HISTORY, CULTURE AND MYTH: SETO MACHINDRANATH RATH YATRA

Architecture and Urban Planning of the Route- Planning principles behind

chariot route, Relationship with building height and section, mechanism of
chariot procession, design of the chariot, design/architecture of the
settlement, use of spaces with time and by whom?, important buildings
1.1 Planning Principles behind Chariot route
The Planning of the chariot route is based on Vaastupurusha Mandala and the roles are given
below:
Vastupurusha Mandala in Seto Macchindranath Jatra Route
a. According to Vastu Shastra, the center of the Vastupurusha Mandala is the most sacred
and powerful area, and it is associated with the cosmic energy that permeates the
universe. Therefore, the center of the procession route is believed to be the most
auspicious location for the idol of Seto Macchindranath to be placed on the chariot.
b. The Vastupurusha Mandala is also divided into different directions and zones, each
associated with different deities and energies. These directions and zones are believed to
have a significant impact on the energy flow and balance of the built environment.
c. In the design of the Seto Macchindranath Rath Route, the principles of Vastupurusha
Mandala are believed to have been used to determine the auspicious directions and
locations for the procession route, as well as the placement of the idol of Seto
Macchindranath on the chariot.
d. For example, the east and northeast directions are associated with the deity Indra, who is
believed to be the ruler of the heavens and the bringer of rain and fertility. Therefore, the
procession route may have been designed to pass through areas that are aligned with the
east and northeast directions, as a way to invoke the blessings of Indra and bring
prosperity and abundance to the land.
e. Overall, the use of Vastupurusha Mandala in the design of the Seto Macchindranath Rath
Route is a beautiful example of how ancient Indian sciences and traditions have been
integrated into the design of the built environment to create a harmonious and auspicious
space.

Role of Vastupurusha Mandala and Vedic Sciences in Machindranath Route

a. The design of the procession route, alleyways, and network of open spaces is
based on the principles of Vedic Sciences and Vastu Shastra.
b. According to these principles, the chariot procession should move in a clockwise
direction, as this is believed to create positive energy and harmony.
 c. The procession route is also designed to take into account the natural elements,
such as the direction of the wind and the position of the sun. The design of the
alleys and open spaces is based on the principles of Vastu Shastra, which
emphasizes the importance of creating a harmonious balance between the natural
and built environment.
d. In addition, the design of the procession route is also influenced by the principles
of Ayurveda, an ancient Indian system of medicine. The route is designed to pass
through areas that are believed to have healing properties, such as areas with
natural springs or herbs.

1.2 Relationships behind building height and section

1. How has the open spaces been used in the Chariot procession and how they have changed
over time
● The open spaces have been transformed into a venue for entertainment and a
marketplace.
● In the past they were used for resting and performing traditional dances and
music.

Open Spaces (Uses & Deterioration)

Ratnapark
Ranipokhari
Ason Square
Indrachowk Square
Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square
Lagan Chowk
Adaptive Reuse(Examples)
Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square
Aakash Vairab Temple
Jana Baha

1.3 Mechanism of chariot procession, design of the chariot, design/architecture of

the settlement, use of spaces with time and by whom?
Chariot Making starts from Chaulathwo Paro; the wheels of the chariot are kept behind
Kamaladi Ganesthan
 Earlier the materials of the chariot were kept in Tindhara Pathshala but later it was put in
Kamaladi Ganesthan
Guthi responsible for making of rath - Tukaa Bahaa Kawaa (currently active)
MakhaaKawaa,NyaaPucha,KuchiBhulachhi Kawaa
Ropes of chariot soaked in water of Rani Polkhari eight days before Paanchare
8 bamboo supports are placed before placement of gajur at the top
Muus come to put the flowers and then the dyo is placed
Building relationships with Chariots
1. One of the main reasons behind the Machindranath Chariot leaning and pounding against
the buildings in its procession is the increase in urbanization and development in the
areas along the procession route. As the city has grown and new buildings have been
constructed along the route, there is less space for the chariot to pass through, which can
result in the chariot leaning against buildings as it makes its way through the narrow
alleys and streets.

2. In addition, there has been a significant increase in the number of people attending the
festival in recent years, which can lead to overcrowding and a lack of space for the
chariot to move freely. This can also contribute to the chariot leaning and pounding
against buildings as it makes its way through the procession route.

