I ndex

Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

A
Acalculous cholecystitis, postoperative, 190–191
Acute cardiac failure, hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP), 205
Acute intermittent porphyria, 75
Acute leukemia, 76–77
Adrenal gland
dysfunction of, liver disease and, 60–61
excess from, liver disease and, 61
insufficiency of, liver disease and, 60–61
Adult-onset Stills disease, liver and, 156
AFLP. See Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP).
Alagille syndrome, dermatologic manifestations of, 175
Alanine aminotransferase, antiviral therapy related to, in HCV-HIV coinfection, 138
Androgen(s), liver disease and, 62
Anemia(s)
hemolytic, 69–71. See also Hemolytic anemias.
sickle cell, 70
Anesthesia/anesthetics, liver dysfunction related to, 191–192
Ankylosing sclerosis (AS), liver and, 157–158
Anti-inflammatory drugs, nonsteroidal, in rheumatologic disease management,
hepatotoxicity of, 158
a1-Antitrypsin deficiency, 23–25
Anti–tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-a), in rheumatologic disease management, 159
Antiviral therapy, in HCV-HIV coinfection management, 136–137
alanine aminotransferase related to, 138
liver biopsy in selection of, 139–140
Arthritis, rheumatoid, liver and, 155–156
AS. See Ankylosing sclerosis (AS).
Ascites, nephrogenic, 44–46
Autoimmune hepatitis, celiac disease and, 97
Autoimmune liver diseases
celiac disease–related, 96–97
dermatologic manifestations of, 174–175

B
Bacterial infections
described, 115–116
liver and, 115–120
brucellosis, 118–119
leptospirosis, 119–120

Clin Liver Dis 15 (2011) 209–222

doi:10.1016/S1089-3261(10)00165-0 liver.theclinics.com
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210 Index

Bacterial (continued)
Lyme disease, 120
mycobacterium TB, 116–118
Q fever, 119
spirochetes, 120
syphilis, 120
typhoid fever, 116
PSC and, 91
Banti syndrome, 72–73
Benign postoperative cholestasis, 190
Bilirubin, overproduction of, postoperative, 190
Birth weight, low, TPN–associated liver disease related to, 100
Brucellosis, liver and, 118–119

C
Cancer(s), HCC, dermatologic manifestations of, 175
Candida spp., fungal infections associated with, liver and, 123–124
Cardiovascular diseases, liver and, 1–20
congenital heart disease, 10
congestive hepatopathy, 5–10
heat stroke, 10–12
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 12–14
ischemic hepatitis, 3–5
polyarteritis nodosa, 14–15
vascular disorders, 12
Celiac disease
autoimmune hepatitis and, 97
autoimmune liver disorders associated with, 96–97
hepatobiliary manifestations of, 95–98
clinical manifestations of, 95–96
histologic findings in, 96
pathogenesis of, 95
prevalence of, 95
response to gluten-free diet, 96
in patients with chronic liver disorders, diagnosis of, 97–98
liver disease and, prevalence of, 95
PBC and, 96–97
PSC and, 97
viral hepatitis and, 97
CHF. See Congestive heart failure (CHF).
Cholecystitis, acalculous, postoperative, 190–191
Cholestasis
benign postoperative, 190
in sepsis, 187–189
intrahepatic, pregnancy-related, 201–202
liver and, 43
Chronic lymphoid leukemia, 76
Cirrhosis(es)
decompensated, HCV-HIV coinfection effects on, 135
liver, dermatologic manifestations of, 166–167
 Index 211

primary biliary, celiac disease and, 96–97

CMV. See Cytomegalovirus (CMV).
Congenital heart disease, liver and, 10
Congestive heart failure (CHF), hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative
patients, 185
Congestive hepatopathy
clinical features of, 6–8
described, 5–6
diagnosis of, 9
histopathology of, 8–9
incidence of, 6
prognosis of, 9–10
treatment of, 9
Critically ill patients, hepatobiliary manifestations in, 183–197
hypoxic liver injury, 183–186
sepsis, 186–189
TPN–related, 192
Cystic fibrosis, 25–27
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), liver and, 112–113

