BT 0115

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
NON DEGREE PROGRAM

INSTRUCTOR NAME: MR. MTANI

Email:hamadi.mtani@udom.ac.tz
hamadimtani@gmail.com
 COURSE ASSESSMENT
The course has 10 credits

Mode of Assessment
Two timed tests 25%
One group assignments 10%
Participation 05%
Quiz 05%
University Examination: 55%

H.M 2
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
❖This course intends to introduce to students the holistic view of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT).
❖The emphasis will be in introducing the main concepts found in the ICT field o
as to enable you to take advanced courses in ICT with more interest and less
difficulties.

H.M 3
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Course objectives
❖To introduce students to common terminologies used in ICT.
❖To enable students acquire an overall understanding of the operation of
computer hardware.
❖To introduce students on computer software.
❖To introduce students on the current developments in ICT.
❖To introduce and sensitize students on ICT security issues.

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to
❖Define accurately common terminologies used in ICT field.
❖Describe main components of a computer system and their interaction.
❖Distinguish between commercial and free software.
❖Discuss critically on the current trends in the development of ICT and their
implication to society.
❖Describe possible threats in ICT and security measures to be taken to minimize
their effects.

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INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Lecture 1

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 Computer
Computer is an automatic, electronic machines that
▪Accepts data & instructions from a user (INPUT)
▪Stores the data & instructions (STORAGE)
▪Manipulates the data according to the instructions (PROCESSING)
▪Outputs the results to the user (OUTPUT).
Computer can defined as the electronic machine that accept data and instructions,
store, manipulate and output the result.

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 CONT….
A computer system is composed of Hardware and Software
❖Hardware components
Are the physical, tangible pieces/components that we can see and touch, example
are keyboard, mouse , printer , scanner , etc.
❖Software components
Are sets of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Also is set of instructions designed to preform a specific/particular task.
Example, Microsoft word, Excel, VLC, adobe reader, etc.

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

H.M 9
CONT..

H.M 10
 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
❑Six logical unit in every computer
❖INPUT UNIT
❖OUTPUT UNIT
❖MEMORY UNIT,
❖ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT
❖CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
❖SECONDARY STORAGE UNIT

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 CONT..
INPUT UNIT
Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner)
OUTPUT UNIT
Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices)
MEMORY UNIT
Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
ROM (Read Only Memory): CMOS, EPROM
RAM (Random Access Memory): SRAM, DRAM.
.

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 CONT…
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) – part of CPU
Performs arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction...) and logic decisions.
Control unit (CU) - part of CPU
Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer.
Secondary storage unit
Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage
Stores inactive programs.

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 CONT…
Central Processing Unit (CPU),
brain” of a computer, consisting of
▪Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic calculations
(addition, subtraction...) and logic decisions (>, <, =, ...)
▪Control Unit (CU): decodes each machine instruction and sends signal to other
components for carrying out the instruction.
▪CPU speed: Hz (M: Mega = 106, Hz=1Circle/sec)

H.M 14
 Computer Generations
1st Generation(1940-1958):
▪Vacuum tube technology and larger in size.
▪Size was almost to that of a room
➢were very expensive to operate
➢Consumed a lot of power
➢generated a lot of heat
➢ Includes ENIAC, IBM 701 and 704.

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 CONT…
Vacuum tube technology

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CONT..

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 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
❖2nd Generation(1959-1963):
▪Transistors were invented
▪size started to decrease.
▪The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become
smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and
more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
Eg: IBM 1620, CDC 1604

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 CONT…

Transistor

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 CONT..
Example of 2nd Generations-IBM 1620

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 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
❖3rd Generation(1964-1970):
▪Integrated Circuit technology was employed.
▪Transistors were placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors.
▪This drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
▪Eg: IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP(Programmed Data Processor)

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 COMPUTER ETHICS
example of IBM 360 series.

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 CONT…
❖4th Generation (1971-Now)
▪Microprocessors
▪Larger scales integrated (LSI) and Very large scale (VLSI) were developed.
▪The motivation was to reduce size, cost and improve connectivity and
multimedia support.
.

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 CONT….
Example of microprocessors.

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 CONT….
❖5th Generation (Present and Beyond)
▪Development of Supercomputers
▪Support of Artificial Intelligence, voice recognition.

H.M 25
CONT…..

