ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... iv
2 History of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning .......................................................... 2
2.1 History of Artificial Intelligence......................................................................................... 2
2.2 History of Machine Learning .............................................................................................. 4
3 How Artificial Intelligence Works............................................................................................. 4
4 Advantages and Disadvantages.................................................................................................. 7
4.1 Advantages.......................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Disadvantages ..................................................................................................................... 7
5. Application................................................................................................................................ 8
6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 10
Reference .................................................................................................................................... 11

i
 List Figure

Figure 1 history of Artificial intelligence ................................................................................... 2

Figure 2 disciplines Artificial intelligence requires .................................................................. 6
Figure 3 real life AI and ML Application................................................................................... 9
List Table
Acronym

AI……………………………………………………Artificial intelligence
ML………………………………………………….Machine Learning
NLP……………………………………………….. Natural language processing
1 INTRODUCTION

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks that would typically
require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
AI systems can analyse large amounts of data, recognize patterns, and make predictions or
decisions based on that information. AI can be applied in various industries, including finance,
healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing, to help solve complex problems and improve
efficiency. While there are still many challenges to overcome in developing advanced AI
systems, the technology has already shown great potential in transforming the way we live and
work.
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that focuses on the development of
machines that can perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. These tasks include
learning, reasoning, perception, and problem-solving. The aim of AI is to create machines that
can work and think like humans, or even surpass human intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence. Artificial: "man-
made," or Produced by human art or effort, rather than originating naturally.Intelligence:
"thinking power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems”. Hence, Artificial Intelligence
means "a man-made thinking power."
So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as creating of intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
AI is a broad field that encompasses various subfields, such as machine learning, natural language
processing, robotics, and computer vision. These subfields use different techniques and
algorithms to achieve the goal of creating intelligent machines.
Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows computer systems to learn and
improve from data without being explicitly programmed. By analyzing large datasets, machine
learning algorithms can identify patterns and relationships, make predictions, and optimize
decisions. Examples of machine learning in use include image and speech recognition, text
translations, financial forecasting, and medical diagnosis.
Machine learning involves three key components: data, algorithms, and models. The data used
for training machine learning models should be representative of the problem being solved or the
decision being made. The algorithms are mathematical formulas that use the data to learn patterns
and make predictions, while the models are representations of the patterns or relationships
identified by the algorithms.
Machine Learning is a process by which machines learn from experience, just like humans do.
The goal of Machine Learning is to create intelligent systems that can automatically learn from
data and improve their performance without human intervention.

1
Seminar Report

There are three subcategories of machine learning:

Supervised machine learning models are trained with labeled data sets, which allow the models
to learn and grow more accurate over time. For example, an algorithm would be trained with
pictures of dogs and other things, all labeled by humans, and the machine would learn ways to
identify pictures of dogs on its own. Supervised machine learning is the most common type
used today.

In unsupervised machine learning, a program looks for patterns in unlabeled data.

Unsupervised machine learning can find patterns or trends that people aren’t explicitly looking
for. For example, an unsupervised machine learning program could look through online sales
data and identify different types of clients making purchases.

Reinforcement machine learning trains machines through trial and error to take the best action
by establishing a reward system. Reinforcement learning can train models to play games or
train autonomous vehicles to drive by telling the machine when it made the right decisions,
which helps it learn over time what actions it should take.

2 History of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

2.1 History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This
technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of Mechanical men
in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in the history of AI which
defines the journey from the AI generation to till date development.

Figure 1 history of Artificial intelligence

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Seminar Report

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

• Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program “Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some
theorems.
• Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as
an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented.
And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

• Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which
was named as ELIZA.
• Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as
WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

• The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of
funding from government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987)

• Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
• In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

• The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
• Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost
but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Seminar Report

2.2 History of Machine Learning

Machine learning is a relatively new field that has its roots in the development of artificial
intelligence in the 1950s. Early researchers in the field believed that they could create intelligent
machines by explicitly programming them with rules and knowledge. However, this approach
proved to be difficult and time-consuming, and it soon became clear that machines could not be
programmed to handle every possible situation.
In the 1980s, a new approach to artificial intelligence emerged, called machine learning. This
approach involved training machines to learn from data, rather than being explicitly programmed
with rules. The first machine learning algorithms were simple, such as linear regression and
decision trees, but they showed promise in their ability to make predictions based on data.
In the 1990s, machine learning began to gain traction in industry, with applications in finance,
medicine, and other fields. The development of neural networks, which are computer systems
modelled on the structure of the human brain, further expanded the capabilities of machine
learning.
In the 2000s, the availability of large amounts of data and powerful computers led to a surge in
the use of machine learning. Deep learning, a type of neural network that uses multiple layers to
learn increasingly complex representations of data, showed impressive results in applications
such as image recognition and natural language processing.
Today, machine learning is a rapidly growing field that is being used in a wide range of
applications, from self-driving cars to personalized medicine. With the continued development
of new algorithms and the increasing availability of data, the possibilities for machine learning
are virtually limitless.