D
Decompensated cirrhosis, HCV-HIV coinfection effects on, 135
Dengue, liver and, 115
Dengue hemorrhagic fever, liver and, 115
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), liver and, 170–171
Dermatologic disorders
liver and, 165–182
described, 165
DH, 170–171
DHS, 170
liver cirrhosis, 166–167
mastocytosis, 171
primary skin disorders, 169–172
psoriasis, 169–170
sarcoidosis, 169
scleroderma, 168
SLE, 167
SS, 167–168
systemic disorders, 167–168
toxic epidermal necrolysis, 170
treatment of, hepatotoxicity of, 175–176
malignant, liver and, 171–172
DH. See Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH).
DHS. See Drug-induced hypersensitivity (DHS).
Diabetes mellitus, in patients with chronic renal diseases, 42
Dialysis
liver and, 46–47
treatment of chronic liver diseases in patients undergoing, 47
DIC. See Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), liver and, 71–72
212 Index

Drug(s)
for HCV-HIV coinfection, hepatotoxicity of, 142–144
for patients with chronic renal diseases, toxicity of, 42
for rheumatologic disease, hepatotoxicity of, 158–159
thyrotoxic effects of, in liver disease, 59–60
Drug-induced hypersensitivity (DHS), liver and skin effects of, 170
Drug-induced liver injury, 131–152

E
EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Endocrine diseases, liver and, 55–67
adrenal dysfunction, 60–61
growth hormone, 62–63
metabolic syndrome, 55–58
sex hormones, 61–62
thyroid dysfunction, 58–60
drugs and, 59–60
systemic conditions causing, 60
Enteral nutrition, lack of, TPN–associated liver disease related to, 100
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), liver and, 111–112
Erythropoietic protoporphyria, 73–75
Estrogen(s), liver disease and, 61–62

F
Felty syndrome, liver and, 156
Fibrosis(es)
cystic, 25–27
hepatic, in HCV-HIV coinfected patients, 134–135
Fungal infections, liver and, 123–124
Candida spp., 123–124

G
Gastrointestinal disorders, hepatobiliary manifestations of, 89–110. See also
specific diseases.
Genetic(s), in PSC, 90
Genetic disorders, liver and, 23–27
a1-antitrypsin deficiency, 23–25
cystic fibrosis, 25–27
Gluten-free diet, in celiac disease management, response to, 96
Granulomatous diseases, liver and, 27–32
sarcoidosis, 27–30
TB, 30–32
Growth hormone, liver disease and, 62–63

H
HAART. See Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
Hairy cell leukemia, 76
 Index 213

HCC. See Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

HCV-HIV coinfection
CD4 cell count effects on progression of HCV-related liver disease in patients with, 134
described, 131–132
epidemiology of, 132–133
HCV treatment for patients with, selection of, 138–140
impact on progression of hepatic fibrosis in patients with, 134–135
significance of, 133–136
treatment of, 136–145
antiviral therapy in, 136–137
alanine aminotransferase related to, 138
liver biopsy in selection of, 139–140
barriers to, 141–142
HAART in, hepatotoxicity of, 142–144
medications in, hepatotoxicity of, 142–144
OLT in, 144–145
ribavirin in, 137–138
SVR related to, 137–138
Heart disease, congenital, liver and, 10
Heart failure
acute, hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185
congestive, hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185
Heat stroke
clinical features of, 11
described, 10
histopathology of, 11
incidence of, 10–11
liver and, 10–12
prognosis of, 12
treatment of, 11–12
HELLP syndrome, pregnancy-related, 203–204
Hematologic diseases
liver and, 69–87
malignant, liver and, 75–82
chronic MPDs, 79–82
leukemia, 75–77
lymphomas, 77–79
solid tumors with hepatic metastases, 82–83
nonmalignant, liver and, 69–75
DIC, 71–72
hemolytic anemias, 69–71
hypersplenism, 72–73
porphyrias, 73–75
Hemolytic anemias, 69–71
background of, 69
malaria, 71
PNH, 70
sickle cell anemia, 70
TTP-HUS, 71
Hemophagocytic syndrome, 78–79
Hepatic fibrosis, in HCV-HIV coinfected patients, 134–135
214 Index

