2nd SEMESTER

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY A.Y. 2022 – 2023

COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA SSP IJ1

SOCIAL SCIENCE

WHAT IS SOCIAL SCIENCE? o He is known for his Positive

Philosophy (1855)
Social science is the study of people: as individuals, - Harriet Martineau
communities and societies; their behaviors and o the First Female Sociologist
interactions with each other and with their built, o She was a feminist and early
technological and natural environments (Academy advocate of women's
of Social Sciences). liberation. She was also
interested in religious
OTHER RELATED DEFINITION tolerance and the
emancipation of slaves.
1. SELIGMAN - Herbert Spencer
Social sciences as those mental or cultural o Social Darwinism
sciences which deal with the activities of o The major focus of sociology
the individual as member of the group. should be social evolution
2. MITCHELL rather than the suggestion and
The term social science is loosely applied implementation of strategies
to any kind of study concerning man and for social improvement.
society. - David Emile Durkheim
3. PETER LEWIS o One of the First French
Social sciences are concerned with the professor of Sociology.
laws that govern society and the social o His theoretical work (Suicide
department of man. 1897) explains how suicide
4. FAIRCHILD rate considered as one of the
Social science as a general term for all the important contributions to
sciences which are concerned with the Sociology.
human affairs - Maximilian Karl Emil Weber
o Encouraged his students to
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE use verstehen (German word
for insight or understanding) in
Social science helps us understand ourselves, our their works. To comprehend
relationships to others, and our relationships to the social behavior, people must
world. The insights that we provide change people’s understand the meaning
lives every day. attached to their actions.
o Founders of symbolic
BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE interactionism which focus on
social life and human behavior
1. Sociology from day-to-day interaction.
o Sociology is concerned with the study of o Celebrated contributions are
people in a group or social context, not as “rationalization thesis” and
isolated individuals.found in glands (thyroid “Protestant Ethic Thesis”
and salivary glands) - Karl Heinrich Marx
o is composed of two words "socio" meaning o Proponent of Conflict Theory.
society and "logy" which means science. it o Work primarily in the realm of
is called the "science of society". political philosophy and was a
o It allows us to obtain information about famous advocate for
society. communism.

- Georg Simmel
FRONTRUNNERS OF SOCIOLOGY o Father of urban sociology
o Simmel's sociology was
- Auguste Marie Francois Xavier Comte concerned with relationships,
o He coined the term "sociology" especially interaction, and thus
in 1839. known as methodological
o Father of Sociology relationalist.
 2nd SEMESTER
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY A.Y. 2022 – 2023
COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA SSP IJ1

SOCIAL SCIENCE

MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES o Carol Brooks Gardner- Passing By

USED BY SOCIOLOGIST Gender and Public Harassment

1. Sociological Perspective BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

o is an approach in understanding human
behavior by placing it within its broader 2. Anthropology
social context. where it secretes digestive o Study of humanity
juices and absorbs nutrients. o Physical Anthropology- origins and
- Charles Colley evolution of human beings
- Janes Addams o Cultural Anthropology- study of total
- Robert Merton sciences
2. Functionalist Perspective 3. Geography
o Views society as a living organism whose o Geographid meaning earth
parts contribute to its survival. It’s a description
normative approach to describe and predict o Physical Geography- earth science
a group performance that focuses on the o Human Geography- way of human
functions of inputs or processes. beings
- Emile Durkheim (creator) o Systematic Geography- keeps the
- Robert Merton entire world in view while
3. Manifest Function investigating a single element
o Consequences are consciously and o Regionall Geography- focuses
deliberately intended to produce beneficial attention on aparticular region or
outcomes and is commonly recognized. country

4. Latent Function 4. Psychology

o Consequences are not consciously
intended, but nonetheless, can be
beneficial, neutral, or have harmful effect on
society and is often hidden.
5. Dysfunction
o harmful latent functions.
6. Conflict Perspective
o Views that conflict between competing
groups helps in understanding social
behavior and that society is constantly in
conflict over resources, and that conflict
drives social change.
o Is the study of human behavior
o Social Sociology- a new field formed
by integrating sociology and
psychology.
5. Economics
o “the queen of the social sciences”
o the study of how people allocate
scarce resources for production,
distribution, and consumption,
both individually and collectively.
o Microeconomics
o Macroeconomics

7. Feminist Theory 6. Law

o Is a way of looking at the social world
through the lens of gender inequality.
8. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
o is a micro-level theory that focuses on
meanings attached to human interaction,
both verbal and non-verbal, and to symbols.
7. Linguistics
o Erving Goffman- dramaturgical analysis
o George Herbert Mead- father of the school
of Symbolic Interactionism in sociology and
social psychology, although he did not use
this nomenclature.
o “system of rules” and “interpretive
concept” to achieve justice, as an
“authority” to mediate people’s
interests, and even as “the command of
a sovereign, backed by the threat of a
sanction”
o The scientific study of language.
o concerned with the cognitive as well as
the social aspects of language

