials.

Insects and pests such as silverfish, termites, and cockroaches can also cause damage to library
materials by eating or burrowing into the pages of books and other materials.

Light exposure can cause fading and discoloration of photographs, artwork, and other materials.

High humidity and temperature can also cause damage to library materials by promoting mold growth
and weakening of paper and other materials.

Pollution and air pollution can cause discoloration and damage to library materials by exposing them
to pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Water damage can cause warping, discoloration, and mold growth on library materials, especially
paper-based materials such as books and manuscripts.

Physical handling can cause wear and tear on library materials, including scratches, tears, and bent
pages.

Chemical pollutants such as pesticides, cleaning agents, and other chemicals can cause damage to
library materials through discoloration, weakening, and other forms of deterioration.
Natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and fires can cause extensive damage to library
collections.

Human-made disasters such as vandalism, theft, and neglect can also cause significant damage to
library materials

2. EXPLAIN 5 WAYS HUMAN FAULTS CAN LEAD TO DESTRUCTION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS

Improper handling and use of library materials can lead to wear and tear, damage, or loss of
materials. This can include mishandling books and documents, not following proper procedures for
handling and storing materials, or not being aware of the condition of materials before use.

Neglect is a major cause of library material destruction, this can include not monitoring
environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, not regularly cleaning and maintaining
materials and not taking appropriate steps to prevent damage from pests and other biological agents.

Theft or vandalism can also lead to destruction of library materials. This can include the removal or
damage of materials by individuals for personal gain, or as an act of malice.

Lack of proper preservation and conservation practices can lead to the destruction of library materials
over time. This can include not taking steps to protect materials from environmental factors such as
light and humidity, not digitizing or microfilming materials, and not taking appropriate steps to
preserve digital materials.

Inadequate budget or resources can lead to destruction of library materials. This can include not
having enough money to purchase or maintain preservation and conservation equipment, not having
enough staff to properly care for materials, or not having enough space to store materials properly.

5. EXPLAIN 5 WAYS THROUGH WHICH NATURAL DISASTER CAN DESTROY LIBRARY MATERIALS

Flooding can cause extensive damage to library materials, especially paper-based materials such as
books and manuscripts. The water can weaken or dissolve the glue and paper fibers, cause mold
growth, and make the materials unreadable.

Earthquakes can cause structural damage to library buildings and damage to the collections
themselves. This can include broken shelves, displaced materials, and damage caused by falling
objects.

Fires can be devastating to library collections, causing extensive damage through heat and smoke.
This can include charring, discoloration, and the loss of materials through combustion.

Storms and high winds can cause damage to library buildings and collections. This can include broken
windows, damage to roofs, and displacement of materials.

Extreme temperatures such as heat waves and cold snaps can cause damage to library materials by
promoting mold growth, warping, and discoloration. Additionally, air conditioning systems can fail
during power outages, exposing the materials to high temperatures and humidity.
6. STATE TEN WAYS OF HOW LIBRARANS CAN USE ICT TO PRESERVE LIBRARY MATERIALS

Digitization of library materials, such as books and photographs, can help to preserve the original
materials while making them more widely accessible.

Using digital preservation software to preserve and manage digital materials, such as digitized books,
photographs, and other digital assets.

Using digital asset management systems to organize, store, and access digital materials.

Implementing backup and disaster recovery systems to protect digital materials from loss or damage.

Using metadata and cataloging tools to improve the discoverability and accessibility of digital
materials.

Creating digital surrogates of fragile or rare materials to reduce the need for handling and preserve
the original materials.

Implementing an electronic document management system to store, manage and preserve electronic
documents, such as emails, reports, and other types of documents.

Using cloud-based storage solutions to store and preserve digital materials, which can provide
increased accessibility and cost savings.

Using digital rights management software to protect digital materials from unauthorized access or
use.

Collaborating with other institutions and organizations on digital preservation projects to share
resources and expertise.

7. WHAT CHALLENGES MILITATE AGAINSST PRESERVATION OF INFORMATION RESOURCES IN

LIBRARIES IN NIGERIA

Lack of funding: Preservation of library materials requires significant financial resources, and many
libraries in Nigeria struggle to secure adequate funding to support preservation activities.

Lack of trained staff: Many libraries in Nigeria lack the trained personnel needed to properly care for
and preserve library materials, including conservators, archivists, and digital preservation specialists.

Poor environmental conditions: Many libraries in Nigeria are not equipped to provide proper
environmental conditions for the preservation of materials, such as adequate temperature and
humidity control.
Limited access to technology: Many libraries in Nigeria lack access to the technology and equipment
needed for preservation activities, such as digitization equipment and digital preservation software.

Limited collaboration and networking: Libraries in Nigeria often operate in isolation, and lack
opportunities to collaborate and share resources with other institutions and organizations working on
preservation projects.

Limited awareness and understanding of preservation issues: Many library staff in Nigeria may not
have the knowledge, expertise or awareness of preservation issues, and the importance of
preservation of library resources.

Limited infrastructure and inadequate storage facilities: Many libraries in Nigeria lack the
infrastructure and adequate storage facilities to preserve and protect their collections.