Hepatitis
autoimmune, celiac disease and, 97
B
chronic renal disease and, 40–41
dermatologic manifestations of, 172–173
C
acute, treatment of, in HIV patients, 141
chronic renal disease and, 41–42
dermatologic manifestations of, 173–174
HIV infection with, 131–152. See also HCV-HIV coinfection.
progression of, HIV treatment effects on, 140–141
treatment of
antiviral therapy in, 136
goal of, 136
infective lesions of, dermatologic manifestations of, 172
ischemic, 305. See also Ischemic hepatitis.
viral, celiac disease and, 97
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
dermatologic manifestations of, 175
HCV-HIV coinfection effects on, 135–136
Hepatopathy, congestive, 5–10. See also Congestive hepatopathy.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 12–14
clinical manifestations of, 13
described, 12
diagnosis of, 13
incidence of, 12
treatment of, 13–14
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), liver and, 113–114
HG. See Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), for HCV-HIV coinfection, hepatotoxicity
of, 142–144
HIV infection
acute HCV treatment in patients with, 141
HCV with, 131–152. See also HCV-HIV coinfection.
liver and, 131–152
treatment of, effects on progression of HCV-related liver disease, 140–141
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 77
Hormone(s), sex, liver disease and, 61–62
HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), 200–201
Hypersplenism, 72–73
background of, 72
Banti syndrome, 72–73
left-sided portal hypertension, 73
noncirrhotic portal hypertension, 72–73
Hypertension, portal
left-sided, 73
noncirrhotic, 72–73
Hyperthyroidism, liver disease and, 58–59
Hypothyroidism, liver disease and, 59
Hypoxic liver injury, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 183–186
 Index 215

acute cardiac failure and, 185

CHF and, 185
respiratory failure and, 185–186

I
ICP. See Intrahepatic cholestasis (ICP).
ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU).
Immunology, in PSC, 90–91
Infection(s). See specific types.
Infectious diseases, liver and, 111–130
bacterial infections, 115–120
fungal infections, 123–124
parasitic infections, 120–123
viruses, 111–115
Inflammatory bowel disease, hepatobiliary manifestations of, 89–95. See also
specific types.
PSC, 89–95
Intensive care unit (ICU), liver dysfunction in, 183
Intestinal anatomy, TPN–associated liver disease related to, 100
Intrahepatic cholestasis (ICP), pregnancy-related, 201–202
Ischemic hepatitis
clinical features of, 4
described, 3
histopathology of, 5
incidence of, 4
prognosis of, 5
treatment of, 5
Ischemic injury, postoperative, 189–190

J
Jaundice, liver cirrhosis and, 166

L
Left-sided portal hypertension, 73
Leptospirosis, liver and, 119–120
Leukemia(s), 75–77
acute, 76–77
background of, 75–76
chronic lymphoid, 76
hairy cell, 76
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 77
Liver
as protective organ in sepsis, 186–187
as target of sepsis, 187
cardiovascular diseases and, 1–20. See also specific diseases and Cardiovascular
diseases, liver and.
dermatologic disorders and, 165–182. See also specific disorders and Dermatologic
disorders, liver and.
dialysis and, 46–47
216 Index

Liver (continued)
DIC and, 71–72
diseases of. See Liver diseases.
dysfunction of
anesthetic-related, 191–192
in ICU, 183
in sepsis, 186–189
endocrine diseases and, 55–67. See also Endocrine diseases, liver and.
heat-related disorders of, 10–12
hematologic diseases of, 69–87
infectious diseases and, 111–130. See also Infectious diseases, liver and.
macrocirculation of, 1–3
microcirculation of, 1–3
oncologic diseases of, 69–87. See also Hematologic diseases.
pulmonary diseases and, 21–37. See also specific diseases and Pulmonary diseases,
liver and.
renal diseases and, 39–53. See also specific diseases and Renal diseases.
renal transplant effects on, 47–49
respiratory failure effects on, 21–23
rheumatologic diseases and, 153–164. See also Rheumatologic diseases, liver and.
tumors of, metastatic, 82–83
vascular disorders of, 12
Liver cirrhosis, dermatologic manifestations of, 166–167
jaundice, 166
palmar erythema, 166
spider nevi, 166–167
white nails, 167
Liver diseases
adrenal dysfunction and, 60–61
adrenal excess and, 61
adrenal insufficiency and, 60–61
autoimmune
celiac disease–related, 96–97
dermatologic manifestations of, 174–175
chronic
celiac disease in patients with, diagnosis of, 97–98
dialysis in patients with, 46–47
treatment of, in patients undergoing dialysis, 47
cutaneous manifestations of, 172–175
developmental, dermatologic manifestations of, 175
growth hormone and, 62–63
hereditary, dermatologic manifestations of, 175
pregnancy-related, 199–208. See also specific diseases and Pregnancy, liver diseases
related to.
sex hormones and, 61–62
skin effects of, 165–182. See also specific disorders and Dermatologic disorders,
liver and.
Liver injury
drug-induced, 131–152
hypoxic, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 183–186. See also Hypoxic liver
injury, in critically ill and postoperative patients.
 Index 217

