694 = A Textbook of Machine Design Equating the values of Ry from equations (ji) and (i), we get rar, 150 og ys Ineratng the sbove equation btwet the iis Tan , and fom 0100, weave nor IF ie f i vee (B)=ne or Beet .” x(Boam « E o ‘The equation (v) can be expressed in terms of corresponding logarithm to the base 10, Le. r 23 log) | = 3(E] no ‘The above expression vesthe elton between thei sde and slack sie ensions, in ems of coefficient of friction and the angle of contact. "Notes: 1, While determining the angle of contact, t must be remembered that itis the angle of contact atthe smaller pulley if both the pulleys are ofthe same material. We know that, (for opes belt drive) (for eross-belt drive) Angle of contact of lp, o= 04020) Es (ropa ve) = (180° + 209 rad (or eross-belt drive) 2, ‘When the polfeys are made of different material (/¢. when the coefficient of fition of the pulleys or the angle of contact are different), then the design will refer tothe pulley for which 1.0 is somal, Example 18.2. Two pulleys, one 450 mm diameter and the other 200 mm diameter, on parallel shafts 1.95 m apart are connected by a crossed belt. Find the length of the belt required and the angle ‘of contact Between the belt and each pulley. What power can be transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley rotates at 200 revimin, ifthe ‘maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1 KN, and the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25? Solution. Given ; d, = 450 mm = 0.45 m or r, = 0.225 m; d, = 200 mm = 0.2 mor 0.1 m;x=1.95m;N;=200ep.m.; 7, =1kN= 1000 N; 1=0.25 ‘The arrangement of crossed belt driv Fig. 18.17Flat Belt Drives = 695 Length of the belt ‘We know that length of the belt, : beng enyetes OL Angle of contact between the belt and each pulley Let © = Angle of contact between the belt and each pulley ‘We now that for a crossed bet drive, sing = 4 +f _ 0295 +04 9 1667 195 a= 96° and 80° + 20.= 180-+29.6= 199.2° = 1992 x2 =3.477 rad Ans. 180 Ans Power transmitted Let 7, = Tension inthe tight side of the belt, and TT, = Tension in the slack side of the belt. We know that or A =2387 taking amiog of0378) q T__ 1000 ~ a - Laon 1” F387” 2387 We know that the velocity of belt, yo Bai R045 200 gay 5 jg 0 0 Power transmitted, P= (1,~T,) v= (1000—419) 4.713 =2738 W = 2.738 kW Ans. 7 i Te 18.20 Centrifugal Tension cy Since the belt continuously runs over the pulleys, therefore, some centrifugal force is caused, whose effect isto increase the tension on both the tight as well as the slack sides. The tension caused by centrifugal force is called centrifugal tension. At lower belt speeds (less than 10 m’s), the centrifugal tension is very small, butat higher belt speeds (more than 10 m/s), its effect is considerable and thus should be taken into account. Consider a small portion PQ of the belt subtending ‘an angle d@ at the centre of the pulley, as shown in Fig. 18.18, Fig, 18.18, Centrifugal tension,696 = A Textbook of Machine Design Let 1m = Mass of belt per unit length in kg, Linear velocity of belt in mis, Radius of pulley over which the belt runs in metres, and TT = Centrifugal tension acting tangentially at P and Q in newtons. We know that length ofthe belt PQ =r ‘and__mass ofthe belt PO wa Centrifugal force acting onthe belt PO, ¥ mrd9 x — = mao? Belt drive on a laine ‘The centrifugal tension 7, acting tangentially at P and Q keeps the belt in equilibrium. Now resolving the forces (Le. centrifugal force and centrifugal tension) horizontally, we have fn(lloem( pone Since anh ivy sal sin ping sin (22) 42 nag mare on{ 2) = mdb? 2 To = mat [Notes : 1. When centrifugal tension is taken nto account, then toll tension in the ight side, 1, =T+To snd total tension nthe slacks, Ts TeFlat Belt Drives = 697 2, Power vansmited, Pa(Iy-T¥ sin watts) = (+1) = (y+ TO) Ty (ame as before) ‘Thus we see thatthe centrifugal tension has no effect onthe power transmit. The tatio of driving tensions may siso be written as Ty-Te sas EZE) pe where T,, = Maximum of total tension i the belt. 18.21 Maximum Tension in the Belt A little consideration will show that the maximum tension inthe belt (7) is equal to the total tension in the tight side ofthe belt (7, Let = Maximum safe stress, + = Width of the belt, and 1 = Thickness of the bel. ‘We know that the