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA
SOCIAL SCIENCE
8. Archeology
o Although some archaeologists study
living cultures, most archaeologists
concern themselves with the distant
past.
o the study of the human past using
material remains.
9. Political Science
o study of the political behavior of human
beings that focuses on the various
aspects of government, political
institutions, processes, and political
parties.
10. History
o study of the chronology of significant
events, people, and places in the past.
o covers all aspects of human society.
Political, social, economic, scientific,
technological, medical, cultural,
intellectual, religious and military
developments are all part of history.
11. Humanities
o an academic field of study that focus
on the study of human culture, history,
literature, art, philosophy, and
language.
SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
The systematic study of human social behavior, social
structures, and institutions, using empirical research
methods and application of scientific methods
The Participants
o are the people or group of people that
are involve in a certain activity.
▪ Players
▪ Spectators
Social Action
o The way by which human beings
interact with each other in social units
o The systematic motivations and
behavior of individuals within the group.
THE BASIC GOAL OF SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Is to obtain an understanding of the observable social
world.
2nd SEMESTER
A.Y. 2022 – 2023
SSP IJ1
SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY PROCEDURE
A. Concept
o is a general idea of something. A term
referring to all the cases of a particular
class of ideas, events, persons,
objects, relationships, and processes.
B. Hypothesis
o is a supposition or proposed
explanation made on the basis of
limited evidence as a starting point for
further investigation. It is an
assumption on what is to be resolved.
GATHERING DATA
• To provide a simulation or a model that can be
shown to correspond to certain principles.
• A sample of the total population to represent the
whole as accurately as possible.
• The researcher also chooses the techniques to
identify and record the data to be studied.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
o Eyewitness accounts (Catane,2000)
o documents, remains or relics or oral
testimonies
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
o reports of the individual who relates the
testimony.
o data provided by an actual participant
or witness to an event.
ANALYZING DATA
Objecting statistical operations that can tell not only
what kinds of relationships seem to exist among
variables, but also to what level of trust the answers
gets.
A process of working out the data to come up with
reasonable and useful information through collecting,
modelling, and analyzing data gathered. (1) Evaluate,
(2) Clean and (3) Summarize
VARIABLES
o Any characteristics that can take on
different values, such as height, age,
temperature, or test scores.
o

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA
SOCIAL SCIENCE
o Independent Variable- A stimulus
variable. It is the presumed cause.
o Dependent Variable- Depends on
other factor. It is the presumed effect
o Moderator Variable- Influences the
level, direction, or presence of a
relationship between variables.
Measured, manipulated, or selected by
the experimenter to discover whether it
modifies the relationship of the
independent variable to an observed
phenomenon.
o Control Variable- Held constant
throughout an experiment or a
research in order to assess the
relationship between multiple
variables.
o Intervening Variable- A hypothetical
variable used to explain causal links
between other variables. Cannot be
observed, seen, measured, or
manipulated in an experiment. Its
effects can only be inferred from the
effects of the independent and
moderating variables on the observed
phenomena.
PARTS OF ANALYZING DATA
INTRODUCTION
o Summary of the study and data, as well
as any relevant substantive context,
background, or framing issues.
FINDINGS
o Interpreting the gathered data through
the use of analytical and logical
reasoning in determining patterns and
relationships.
CONCLUSION
o Final outcome based on the
findings, review of literature, and
findings.
VERIFYING DATA
Is checking or finding out the accuracy of the study
conducted. It is a way of preventing errors when data is
copied from one medium to another.
2nd SEMESTER
A.Y. 2022 – 2023
SSP IJ1
METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN, TECHNIQUES AND
TOOLS USED IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
1. Sample Survey Method
o a method for collecting data that is
conducted using a sampling
process, which means that only a
subset of the population is
surveyed rather than the whole
population.
TYPES OF SURVEY SAMPLING
o Simple Random Sample
o Systematic Random Sample
o Stratified Random Sample
2. CASE STUDY METHOD
o Case study is a qualitative study that
is conducted to generate an in-depth,
multi-faceted understanding of a
complex issue in its real-life context.
3. COHORT STUDY METHOD
o A cohort study identifies a group of
people and follows them over a period
of time. The aim is to look at how a
group of people are exposed to
different risk factors which may affect
their lives.
4. INTERVIEW
o interviews are conversation between
two or more people about a certain
topic of interest. It is a qualitative
research method that relies on asking
questions in order to collect data.
TWO TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
1. STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
o Have pre-determined question set in
order or written down before an
interview starts.
2. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
o The questions and the order in which
they are asked are not set. Instead, the
interview can proceed more
spontaneously, based on the
participant’s previous answers.
 2nd SEMESTER
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY A.Y. 2022 – 2023
COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY | EDDIE, JR. S. ABRENICA SSP IJ1

SOCIAL SCIENCE

METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN, TECHNIQUES AND

TOOLS USED IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY

5. QUESTIONNARE
o a written set of questions that
respondents are asked to answer,
either by filling out the questionnaire
themselves or by answering the
questions in an interview with a
researcher.

6. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
o Groups are not randomly assigned,
but the researchers still compare
groups and controls for confounding
variables.

7. PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH
o Uses the people are actual targets of
developments in the research process.

8. LONGITUDINAL METHOD
o involves collecting and studying data
from the same individuals or groups
over a period of time, sometimes
several years.

9. CROSS-SECTIONAL METHOD
o a type of observational study design
where data are collected from a
sample of individuals or groups at a
single point in time.

10. NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION METHOD

o involves observing individuals or
groups in their natural setting without
any intervention or manipulation.

11. CROSS-CULTURAL METHOD

o involves comparing and analyzing
social phenomena across different
cultures and societies.