Liver transplantation
for PSC, 94
in TPN–associated liver disease management, 103
Low birth weight, TPN–associated liver disease related to, 100
Lyme disease, liver and, 120
Lymphoma(s)
Hodgkin’s, 77
liver and, 77–79
non-Hodgkin’s, 77–79

M
Macrocirculation, of liver, 1–3
Malaria, 71
liver and, 122–123
Mastocytosis, liver and, 171
Metabolic syndrome, NAFLD and, 55–58
Methotrexate
hepatoxicity related to, 95
in rheumatologic disease management, hepatotoxicity of, 159
Microcirculation, of liver, 1–3
MPDs. See Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, liver and, 116–118
Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs)
chronic, 79–82
hepatic manifestations of, 70–82

N
NAFLD. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Neoplasia, PSC and, 93–94
Nephrogenic ascites, 44–46
Nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction, 43–44
Nevus(i), spider, liver cirrhosis and, 166–167
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
in patients with chronic renal diseases, 42
metabolic syndrome and, 55–58
Noncirrhotic portal hypertension, 72–73
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 77–79
Nutrient(s)
deficiency of, lack of, TPN–associated liver disease related to, 100–101
toxicity of, TPN–associated liver disease related to, 101
Nutrition, enteral, lack of, TPN–associated liver disease related to, 100
Nutritional disorders, hepatobiliary manifestations of, 89–110. See also specific diseases.
celiac disease, 95–98
TPN, 98–103. See also Total parenteral nutrition (PTN).

O
OLT. See Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).
Oncologic diseases, liver and, 69–87. See also Hematologic diseases.
218 Index

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), in HCV-HIV coinfection management, 144–145

Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, 12–14. See also Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

P
Palmar erythema, liver cirrhosis and, 166
Parasitic infections
described, 120
liver and, 120–123
malaria, 122–123
schistosomiasis, 121–122
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), 70
PBC. See Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).
Penicillamine, in rheumatologic disease management, hepatotoxicity of, 158
PNH. See Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).
Polyarteritis nodosa, 14–15
clinical manifestations of, 14
described, 14
incidence of, 14
treatment of, 15
Porphyria(s), 73–75
acute intermittent, 75
background of, 73
erythropoietic protoporphyria, 73–75
porphyria cutanea tarde, 75
Porphyria cutanea tarde, 75
Portal hypertension
left-sided, 73
noncirrhotic, 72–73
Postoperative patients
hepatobiliary manifestations in, 183–197
acalculous cholecystitis, 190–191
anesthetic-related, 191–192
benign postoperative cholestasis, 190
bilirubin overproduction, 190
hypoxic liver injury, 183–186
ischemic injury, 189–190
TPN–related, 192
liver dysfunction in, 183
Preeclampsia, liver dysfunction related to, 202–203
Pregnancy, liver diseases related to, 199–208
AFLP, 205
described, 199–200
HELLP syndrome, 203–204
HG, 200–201
ICP, 201–202
preeclampsia-related, 202–203
Prematurity, TPN–associated liver disease related to, 100
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), celiac disease and, 96–97
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 89–95
bacterial infection and, 91
 Index 219

causes of, 90–91

celiac disease and, 97
clinical features of, 91–92
complications of, 93–94
described, 89–90
epidemiology of, 90
genetic factors in, 90
IBD drug-induced hepatotoxicity related to, 94–95
imaging of, 92
immunologic factors in, 90–91
laboratory findings in, 92
natural history of, 91
pathogenesis of, 90–91
pathology of, 93
prognostic models of, 91
treatment of, 94
vascular injury and, 91
Primary skin disorders, liver and, 169–172
Progressive systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, liver and, 157
PSC. See Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
Psoriasis, liver and, 169–170
Pulmonary diseases, liver and, 21–37. See also specific diseases.
genetic disorders, 23–27
granulomatous diseases, 27–32