maximum tension in the belt, T = Maximum stress * Cross-sectional area of belt= oh. ‘When centrifugal tension is neglected, then T (or T,) = T,, Le. Tension in the tight side of the belt. ‘When centrifugal tension is considered, then T(orT,) = T,+Te 18.22 Condition for the Transmission of Maximum Power ‘We know that the power transmitted by a belt, T,-T)¥ “ where T, = Tension inthe tight side in newtons, ‘Tension in the slack side in newtons, and V = Velocity ofthe belt in mis From At. 18.19, ratio of driving tensions is 7 qe hase Ai) Substituting the value of 7; in equation (), we have Ait) where We know that where ‘Maximum tension to which the belt can be subjected in newtons, and T,, = Centrifugal tension in newtons. Substituting the value of 7, in equation (ii), we have P = (Tomy) v% C= (Tym) C (Substituting Ze =m)698 = A Textbook of Machine Design For maximum power, differentiate the above expression with respect to vand equate to 2er0, i. ap - d c=. Fe 78 Elem mv)C=0 or T-3 my? =0 T-3T.=0 of c It shows that when the power transmitted is maximum, 1/3rd of the maximum tension is absorbed as centrifugal tension. Notes : 1. We know that 7, Teand f teat Te and for maximum power, Te= n= 7-tet 2, From equation (/), we find thatthe velocity of the belt for maximum power, fE YS Vn Example 18.3. A leather belt 9 mm x 250 mm is used to drive a cast iron pulley 900 mm in diameter at 336 np.m, If the active arc on the smaller pulley is 120° and the stress in tight side is 2MPa, find the power capacity of the belt. The density of leather may be taken as 980 kg/m’, and the coefficient of friction of leather on cast iron is 0,35. Solution, Given: # = 9 mm = 0.009 m; b = 250 mm = 0.25 m; d= 900 mm = 0.9 m; N= 336 p.m; @= 120° = 120 x = jag ~ 2-1 tad; 6=2 MPa=2 Nimm?; p= 980 kgim®; = 0.35 We know that the velocity of the belt, yo EAN _ R09 x336 60 60 and cross-sectional area of the belt, = bg=9 « 250= 2250 mm? ‘Maximum or total tension in the tight side ofthe belt, T= T= 6.a=22250=4500N ‘We know that mass of the belt per metre length, ‘m = Area length * density 2 kgm tL = 0.25 * 0,009 % 1 980 kgim Centrifugal tension, *Te = ma? =2.2 (15.8 = 550 N and tension in the tight side ofthe belt, Let T—T.= 4500 550 = 3950 N We know that “Tension inthe lack sd ofthe bel 1 2.3 log) | = p.0=0.35 «2.1 =) “(Z) ostne of Banas ae e029) 75 gems)Flat Belt Drives = 699 __ 3950 | and 1, = he = FRA 1895 ‘We know thatthe power capacity of the belt, P = (T,~T,) v= (3950~ 1895) 15.8 = 32.470 W= 32.47 kW Ans. Notes ‘The power capacity ofthe bel, when cntifigal tension taken nto acount, may also be abiained 3s discussed below 1, Weknow that the maximum tension in the tight side ofthe belt, 7, = T=4500N Cnsifugal tension, Ty = S50 and tension in the slack side ofthe bel T, = 1695 Total tension in the slack side ofthe bet, Ty = Ty To= 1895 + 550= 2445 We know thatthe power capacity ofthe bel, P= (1 —T) 9= (4500 ~ 2445) 158 = 32470 W = 32.47 KW Ans, 2 The value of toa tension nthe stack side ofthe belt (7) may also be obtained by using the relation as discussed in An, 1820, te u diameter running at 300 rp.m. The angle of contact is spread over , ofthe circumference. The coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley surface is 0.3. Determine, taking centrifugal tension into account, width ofthe belt required. eis given tha the belt thickness is 9.5 mm, densiny (ofits material is 1100 kg/m: and the related permissible working stress is 2.5 MPa. Sette. ives: P=08W 0x10 W d= $e: M=stoepan Be HE ae 65 88 rad ; = 0.3; 1= 9.5 mm = 0.0095 m; p = 1100 kg/m’: 6 = 2.5 MPa ,, = Tension in the tight side of the belt in newtons, and T, = Tension in the slack side of the belt in newtons. ‘We know that the velocity of the belt, Rd N_mx15x300 60 60 = 23.57 mis ‘and power transmitted (P), 30 * 10° = (T,- 1.) v= (,-7,) 23.57 T,—T, = 30% 10°/2357= 1273 N 0 We know that 2ne(3) -yo-oss2s0-onet Re oanss or j= 2375 “i (Taking atiog of 0.3756) From equations () and (i), we find that 2I99N; and 7,=926N700 = A Textbook of Machine Design Let +b = Width of the belt required in metres. We know that mass of the belt per metre length, im = Area length * density = b <1 1p = bx 0.0095 * 1 * 1100= 10.45 b kg/m and centrifugal tension, Ty 10.45 b (23.57)? = 5805 b N ‘We know that maximum tension in