Another factor that can contribute to the chariot leaning and pounding against buildings is
the age and condition of the chariot itself. The Machindranath Chariot is a centuries-old wooden
structure, and over time it may become weakened or damaged, which can cause it to lean or
sway as it moves through the streets
2. Relationship between the courtyards, urban forms and the Chariot procession
● One of the relationships is to act as a spillover area for people when the chariot
passes.
● Gives resting place to take a break from procession.
● Act as a dance and musical performance space.
A symbiotic relation between courtyard & chariot procession as it relies on those spaces
for its route while it gives new significance and are enlived during the festival

1.4 Important Buildings

a) ZARA - Tin dhara
b) Jagannath Temple
 c) Trichandra Campus
d) Nepal Jami Masjid
e) Sorhahaate Ganesh Temple
f) Rani Pokhari
g) Jana Bahal
h) Ason Chowk
i) Ason Bhulu Annapurna Ajima Temple
i) Indrachowk
i) Shree Shantaneswhor Mahadev
ii) Akash Bhairav
iii) Kaal Bhairav
iv) Chyasali Mandap
v) Taleju Bhawani Temple
vi) Mahendraswor Temple ( Hanuman Dhoka)
vii) Maju Dega
j) Gaddi Baithak
k) Kasthamandap
l) Nhuga Jaisidewal Temple
m) Jyabahal Ganesh Mandir
n) Dalacchi Ganedya
o) Shree Amupak Lokeshwor
p) Bhimsen Temple

Transformations throughout the years- Changing community/culture flux, slum

formation, gentrification, How has the meaning changed, vertical changes,
changing courtyards, uses and adaptation into structures

Effects of Changing Urban form in the Seto Macchindranath Chariot Procession

1. Traffic congestion: With the rapid growth of Kathmandu, the city has become increasingly
congested with traffic, which can make it difficult for the chariot to move through the streets. In
recent years, there have been reports of the chariot getting stuck in traffic, which can delay the
procession and disrupt the festival schedule.

2. Building encroachment: As the city has grown, buildings have been constructed closer to the
procession route, leaving less space for the chariot and the crowds of people who come to see it.
In some cases, buildings have encroached onto the street itself, making it difficult for the chariot
to pass through without causing damage.
3. Loss of open spaces: The growth of the city has also led to the loss of open spaces, such as
squares and courtyards, which are traditionally used for the Seto Machindranath Chariot
procession. This has forced organizers to find alternative routes or spaces for the procession,
which can affect the traditional meaning and symbolism of the festival.

4. Changing demographics: As the city's demographics have changed, with more people from
outside the Kathmandu Valley moving into the city, there has been a shift in the way that people
participate in the festival. Some of the traditional practices and beliefs associated with the
festival may not be as widely understood or respected by newer residents of the city.

EVOLUTION OF THE ROUTE OF THE CHARIOT PROCESSION

1. The present route for the chariot procession during the Seto Machindranath Jatra in
Kathmandu Valley has evolved over time through a combination of religious, cultural,
social, and political factors.

2. According to historical accounts, the festival of Seto Machindranath has been celebrated
in Kathmandu Valley for more than a thousand years, and the chariot procession has been
an integral part of the festival since its inception. However, the specific route of the
procession has changed over time due to various reasons, such as changes in the urban
landscape, the shifting of political power, and the influence of different religious and
social groups.

3. One significant factor that has influenced the route of the procession is the geography of
Kathmandu Valley. The procession traditionally starts from the Seto Machindranath
Temple in Jana Bahal and travels through narrow streets and alleys, which reflect the
ancient urban layout of the valley. The route has also been designed to pass through
different communities and neighborhoods, which allows people from different social and
economic backgrounds to participate in the festival.

4. Another factor that has influenced the route is the political and social climate of
Kathmandu Valley. The chariot procession has been disrupted or rerouted in the past due
to political instability or social conflicts. For example, during the Maoist insurgency in
Nepal, the procession was rerouted to avoid areas of conflict and violence.
 5. Overall, the present route for the chariot procession in Seto Machindranath Jatra is a
product of the cultural, social, religious, and political dynamics that have shaped the
urban landscape of Kathmandu Valley over time.