Limited government support: Preservation efforts in libraries are often not a priority for the
government, and the government does not provide enough support for preservation activities.

Limited access to professional training and development opportunities: Many library professionals in
Nigeria lack access to professional training and development opportunities that would help them to
acquire the skills and knowledge needed to preserve library materials.

Inadequate preservation policies and guidelines: Many libraries in Nigeria lack policies and guidelines
to ensure the preservation of their collections over time.

8. FIVE POLICIES LIBRARIES CAN ADOPT TO PREVENT THEFT OF LIBRARY MATERIALS

Security cameras and monitoring: Installing security cameras and monitoring systems can help to
deter theft and aid in the identification and prosecution of thieves.

Implementing a check-out and check-in system: Having a system in place for checking out and
returning library materials can help to identify and track missing materials.

Security gates and RFID technology: Installing security gates and using RFID technology can help to
prevent the unauthorized removal of materials from the library.

Staff training and awareness: Providing staff training and awareness programs can help to increase
their awareness and understanding of library security issues and how to prevent theft.

Collaboration with law enforcement: Establishing a relationship with local law enforcement can help
to ensure that thefts are reported, investigated, and prosecuted.

9. LIST TWO TYPES OF ICT FACILITIES THAT CAN BE USED TO SECURE LIBRARY RESOURCES

Security cameras and monitoring systems: Security cameras and monitoring systems can be used to
deter theft, track movements of people in the library, and aid in the identification of thieves.
Access control systems: Access control systems can be used to control access to the library and
specific areas within the library, such as the stacks or special collections. This can include the use of
security gates, RFID technology, or biometric systems to prevent unauthorized access or removal of
materials.

10. STATE 6 METHODS LIBRARIANS CAN APPLY TO SECURE LIBRARY MATERIALS FROM DAMAGE

Environmental controls: Implementing environmental controls such as temperature and humidity

control can help to preserve library materials and prevent damage caused by mold, mildew, and other
environmental factors.

Preservation and conservation techniques: Applying preservation and conservation techniques such
as deacidification, encapsulation, and conservation treatment can help to prevent damage to library
materials over time.

Digitization: Digitizing library materials can help to preserve the original materials while making them
more widely accessible.

Security cameras and monitoring: Installing security cameras and monitoring systems can help to
deter theft and aid in the identification and prosecution of thieves.

Access control systems: Implementing access control systems can help to prevent unauthorized
access or removal of materials from the library.

Training and education: Providing training and education for staff, patrons, and researchers on proper
handling and use of library materials can help to prevent damage caused by mishandling or misuse.

11. WRITE BRIEFLY ON HOW ENVIRONMENT, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND HUMAN FACTORS CAN
CAUSE DETERIORATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS

Environmental Factors: Exposure to light, temperature and humidity changes, pollutants, and pests
can all cause deterioration of library materials. Light can cause fading and discoloration, while
temperature and humidity changes can cause warping, cracking, and mold growth. Pollutants such as
smoke, dust, and chemicals can also cause damage over time.

Chemical Factors: Certain chemicals can cause damage to library materials, such as acidity in paper
and ink corrosion. In addition, improper cleaning and preservation methods can also cause damage.

Biological Factors: Pests such as insects and rodents can cause physical damage to library materials, as
well as spread mold and bacteria.

Human Factors: Improper handling, such as bending, folding, or tearing pages, can cause damage to
library materials. In addition, library materials may be damaged by accidents such as spills or fires.

STATE 5 WAYS LIBRARIES CAN PRESERVE DIGITAL MATERIALS

Digital Preservation: Libraries can use digital preservation techniques, such as regular backups and
migration to new file formats, to ensure that digital materials remain accessible and usable over time.
File Format Migration: Libraries can use software tools to migrate digital materials to new file formats
that are more sustainable and less prone to obsolescence.
Digital Object Identifiers (DOI): Libraries can assign Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to digital materials
to ensure that they can be easily located and accessed over time.
Metadata Creation and Management: Libraries can create and manage metadata for digital materials
to ensure that they can be easily discovered, understood, and used by researchers and other users.
Digital Repository Management: Libraries can use digital repository management software to
preserve, manage, and provide access to digital materials over time. This software can include
features such as version control, preservation planning, and access controls to ensure that digital
materials are preserved and made accessible over time.

EXPLAIN FIVE REASONS WHY LIBRARIANS SHOULD EDUCATE LIBRARY USERS ON THE NEED TO
CAREFULLY HANDLE LIBRARY MATERIALS

To preserve the materials: Careful handling of library materials can help prolong their lifespan and
ensure they remain in good condition for future users.

To reduce costs: Damaged materials may need to be replaced, which can be costly for the library.
Educating users on proper handling can help reduce these costs.

To promote a culture of respect: Teaching users to handle materials carefully demonstrates respect
for the materials and the library as a whole.

To improve the user experience: When materials are well-maintained, users have access to a wider
range of materials and can have a better overall experience using the library.

To foster a sense of community: By teaching users to take care of library materials, librarians can help
foster a sense of community among users and create a sense of shared responsibility for the library's
resources.