the belt, r 1 + T= Stress * Area = o.bt or 2199 + S805 b = 2.5 x 10°» b x 0.0095 = 23 7505 23-750 6 - $805 6 = 2199 or b= 0.122 mor 122mm, The standard width of the belt is 125 mm. Ans. Example 18.8. An electric motor drives an exhaust fan, Following data are provided. ‘Motor pulley Fan pulley Diameter 400 mm 1600 mm Angle of warp 2.5 radians 3.78 radians Coefficient of friction 03 025 Speed 700 rp.m. — Power transmitted 225 kW = Calculate the width of 5 mm thick flat belt. Take permissible stress for the belt material as 2.3.MPa Solution. Given: d, = 400mm orr, = 200 mm ; d,= 1600 mm or r,= 800mm ; 0, =2.5 red ; = 3.78 rad ; ft, = 0.3; My = 0.25; N, = 700 rpm, ; P= 22.5 kW= 225 « 10° W; t= 5 mm 0.005 m ; 6 = 2.3 MPa=2.3 * 10° Nim? Fig, 18.19 shows asystem of flat bet drive. Suffix | refers to motor pulley and suffix 2 refers to fan pulley. Fig. 18:19 We have discussed in Art. 18.19 (Note 2) that when the pulleys are made of different material [e. when the pulleys have different coefficient of friction (1) or different angle of contact (8), then the design will refer to a pulley for which p.0 is small. Formoterpulley, 4.8, 03 *25=0.75 snd for fan pulley, p8, = 0.25% 3.78 = 0.945Flat Belt Drives = 704 Since j,.8, for the motor pulley is small, therefore the design is based on the motor pulley. Let ,, = Tension in the tight side ofthe belt, and “Tension in the slack side of the belt. We know that the velocity of the belt, RdNj _ ex04% 700 v= a SR TIR A147 mis istken in mene) and the power transmitted (P), 225 «108 = (T,-1,) v= (1)-T) 147 T,=T, = 225 « 10°/ 14.1 = 1330 “ We know that 230g (2) - . 3og(B) = y,0,-03 »25 0.5 ii) (Taking antilog of 03261) From equations (i) and (i), we find that 896N; and T,=1366N Width of the belt in metres. Since the velocity ofthe belt is more than 10 mis, therefore centrifugal tension must be taken into consideration. Assuming a leather belt for which the density may be taken as 1000 kg / 1 2» Mass of the belt per metre length, rea * length * density =b x 11 p % 0,005 x 1 x 1000 =5 b kg/m ‘and centrifugal tension, T= ma? =5 b (14.7)? = 1080 6 N ‘We know that the maximum (or total) tension in the belt, T&T, T.= Stress Area= 6.b4 or 2896 + 1080 b = 2.3 x 10% * 0.005 = 11 5006 11.500 ~ 1080 5 = 2896 or 5=0.278 say 0.28 m or 280 mm Ans. Example 18.6, Design a rubber belt to drive a dynamo generating 20 KW at 2250 rp.m. and ‘fitted with a pulley 200 mm diameter. Assume dynamo efficiency to be 85%. Allowable stress for belt 2 MPa Density of rubber 1000 kg/m? Angle of contact for dynamo pulley 165° Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley = 0.3 Solution. Given: P = 20 kW = 20 10° Ws N= 2250 rpm. d = 200 mm = 0.2 m; ny = 85% = 0.85: 0 = 2.1 MPa = 2.1 = 10° Nim?; p = 1000 kgm’; @ = 165° = 165 « 7/180 = 2.88 ad; W=03 Let ,, = Tension in the tight side ofthe belt, and T, = Tension in the slack side of the belt. ‘We know that velocity of the belt, RAN _ mx0.2% 2250 60 oO v = 23.6 mis702 = A Textbook of Machine Design and power transmitted (P), 20% 10° =(7-7,) vn, (,-1,) 23.6 « 085, =20.1(T,-T,) T,—T,= 20% 10°/20.1=995N 4) We know that wy (Taking antilog of 0.3756) From equations () and (ii), we find that T, = 1719 Nj and T, = 724N Let = Width of the belt in metres, and 1 = Thickness of the belt in metres. Rubber bei Assuming thickness ofthe belt, = 10 mm = 0.01 m, we have Cross-sectional area ofthe bel x1=<0.01=0.01 bm? We know that mass of the belt per metre length, im = Area * length * density = 0,01 5 1 * 1000 = 10 & kg/m Centrifugal tension, T. = ma? = 10 (23.6 We know that maximum tension in the belt, T = obs =2.1 105 50,01 =21 0005N ‘and tension in the tight side of belt (7), 1719 = TT, = 21 000 b= $570 b = 15 430 b= 1719/15 430=0,1114 m= 111.4 mm The standard width of the belt (6) is 112. mm. Ans. Example 18.7. Design a belt drive to transmit 110 kW for a system consisting of two pulleys of diameters 0.9 m and 1.2 m, centre distance of 3.6 m, a belt speed 20 m /s, coefficient of friction 0.3, sip of 1.2% at each pulley and 5% friction loss at each shaft, 20% over load. Solution, Given : P = 10 KW = 110 x 10° W; d, = 0.9 morr, = 0.45 m;d,~ 12m oF, = 0.6m x= 3.6m; ¥=20mis; w= 03 3s, ~ 5 1.2% Fig 18.20 shows a system of flat belt drive consisting of two pulleys. 