3 How Artificial Intelligence Works

To create AI-first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so intelligence is an

intangible part of our brain which is a combination of reasoning, learning, problem solving,
perception, and language understanding.
To achieve the above factors for a systems or machines, AI requires the following disciplines:
• Philosophy: Understanding the connection between how peoples think and explicate that
connection in reasoned and logic way.
• Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning,
language, rationality

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Seminar Report

• Mathematics : Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation,

(un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability
• Neuroscience (Brain science): Study of the nervous system, Brain.
• Understand the basic and emergent properties of neurons(information processing
units) and neural circuits.
• Describes the biological basis of understanding of learning, memory, perception
and consciousness.
• Psychology
• How do humans think and act?
• The study of human reasoning and acting
• Provides reasoning models for AI.
• Computer science and Engineering
• building fast computers
• How to build an efficient computer?
• Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible.
• Control theory
• design systems that maximize an objective function over time
• Linguistics
• For understanding natural languages
• knowledge representation, grammar

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Seminar Report

Figure 2 disciplines Artificial intelligence requires

AI works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and intelligent
algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or features in the data. AI
is a broad field of study that includes many theories, methods and technologies, as well as the
following major subfields:
• Rule-based systems use a set of predefined rules to make decisions or take actions. For
example, a spam filter may be designed to flag any email containing certain words or
phrases.
• Machine learning automates analytical model building. It uses methods from neural
networks, statistics, operations research and physics to find hidden insights in data
without explicitly being programmed for where to look or what to conclude and involves
training an algorithm on a large dataset and letting it learn patterns and relationships in
the data on its own. This can be supervised (where the algorithm is given labeled
examples to learn from) or unsupervised (where the algorithm learns patterns without any
guidance)..
• A neural network is a type of machine learning that is made up of interconnected units
(like neurons) that processes information by responding to external inputs, relaying
information between each unit. The process requires multiple passes at the data to find
connections and derive meaning from undefined data.
• Deep learning is a type of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks, which
are modeled on the structure of the human brain. Deep learning algorithms can learn to
recognize patterns and make decisions based on them, and can be used for tasks such as
image recognition or natural language processing. Uses huge neural networks with many
layers of processing units, taking advantage of advances in computing power and

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Seminar Report

improved training techniques to learn complex patterns in large amounts of data.

Common applications include image and speech recognition.
• Computer vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize what’s in
a picture or video. When machines can process, analyze and understand images, they can
capture images or videos in real time and interpret their surroundings.
• Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of computers to analyze, understand
and generate human language, including speech. The next stage of NLP is natural
language interaction, which allows humans to communicate with computers using
normal, everyday language to perform tasks.

4 Advantages and Disadvantages

4.1 Advantages

1. Increased Efficiency: AI can perform tasks much faster and with greater accuracy than
humans. It can also work continuously without getting tired or taking breaks.
2. Improved Decision Making: AI systems can analyse vast amounts of data and make
recommendations based on that data, helping businesses to make more informed
decisions.
3. High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
4. High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because
of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
5. High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
6. Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
7. Digital Assistant: users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
8. Useful as a public utility: such as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer
and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to
communicate with the machine in human-language, etc.

4.2 Disadvantages

1. Job Displacement: AI could lead to the loss of jobs, as machines are capable of
performing tasks that were once done by humans.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Seminar Report

2. Lack of Creativity: AI is limited to the data it has been given, and it cannot think outside
the box or come up with creative solutions like humans can.
3. Security Risks: AI systems can be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, which could compromise
sensitive data.
4. Dependence: As we become more reliant on AI, we may become overly dependent on
technology, which could lead to problems if the technology fails.
5. High Cost: the hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots
of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
6. Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with Ai, but still they
can't work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which thy are trained, or
programmed.
7. Increase dependence on the machines: with the increment of technology, people are
getting more
8. No original creativity: as humans are so creative and can imagine some ideas but still
AI machines can't beat this power of human intelligence and can’t be creative and
imaginative.
9. No feeling and Emotion: AI systems doesn’t have feeling so it can’t make any type of
emotional attachment with humans.

5. Application

• Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
• Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and
advice to the users. Ex. Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
• Vision Systems − these systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on
the computer. For example,
• A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
• Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with
the stored portrait made by forensic artist.
• Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Seminar Report

talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change
in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
• Handwriting Recognition − the handwriting recognition software reads the text written
on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and
convert it into editable text.
• Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have
sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature,
movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors
and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence.

Real Life AI and ML Examples

Figure 3 real life AI and ML Application

 Navigation Systems
 Chatbots
 Self Driving Cars
 Human vs Computer Games
 Google: Search Technology
 Bank: automated fraud detection

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Seminar Report

6. Conclusion
Artificial intelligence and machine learning have revolutionized the way we live and work.
From personal assistants to self-driving cars, these technologies have become an integral part of
our daily lives. The potential of AI and machine learning is vast, and their impact will only
continue to grow in the future. They have the ability to solve complex problems and improve
efficiency across various industries.

However, it is important to acknowledge the ethical concerns surrounding AI and machine

learning. Responsible development and deployment are necessary to ensure that these
technologies align with our values and benefit everyone. The potential risks include job
displacement, privacy concerns, and biases in decision-making.

To address these concerns, it is essential to prioritize responsible development and deployment.

This includes transparency in algorithms and decision-making processes, addressing biases, and
ensuring that the benefits of AI and machine learning are accessible to all. Collaboration
between government, industry, and academia is necessary to develop and implement policies
that promote responsible use of these technologies.

In conclusion, the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning is vast and can lead
to a more productive, efficient, and equitable society with responsible development and use.
However, it is crucial to prioritize ethical concerns and responsible development to ensure that
these technologies align with our values and benefit everyone.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Reference
G4It Artificial intelligence material

11