Present Scenario and Issues- Conservation Efforts-effect of building façade on

rath procession

2) COMMUNITY ISSUES

● During jatra the issues related to crowd management and community relations.
● And also, during normal time traffic congestions (narrow road).
● Improper waste management & disposal.
● Lack of proper public safety.
● Haphazard urbanization and constructions threatening historical and cultural landmarks.

3) VISUAL ISSUES
● Unmanaged wires and other infrastructures.
● Poor lighting in streets.
● Neglect and disrepair of historical buildings and temples as well.
● Lack of greeneries.
● Unregulated billboards and signage.
● Loss to traditional fabric.
● Inadequate maintenance of public spaces.

CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES

• It is proposed to carry out retrofitting of the heritage structure using timber seismic elements.
• The decorative art surfaces and features such as repoussé work, decorative and non-decorative
woodworks including timber members with traditional polychrome arts will be documented and
conserved through minimal interventions.
• Electrical services include illumination of the building and security features have been
introduced carefully.
Seto Machindranath Temple and surroundings just after the 2015 earthquake. PHOTO
CREDIT: shutterstock
1) AUTHENTICITY & INTEGRITY

One of the key elements of authenticity is the traditional architecture and urban design. Many
of the buildings and structures in the routes are centuries old and have been constructed using
traditional building techniques and materials. Preserving these buildings and structures, and
ensuring that new development is consistent with the traditional design, is essential for
maintaining the area's authenticity. But now most individual buildings are modern with some
facade treatment only.

Another important aspect is the cultural traditions and practices that are associated with the
area. The routes are home to a vibrant market culture that has been present for centuries.
Preserving and promoting this culture, including the festivals and celebrations that are associated
with it, is essential for maintaining the authenticity of the area. Those festivals are celebrated till
now as well and are equally participated by young generations.

It also depends on the preservation of the area's intangible cultural heritage, including its
language, music, dance, and other forms of cultural expression. Ensuring that these cultural
traditions are passed down to future generations is essential for maintaining the authenticity of
the area. Also the cultural heritage continues to be celebrated and appreciated.
 The authenticity of the route itself is the same from the beginning. But the rath is not the same
as from the past.
For maintaining integrity the development and preservation are to be carried out in a transparent
and accountable manner. Community engagement and participation in decision-making
processes can help to ensure that development and preservation efforts are aligned with the
values and needs of the local community. In some cases that are followed in some there are
haphazards as well.

Efforts have been made in recent years to address these issues and ensure the safety of the
chariot and those attending the festival. This has included measures such as reinforcing the
chariot and buildings along the procession route, as well as increasing the width of the alleys and
streets to allow more space for the chariot to pass through. However, these efforts are ongoing,
and there is still work to be done to ensure the safety of the festival and the historic
Machindranath Chariot.

E. History of Women in Chariot Procession-

Women have been pulling the chariot on Indra Jatra which has hit the record of 11 years, rising

from which spirit women have been continuing to come to the front. In this chariot procession of

Baha Dyah Jatra (Seto Macchindranath Jatra), women have completed four years of taking lead

to pull the chariot. Female members of society have come from various walks of life in order to

encourage others as well, after undergoing demonstrations. The exact number of women

participating in the procession can’t be determined but it is expected to be 200.

4) CONSERVATION EFFORTS
The conservation work of Seto Machindranath temple is first of the 28 cultural heritage
conservation and restoration projects being undertaken with a reconstruction of NRs 5800
million committed by Government of India for the cultural heritage sector, a statement issued by
the Embassy of India in Kathmandu said.
Believed to have been built in 10th Century AD during Malla era, the temple was damaged
during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake.

Source:Restoration work of Seto Machindranath temple in Kathmandu « Khabarhub

The temple has seen some damage after the 2015 earthquake resulting in water penetration
through the roof, ground settlement, rat infestation, structural and non-structural cracks which
has accelerated its dilapidation process.