5705N Let 1, = Speed of the smaller or driving pulley inep.m. and and N= Spesd ofthe larger or driven pulley in p.m, We know that spect ofthe bel, no = BHM (A) -BABPN 12) go 60 \'~ 705) ~~ 60" N, = 20/ 0.0466 = 430 rpm,Flat Belt Drives = 703 ‘and peripheral velocity of the driven pulley, ndyNy fae RX12x Ny 60 Driven Driving pulley pulley 18d 1 - 045m fp ———. Fig. 1820 ‘We know that the torque acting on the driven shaft Power transmitted x 60 _ 110 x10*x 60 2 Ny 2axSIS Since there isa 5% friction loss at each sha, therefore torque acting on the belt .05 % 3334 =3500 N-m Since the belt isto be designed for 20% overload, therefore design torque 1.2 « 3500 = 4200 N-m fension inthe tight side ofthe belt, and r, = Tension in the slack side ofthe belt ‘We know that the torque exerted on the driven pulley 1, ~ 13) 15 = (y= 1) 0. [Equating this to the design torque, we have 0.6 (T,=T,) = 4200 or T,—T, = 4200 0.6 = 7000 N wo ‘Now let us find out the angle of contact (0,) of the belt on the smaller or driving pulley. From the geometry ofthe Fig. 18.20, we find that =3.6m ——s 0.6m 3334 Nem Let .6 (I, — 1) Nem Ban 069048 oga17 or a= 24° 36 = 208 180=2 «245 1752" 1752.x 7 = 3.06 rd i) _ 0.918 i tog (2) = 299% 93991 or Ha 2.5. raking anogo we (2) 22 4.251. oxi sf0291) 0)704 = A Textbook of Machine Design From equations (i) and (i), we find that }, = 11 636 N ; and 7, = 4636 N Let = Safe stress for the belt = 2.5 MPa = 2.5 x 10 Nim? (Assume) 1 = Thickness of the belt = 15 mm = 0.015 m, and (Assume) 'b = Width of the belt in metres. Since the belt speed is more than 10 mi, therefore centrifugal tension must be taken into ‘consideration, Assuming a leather belt for which the density may be taken as 1000 kg/m, Mass of the belt per metre length, ‘m = Arca * length « density = bx 11% p 0,015 1 1000= 15.5 kwim and centrifugal tension, a 5 8 (20)? = 6000 5 N ‘We know that maximum tension in the belt, TH=T,+To= obs or 11 636 + 6000 b = 2.5 « 105 bx 0.015 ~37 5005 37 5005-6000 b = 11 636 or b=0.37mor370mm ‘The standard width ofthe belt (6) is 400 mm, Ans. ‘We know that length of the belt, 2 L @=n (yt nyeaes (06 - 0.45)? 36 = 3.3 +7.2 + 0.006 = 10.506 m Ans Example 18.8. A belt 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick is transmitting power at 1000 metres/min, ‘The net driving tension is 1.8 times the tension on the slack side. Ifthe safe permissible stress on the belt section in 1.6 MPa, calculate the maximum power, that can be transmitted at this speed. Assume density of the leather as 1000 kg/m’. Calculate the absolute maximum power that can be transmitted by this belt and the speed at which this can be transmitted. Solution. Given : b= 100 mm =0.1 m3 = 8 (0.6 +045) +2x3.6 4 10 mm = 0.01 m ; ¥= 1000 m'min = 16.67 mis ; 1,7, = 18 T,36= 1.6 MPa= 1.6 Nimm?; p= 1000 kgim* Power transmitted Let 1, = Tension inthe tight side of the belt, and T, = Tension inthe slack side of the bet. We know that the maximum tension in the belt, T= aha 1.6% 100 * 10 = 1600'N Mass of the belt per metre length, xexdxp 9. kg/m Centrifugal tension, ma? = 1 (16.672 = 278 We know that — T..= 1600-278 = 1322NFlat Belt Drives = 705 and 1-1, = 187, (Given) T__ 1322 2° 38 28 ‘We know thatthe power transmitted. P= (1-1, v= (1322— 472) 1667= 14 170 W Speed at which absolute maximum power can be transmitted ‘We know that the speed of the belt for maximum power, fE-f= 3m dt Absotite masinirm power ‘We kw that for absolute maximum power, the centrifugal tension, Ty = T/3=1600/3=533 N “Tension in the ight se, 1, andtenson inthe slack side, 72.N 4.17 kW Ans. 23.1 m/s Ans. 1=T= 1600 — $33 = 1067 N 1067 r, 1067, 2738 28 Absolute maximum power transmitted, P = (I,=T,) v= (1067 381) 23.1 = 15 850 W = 15.85 kW Ans, 18.23 Inifial Tension in the Belt ‘When a belt is wound round the two pulleys (ie. driver and follower) its two ends are joined together, so thatthe belt may continuously move over the pulleys, since the motion ofthe belt (from the driver) and the follower ({rom the belt is governed by a firm grip due to friction between the belt and the pulleys. In order to increase this grip, the belt is tightened up. At this stage, even when the pulleys are stationary, the belt is subjected to some tension, called initial tension. ‘When the driver stars rotating, it pulls the belt from one side (increasing tension in the belt on this