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
There are many ways of classifying computers
❑ In terms of manufacturer
▪Dell computers
▪HP computers
▪Toshiba Computers
▪Compaq computers
▪Hitachi computers
▪IBM computers
▪Lenovo

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CONT….

H.M 28
CONT….

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 CLASSIFICATION….
❑In terms of power and speed
▪A supercomputer- very high speed computer used for scientific and engineering
applications that must handle very large databases or do a great amount of
computation (or both).
▪Supercomputers have up to (2000(MIPS))
▪Note: MIPS stands for Million of Instructions Per Second
▪Note: You will not need this for just accessing the Facebook or Instagram
▪It is usually used for complex tasks like weather forecasting, Modelling
molecular structure…

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Super Computers

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
▪Mainframe computers
▪It is the type of computer that is huge with high speed processing power but
less than the supercomputer.
▪High speed computers used in business companies
▪The are used by the organization to store and
process large amount of an data and information
e.g., Google, Yahoo and MSN
▪They have up to 20-50 MIPS

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
 Minicomputer-Computer that is smaller, less expensive, and less powerful
than a mainframe or supercomputer, but more expensive and more powerful
than a personal computer (PC).
▪ Minicomputers are used for
▪ business-transaction processing,
▪ file handling, and
▪ database management
▪ They have 5-10 MIPS.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
 Workstations-used by mainly by engineers and scientist for sophisticated
purposes such as computer aided design and manufacturing.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
❑Servers
A server is a computer/device which provides information or services to
computers on a network i.e.)
It is a provider of some service to other computers, such as
▪ processing communications,
▪ file storage, or
▪ printing facility

H.M 35
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
▪ Micro computer is also known as Personal computer
▪ Personal computer (PC)-Small computer that can fit on desktop.
▪ They are available in desktop, tower, notebook, palmtop and so on.
▪ Less computing power
▪ Use

H.M 36
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
▪ A Tablet Computer- a mobile computer with a touchscreen display, circuitry
and battery in a single device.
▪ Tablets come equipped with sensors and the touchscreen displays which make
use of uses finger or stylus
▪ Have on-screen, pop-up virtual keyboards for typing
▪ Eg iPads

H.M 37
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
❑In terms of data type/construction
▪ Digital computer-display output in discrete wave
▪ Analog computer-display results in a continuous wave forms.
▪ Hybrid computer-combines features of digital and analog computers.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
In terms of purpose/application
▪Special purpose/specific purpose computer
✓ Personal/Digital Assistants.
✓Network Computers.
✓Computer system to operate a petrol pump.
✓Automatic opening/closing of door/
▪ General purpose computer

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Classification according to size:
▪Handheld
▪Laptop/notebook
▪Portable
▪Desktop
▪Minicomputer
▪Mainframe
▪Supercomputers

H.M 40
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Classification-by use
▪Home e.g., Desktops and Laptops
▪Professional e.g., mainframe
▪Workstation, has more power. It can handle animation,CAD, data analysis,
graphics
▪Single user e.g., PC
▪Multi-user e.g., servers

H.M 41
 Storage of Programs and Data
How do we store numbers in a computer?
▪we could use the digits 0, 1, 2,….., 9 from the base/10 numbering system that we
are used to?
▪We would need a unique physical representation in the computer for each of the
10 digits, 0, 1, 2,……..,9

H.M 42
 Storage of Programs and Data
▪ Once information is digitized, it is represented and stored in memory using the
binary number system

▪A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit

▪A single bit can represent two possible states, like a light bulb that is either on (1)
or off (0)

▪All information is represented as combinations of the two digits 0 and 1.

H.M 43
 Storage of Programs and Data
Units of measure
1Bit = 0 or 1
1 B = Byte => 8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB)= 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte (MB) =1024 KB
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
1 Petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB
1 Exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB
1 Zettabyte (ZB) = 1024 EB
1 Yottabyte (YB) = 1024 ZB
▪.

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 Assignment
1.Explain briefly the following early forms of computers
◦ Abacus
◦ Mechanical Calculator
◦ Mechanical Computer
◦ von Neumann Machine
2. Discuss the contribution of the following people to the development of computers.
◦ Blaise Paschal
◦ Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
◦ Charles Babbage
◦ William Seward Burroughs
◦ Herman Hollerith

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