Q
Q fever, liver and, 119

R
RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Renal diseases
abnormal liver tests in patients with, 39
chronic, liver conditions in patients with, 40–42
diabetes mellitus, 42
drug toxicity, 42
hepatitis
B, 40–41
C, 41–42
NAFLD, 42
steatohepatitis, 42
liver and, 39–53
cholestasis, 43
nephrogenic ascites, 44–46
nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction, 43–44
renal transplant, 47–49
renal tubular disorders, 43
Renal transplantation, liver and, 47–49
Renal tubular disorders, liver and, 43
Respiratory failure
220 Index

Respiratory (continued)
hepatic dysfunction related to, 21–23
hypoxic liver injury and, in critically ill and postoperative patients, 185–186
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), liver and, 155–156
Rheumatologic diseases
described, 153
liver and, 153–164
adult-onset Stills disease, 156
AS, 157–158
felty syndrome, 156
progressive systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, 157
RA, 155–156
SLE, 154–155
SS, 156–157
treatment of
anti–TNF-a in, 159
medication hepatotoxicity in, 158–159
methotrexate, 159
penicillamine in, 158
sulfasalazine, 158
Ribavirin, in HCV-HIV coinfection management, 137–138

S
Sarcoidosis, 27–30
liver and skin effects of, 169
Schistosomiasis, liver and, 121–122
Scleroderma, liver and skin effects of, 168
Sclerosis(es)
ankylosing, liver and, 157–158
systemic, liver and, 157
Sepsis
cholestasis in, 187–189
liver as protective organ in, 186–187
liver as target of, 187
liver dysfunction in, 186–189
TPN–associated liver disease related to, 100
Sex hormones, liver disease and, 61–62
Sickle cell anemia, 70
Sjögren syndrome (SS)
dermatologic effects of, 167–168
liver and, 156–157, 167–168
Skin, liver diseases effects on, 165–182. See also specific disorders and Dermatologic
disorders, liver and.
SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Small intestine transplantation, in TPN–associated liver disease management, 103
Spider nevi, liver cirrhosis and, 166–167
Spirochetes, liver and, 120
SS. See Sjögren syndrome (SS).
SSc. See Systemic sclerosis (SSc).
Steatohepatitis, in patients with chronic renal diseases, 42
 Index 221

Stills disease, adult-onset, liver and, 156

Sulfasalazine, in rheumatologic disease management, hepatotoxicity of, 159
Syphilis, liver and, 120
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
liver and, 154–155, 167
skin effects of, 167
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), liver and, 157

T
TB. See Tuberculosis (TB).
Terry nails, liver cirrhosis and, 167
Thiopurines, hepatoxicity related to, 94–95
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura–hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS), 71
Thyroid dysfunction, liver disease and, 58–60
hyperthyroidism, 58–59
hypothyroidism, 59
systemic conditions causing, 60
thyrotoxic effects of drugs, 59–60
TNF-a. See Tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-a).
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
described, 98
hepatobiliary manifestations of, 98–103
clinical spectrum of, 99
histopathologic findings, 99
management of, 101–103
prevalence of, 99
risk factors for, 99–101
in critically ill and postoperative patients, 192
Toxic epidermal necrolysis, liver and skin effects of, 170
Transplantation(s)
liver
for PSC, 94
in TPN–associated liver disease management, 103
orthotopic liver, in HCV-HIV coinfection management, 144–145
renal, liver and, 47–49
small intestine, in TPN–associated liver disease management, 103
TTP-HUS. See Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura–hemolytic uremic syndrome
(TTP-HUS).
Tuberculosis (TB), 30–32
mycobacterium, liver and, 116–118
Typhoid fever, liver and, 116

V
Vascular disorders, of liver, 12
Vascular injury, PSC due to, 91
Viral hepatitis, celiac disease and, 97
Virus(es), liver and, 111–115
CMV, 112–113
dengue, 115
222 Index

Virus(es) (continued)
dengue hemorrhagic fever, 115
EBV, 111–112
HSV, 113–114
yellow fever, 114–115

W
Whipple’s disease, hepatobiliary manifestations of, 98
White nails, liver cirrhosis and, 167

Y
Yellow fever, liver and, 114–115