side) and delivers to the other side (decreasing tension inthe belt on thet side). The increased tension in one side ofthe belt is called tension in tight side and the decreased tension inthe other side ‘of the bet is called tension in the slack side. Let Ty = Initial tension inthe belt, T, = Tension inthe tight side ofthe belt, T, = Tension inthe slack side ofthe belt, and a ~ Coeficient of increase ofthe belt length per unit force. A little consideration will show that the increase of tension inthe tight side ia To ‘and increase inthe length of the belt on the tight side = a(t,-T) ro) Similarly, decrease in tension in the slack side fa ‘and decrease inthe length of the belt on the slack side = a(t,-T,) Ai) Assuming that the belt material is perfectly elastic such that the length of the belt remains ‘constant, when itis at rest or in motion, therefore increase in length on the tight side is equal to ‘decrease in the length on the slack side, Thus, equating equations () and (i), we have (1, -T,) = 0(Ty-T,) SIN706 = A Textbook of Machine Design or T.-Ty=Ty—Te q+ af (Neglecting centrifugal tension) R+t + 2% ~ athe (Considering conifugaltnsion) "Note: In aetal practic, the belt material isnot perfectly elastic. Therefore, the sum ofthe tensions 7, and 7, ‘when the bet is transmistng power, is always greater than twice the initial tension. According to C.G. Barth, the relation between 7, T, and Tis given by Vivi = 2% SO eT eT aT open belt drive. The dlameter ofthe larger pulley i 13 m and ta ofenaleruley I'm The intial tension inthe belt when stattonary ls SEN. The mas ofthe belts 13 kg/m length. The coefficient of fton between the belt andthe pulley i 03 Taking central tension no acount, caulte eee a at tere oP Solution. Given: x= 48 md, =1S m3 dy=1m3T,=3 KN = 3000 N m= 5 kgm ; = i= 400 xp. We know thatthe velocity ofthe belt, Edgy _ 2X1%400 9) 60 «0 Centrifugal tension, Te = ma®= 1.5 21? = 661.5 Let T, ~ Tension in the tight side ofthe bel, and 1, = Tension in the slack side ofthe belt. We know that the inital tension (T,), T 40, +2e _T,+T +2615 rr rr : 1,41, ~ 3000 + 2-2 « 6615 = 4677 N “ For an open belt drive, hon dd 15-1 sin oc = 0521 oF a= 3° x 2x 2x48 Angle of lap on the smaller pulley, @ = 180° 2 80-2 x 3= 174° = 174 = 3.04 rad 80 We know that 2306(F} = .0=03 «304-0912 o912 if a log ®) Fe 703965 or FE =2S—.crekingatiog of 13965). i) From equations (and (i), we have 1, = 3341 Nand T= 1336N We know that the power transmitted, P = (T,~T,) v= (3341 — 1336) 21 = 42 100 W = 42.1 KW Ans.Flat Belt Drives = 707 Example 18.10. In a horizontal belt drive for a centrifugal Blower the blower is belt driven at 600 rp.m. by a 15 KW, 1750 rp.m. electric motor. The centre distance is twice the diameter of the larger pulley: The density of the belt material = 1500 kg/m: maximum allowable stress = 4 MPa; , = 0.5 (motor pulley); |, = 0.4 (blower pulley); peripheral velocity ofthe belt = 20 mis. Determine the following: 1, Pulley diameters; 2. belt length: 3. cross-sectional area of the belt; 4. minimum initial tension for operation without slip: and 5. resultant force in the plane of the blower when operating >with an initial tension 50 per cent greater than the minimum value, Solution. Given : Ny = 600 rp.m.; P= 15 kW = 15 * 10° W; M, = 1750 rpm; p= 1500 kgim® ; = 4 MPa= 4 % 108 Nim?; p= 0.5 ; y= 04; v= 20 mis Fig. 18.21 shows a horizontal belt drive. Suffix 1 refers to a motor pulley and suffix 2 refers to a blower pulley. Blower pulley Fig, 18.21 Diameter of the motor pulley, and Diameter ofthe blower pulley. We know that peripheral velocity of the belt (»), = EAM, BA %180 gy 60 0 / 91.64 = 0.218 m=218 mm Ans. We also know that 218% 1750 636 mm Ans. 2. Belt lengih Since the centre distance (x) between the two pulleys is twi ((e.2.d) therefore centre distance, the diameter of the larger pulley d= 2 636= 1272 mm We know that length of bel, r (a= 4) = Elsa, +2x+ 4a b= 54s) 3 (218 ~ 636)? 