3. History of Changing Urban form associated with Chariot procession

- Courtyards developed along the route of the Jatra
- Examples are kwabahal, itum Bahal, Kumari Bahal
4. How has the spatial vocabulary of the urban fabric been shaped by the process of Chariot
procession
- Roads were pedestrianized
- Temples, Houses and businesses have been shaped according to the route.
5. Stories and narratives that have disappeared with time
6. Communities and their respective spaces as well as Displacement of Communities
- Bajracharya Community perform the religious rituals associated with the
Jatra
- Shakya Community is associated with the management of the jatra itself
- Maharjans are responsible for making of the chariot
- Other Guthi contribute in the maintenance of the temples and financial aid
of the Jatra
7. Relationship between the Chariot and the building surrounding the street and how it has
been changing
- Houses were modified to have balconies that support viewing of the jatra
- Refinement of Traditional windows for Jatra view.

8. How has the open spaces been used in the Chariot procession and how they have changed
over time
● The open spaces have been transformed into a venue for entertainment and a
marketplace.
● In the past they were used for resting and performing traditional dances and
music.

9. Relationship between the courtyards, urban forms and the Chariot procession
● One of the relationships is to act as a spillover area for people when the chariot
passes.
● Gives resting place to take a break from procession.
● Act as a dance and musical performance space.
 ● A symbiotic relation between courtyard & chariot procession as it relies on those
spaces for its route while it gives new significance and are enlived during the
festival.

10. How had the chariot been supported through alleys and courtyards in the past and how
has it been changing at present?
11. Vertical changes that have been occurring with time
- Telephone & Electric cables have clogged the route
- Buildings have become taller than the chariot
- Buildings are cantilevered into the street
- Facades are cramped with hoarding boards and advertisements
12. How the street facade has been affecting the route of Seto Macchindranath Chariot
procession
● The streets have altered the character of the old city and changed the environment
of the procession route.
● It can have the effect on its authenticity and traditional setting as well.

13. Different process involved in construction of Seto Macchindranath Chariot and the
various communities involved in it.
- The construction of the chariot for the Seto Machindranath Jatra festival in
Kathmandu, Nepal, involves several communities and traditional processes. The
names of the local communities and the processes involved are as follows:

- Suthar: The Suthar community is responsible for the construction of the

wooden parts of the chariot. They are skilled carpenters who use
traditional tools and techniques to shape and carve the wood into the
desired form.
- Kansyar: The Kansyar community is responsible for the fabrication of the
metal parts of the chariot, including the wheels, axles, and other metal
components. They use traditional techniques such as forging and welding
to create these parts.
- Chitrakar: The Chitrakar community is responsible for the decoration of
the chariot. They are skilled artists who use traditional techniques and
motifs to create intricate designs and paintings on the chariot.
- Jugi: The Jugi community is responsible for the assembly of the chariot.
They use traditional techniques and tools to join the various parts of the
chariot together, ensuring that it is sturdy and stable.
Biblography
Sources to look into
1. "Vedic Architecture and Town Planning" by N. N. Saha
2. "Vastu: Breathing Life into Space" by Robert E. Svoboda
3. "Ayurvedic Urbanism" by Dr. Vasant Lad
4. "The Traditional Architecture of the Kathmandu Valley" by Wolfgang Korn
5. "Seto Machhindranath Jatra – One of the Oldest Jatra Festivals of Kathmandu Valley" by
Nepal Advisor
6. Sources to study on the relationship between architecture and planning aspect and
Seto Machindranath Chariot procession
7.
8. 1. "The Chariot Festival of Nepal: Ethnographic Notes on the Iconography of a
Moving World Heritage Site" by Niels Gutschow and Axel Michaels, published in the
journal South Asian Studies.
9.
10. 2. "Religious Processions and Urban Transformation in Kathmandu, Nepal" by
Kanako Yano, published in the book "Asian Cities: Colonial to Global" edited by
Gregor Benton and Laura Jarnagin.
11.
12. 3. "Kathmandu's Living Heritage: Preservation and Renewal of Urban
Settlements" by Niels Gutschow and Suman Pandey, which includes a section on the
Seto Machindranath Chariot procession and its urban context.
13.
14. 4. "Tradition and Transition: Vernacular Architecture in Nepal" edited by Niels
Gutschow and Markus Drenger, which includes a chapter on the Seto Machindranath
Chariot procession and its architectural and urban context.
15.
16.
17. Source: Proposal for Conservation and Retrofitting of Seto Machindranath Temple by A
Government of India Funded Post-Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of
Cultural Heritage Projects in Nepal