4127 3920 mm = 3.92 m Ans, (218 + 636) +2 1272 + 342 + 2544 +34708 = A Textbook of Machine Design 3. Cross-sectional area of the belt Let 4 = Cross-scetional area of the bet Fitst ofall, lets find the angle of contact for both the pulleys, From the geometry ofthe figure, wwe find that OM _m-n_dy~dy_ 636-218 00, * 2x 2x1272 a= 946" ‘We know that angle of contact on the motor pulley, 8, = 180° —20= 180-2 «9.46 = 161.08" 161.08 * / 180 =2.8 rad and angle of contact onthe blower pulley, 180° + 2a= 180+ 2x 9.46= 198,92" 98,92 % n/ 180 = 3.47 rad Since both the pulleys have different coefficient of fiction 1), therefore the design will referto a pulley for which 1.0 is small. For motor pulley, h.8, =05*2.8=14 and for blower pulley, 1,0, = 0.4% 347 = 1,388 Since u, 0, for the blower pulley is less then 0, therefore the design is based on the blower pulley. Let 7, = Tension in the tight side ofthe belt, and T, = Tension in the slack side ofthe belt ‘We know that power transmitted (P), 15 «10° = (2-1) v=(1,-) 20 : T,-T, = 15* 10°/20=750N “ We also know that sino 0.1643 7) _ 1388 : log | | = = =0.6035 or (i) (z) 23 wy taking antog 006038) From equations () and, T, = 1000N ; and T, = 250N Mass of the belt per mete length, ‘m = Area * length x density =a «1% p. x1 1500 1500 a kg/m Centrifugal tension, T, = ma? = 1500 a (20)? = 0.6 * 10% aN ‘We know that maximum or total tension in the belt, T=T,*Tq= 1000+ 06% 105aN «i We also know that maximum tension inthe belt, T= Stress * area=6* a= 4% 10° aNFlat Belt Drives = 709 From equations (i) and (i), 1000 + 0.6 * 10% = 4% 10a or 3.4 10%a= 1000 a= 1000/ 3.4 = 10° = 294 10-6 m?= 294 mm? Ans. 4. Minimum initial tension for operation without slip We know that centrifugal tension, Te = 0.6 * 10° a= 0.6 x 10° 294 x 10 = 176.4 N .. Minimum initial tension for operation without slip, 1000 + 250+ 2176.4 = 8014 N Ans. ‘8. Resultant force in the plane of the blower when operating with an inital tension 50 per cent ‘greater than the minimum value We have calculated above that the minimum initial tension, T, = 8014 Increased initial tension, 801.4 + 801.4% 50 100 Let 7," and 7," be the corresponding tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively ‘We know that inereased initial tension (T,), Wet +2fe 1 +f +2x1768 2 2 202 «2-2 176.4 = 2051.2N 0) 1202 T+ Since the rato of tensions will be constant, ie. 2 = toe om eqn ete moh 40+ Ty! = 2051.2 oF T,'=2051.2/5=410.24N and T/=4Ty=4 x 410.24 = 1640.96 Resultant force in the plane of the blower = 1)'=1,'= 1640.96 ~ 410.24 ~ 1230.72.N Ans. Example 18.11. An open belt conneets two flat pulleys. The pulley diameters are 300 mm and 450 mm and the corresponding angles of lap are 160° and 210°. The smaller pulley runs at 200 p.m. The coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25. Is found thatthe belt ison the point of tipping when 3 KI is transmitted. To increase the power transmitted two alternatives are suggested, namely (i) increasing the initial tension by 10%, and (i) increasing the coefficient of friction by 10% by the application of a suitable dressing to the belt. Which of these two methods would be more effective? Find the percentage increase in power possible in each case. Solution. Given :d, = 300 mm = rads8,=210°=210% 7 «366 §=200cpmsqi= 02857340 Tension nth ihe ofthe bl and Tension nh sack sie of bel We have discussed in Art 18.19 (Note 2) that when the pulleys are made of different material Lie. when the pulleys have different coefficient of friction (1) or different angle of contact (8), then the design will be refer toa pulley for which 1.8 is small,710 = A Textbook of Machine Design -» For smaller pulley, 1.8, = 0.25 * 2.8=0.7 ‘and for larger pulley, 1915 Since 4.0, for the smaller pulley is less than p.0,, therefore the design is based on the smaller pulley. We know that velocity of the belt, RdyN;_ ©x03x200 60 60 = 3.142 mis and power tansmitted (P), 3000 = (7, - 7,) v= (7, -T,) 3.142 7,—T, = 3000 /3.142= 955 N @ We know that 23 log(2.) =y.0,=0.25*28=027 t, Th) _ 07 4 Fi). 97 or A-201 i (2) Saas oe B20 O (Taking antilog of 0.3043) From equations () and (i), we find that T, = 1896 N, and T, = 941 N (@ Power transmitted when initial tension is increased by 10% ‘We know that the initial tension, T+ _ 1896 +941 Car) 2 Increased initial tension, = 1418.5 N) y= tes + 14185 19 -156035 N ios Let 7, and T, be the corresponding tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively, hth Ty or 1,40, = 2 T= 2% 1560.35 = 3120.7 N (i Since the ratio of the tensions is constant, i.e. T/T, O15 T,, therefore from ‘equation (i), 2015 T, +7, = 3120.7 or T,=3120.7/3.015 = 1035 N and T, = 2.015 T, = 2.015 « 1035 = 2085.7 N «Power transmitted, P= (2, ~T,) v= (2085.7 ~ 1035) 3.142 = 3300 W=3.3 kW (i) Power transmitted when the coefficient of friction is increased by 10% We know that the coefficient of fiction, w= 025 Increased coefficient of friction, w= 0.25 +025 x22 - 0.275 100 Let 7, and 1, be the corresponding tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively. We know thatFlat Belt Drives = 711 1 : on x log —=036@8 or 2=216 Adv) “(t) 23 i o Pking antog 003548) Here the initial tension is constant, i T+ T\4 0, =21,=2% 14185 =2837 N © From equations (i) and (v), we find that T, = 1939 N, and T; = 898 N Power transmitted, P = (I,~T))v= (1939-898) 3.14 Since the power transmitted by increasing the initial tension is more, therefore in order to increase the power transmitted, we shall adopt the method of inereasing the initial tension. Ans. Percentage increase in power Percentage increase in power when the initial tension is increased 100 = 10% Ans. 3 Percentage increase in power when coefficient of friction is increased, 3271-3 100 = 9.03% Ans. EXERCISES 41, An engine shaft running at 120 p.m. is required to drive a machine shaft by means ofa belt. The pulley on the engine shaft is of 2m diameter and that of the machine shaft is 1 m diameter. Ite belt thickness is $ mm; determine the speed ofthe machine sha, when 1. there is no sip; and. 2. there isa sip of 3% (Ans. 239.4 rpm. 2323 ep.m] 2. Apulley is driven by a lat belt running a a speed of 600 mlmin, The coefficient of friction between, the pulley and th bel is 0.3 and the angle of lapis 160°. I the maximum tension in the belts 700 N; find the power transmitted by & bel, [Ans. 3.974 KW] 3. Find the width of the belt necessary to transmit 10 KW to a pulley 300 mm diameter, ifthe pulley makes 1600 rp.m, and the coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.22 Assume he angle of contact as 210° and the maximum tension in te belt is not to exceed 8N/mm ‘width Ans. 99 mm} 4. Anopen belt 100 mm wide connects two pulleys mounted on parallel shafts with their centres 2.4m spar. The diameter of the larger pulley is 450 mm and that of the smaller pulley 300 am, The coo cient of fection between the belt and the pulley is 0.3 and the maximum stress in the belt is limited to 14 Nimm width, Ifthe larger pulley rotates at 120 rp.m. find the maximum power that can be ‘transmitted. Ans. 2387 KW] 5. Arough rule for leather belt is that effective tension init, shall not excoed 15 Nimm of width fora belt of 10 mm thickness. Ths rule i applied to determine width of belt required to transmit 37 KW, under the following conditions Angle oflap = 165°; CoefMcient of fition ~ 0.3: Velocity of bell = 1500 m/min; Density of Teather = 950 kein712 _= A Textbook of Machine Design Find the width of belt required, Assuming limiting fietion between belt and pulley rim, find she siress in she belt {Ans. 140 mm ; 1.48 MPa} 6. A leather belt, 125 mm wide and 6 mm thick, transmits power fom a pulley 750 mm diameter which runs at $00 rp.m, The angle of apis 150° and = 0.3. the mass of | m* of leathers 1 Mgand the stress in the bells not to exceed 2.75 MNim, find tue maximum power that can be transmitted. Ans. 18.97 KW] 7. An exhaust fan fitted with 900 mm diameter pulley is driven by a flat belt from a 30 kW, 950 rp. squirrel cage motor. The pulley on the motor shaft is 250 mm in diameter and the eente distance between the fan and motor is 2.25 m. The belt is 100 mm wide wit a coefficient of fiction of 0.25, If the allowable stress in the belt material is not to exceed 2 MP, determine the necessary tick ness of the belt and its total length. Take centrifugal force effect into consideration for density of belt being 950 kg/m? Ans, 26 mm ; 635 m] 8. A cross belt arrangement has centre distance between pulleys as 1.5 m, The diameter of bigger and smaller pulleys are “D" and ‘a respectively. The smaller pulley rotstes at 1000 rpm. and the bigger polley at 500 rpm, The flat bet is 6 mm thick and transmits 7.5 kW power at het speed of 13 ms approximately. The coefficient of bet friction is 0.3 and the density of belt material i 950 kg/m. If the permissible tensile stress for the belt material is 1.75 MPa, caleulate: 1. Diameters of pulleys; 2 Length and width of bet, {Ans. $00 mm, 250-mm ; 4.272 m, 90 mm} 9. A blower is driven by an electri motor through a belt dive. The motor runs at 450 rpm. For this power transmission, lat belt of 8mm thickness and 250 mm width is used, ‘The diameter ofthe motor pulley is 350 ‘mm and that of the blower pulley is 1350 mm, The centre distance between these pulleys is 1850 mmm and an open belt configuration is adapted. The pul leys are made of east ion. The cocffi- cient of friction between the belt and plley is 0.35 andthe permissible stress forthe belt material canbe taken as 2.5 "Ninn, The mass ofthe bet is 2 ke metre length, Find the maximum power transmitted without bel slipping in any oneofthepulley. (Ans. 38kW] 10. A 18 KW, 900 p.m, motor drives a centrifugal pump at290:p.m.by means ofalleather belt. The pulleys are of east izon and are [.2 metre centre distance, ‘The pulleys of diameter less than 150 ‘mm should not be used. Tae coefficient Of friction between the leather belt and the cat iron pulley is 0.35, and the mass ofthe belt is 9 gl \widthim length. The maximum permissible tension per mm width of the belt is 10 N. The drive is to be designed for 20% overload. Determine the pulley diameters, the requited width and length ofthe belt, Also find the initial tension with which the belt isto be mounted on the pulleys. (Ans. 460 mm ; 270 mm ; 3.4m ; 2970 N] Blower driven by electric motorFlat Belt Drives = 713 1, A flat belt, 8 mm thick and 100 mm wide transmits power between two pulleys, running at 1600 r/min, The mass of the belt is 0.9 kgin Tength, The angle of lap in the smaller pulley is 165° and the cveflieient of friction between the belt and pulleys 0.3. I'he maximum permissible stres in the belt is MNin?, find () Maximum power transmitted, and (i) Initial tension in the bel, [Ans, 14,821 KW; 1.322 KN] 12, Design a flatbel drive to transmit 110 KW at belt spoed of 25 mvs between two pulleys of diameters 250-mm and 400 mm having a pulley centre distance of 1 metre, The allowable blt stress is 8.5 MPa and the belts are available having a thickness to width ratio of 0.1 and a material density of 1100 kg/m. Given thatthe coefficient of friction between the helt and pulleys is 0.3, determine the minimum required belt width What would be the necesary installation force between the pulley bearings and what wil be the force ‘between te pulley bearings when the full power is transmitted? 13, A 8mm thick leather open belt connects two flat pulleys. The smaller pulley is 300 mm diameter and runs at 200 rpm, The angle of lap of this pulley is 160° and the coefficient of friction between the ‘elt and the pulley is 0.25. The belt ison the point of slipping when 3 KW is tansmited. The safe working stess in the belt material is 1.6 Nima, Determine the required width ofthe belt for 20% overload capacity. The intial tension may be taken equal tothe mean of the driving tensions. Te is proposed to increase the power transmitting eapacity ofthe drive by adopting one ofthe following alternatives 1. by increasing initia tension by 10%, and 2, by increasing the coefficient of fiction to 0.3 by applying a dressing to the bel, Examine the two altematives and recommend the one which will be more effective. How much power would the drive transmit adopting either ofthe two allertives? QUESTIONS 1. Discus the diferent tyes of belis and heir material used for power transmission 2, Discuss the various important parameters necessary forthe selection of a particular dive for power transmission, 3. What are the factors upon which the coefficient of fietion between the belt and the pulley depends? How are ends of belts joined? For horizontal belts which side sjght or slack of te belt should run on the top and why’? 5. Explain, with the help of neat sketches, the types of various flat belt drives. 6. List and discuss briefly the factors that contol the power transmission capacity ofa beh, 17. Prove tat the rato ofthe dhving tensions onthe two sides ofa pulley is ne wee 7; =Temionnth ia side of he el I= Confiret of ion ren bland hp. and 8 = Angle of contact in radians 8. Inabelt drive, how will you decide the pulley governing design? 9. Itis stated thatthe speed at which a belt should be run to transmit maximum power is that at which the ‘maximum allowable tension is three times the centrifugal tension in the belt at that speed. Prove the statement.