‘Spur Gear a type of gear that has straight, fat-topped tecth set parallel (o the shaft and the most common industrial gear. ustration: Clearance ‘crcle Figure 1 Meshing Spur Gears Mlustration: pinion PITCH CIRCLE pA 4 UNE OF ACTION ? Toon pRORLE Li ‘OUTSIDE e PRESSURE “ANGLE — BASE CIRCLE \ 07 — mr. WORKING A ious vers CENTER DEPTH DISTANCE cincyLan Toor: CIRCULAR PITCH u)Mlustration: pion re) aw Gear (Driven) oO ne External Gearing Figure 3 where: Dp = pitch diameter of the pinion itch diameter of the gear C= center to center distance between shafts jumber of teeth on the pinion number of teeth on the gear ressure angle (angle of obliquity ) ‘np rotative speed of pinion, rev/min nng= rotative speed of gear, revimin For a pair of gears to work together it is understood that the following terms are equal unless otherwise specific iametral pitch, teeth/inch — (English units ) jodule, mm/teeth — ( Metric and SI units ) Pe circular piteh ase pitch, a= addendum d= dedendum WD = Working Depth ‘TD = Tooth Depthness ( height ) or whole depth of the tooth b T ness or circular thickness 'S = Space width or tooth space B= Backlash 2n Of Terms pinion —is the smaller gear when two spur gears are in mesh. inion —is the one with the fewer number of teeth when two spur gears run together. Gear isthe bigger gear when two spur gears are in mesh. Gear is the one with the larger number of teeth when two spur gears run together. _meshing gears interlocking gears the action of which are used to transmit mechanical energy. drive gear ~ the gear that receives energy from a power source, such as an electric motor and transmits power to a ‘meshing driven gear to perform work. Driven gear — the gear that receives motion from the drive gear and which turn tools or machine members. idler gear ~ gear that is used to keep the direction of motion consistent between a drive gear and a driven gear. pitch cylinder ~is the cylinder of diameter equal to the pitch circle. pitch circle —is an imaginary circle on a gear that divides the gear teeth into top lands and bottom lands, and into addendums and dedendums. The pitch circles of two gears in correct mesh contact each other at the pitch point, itch circle —is the circle derived from a number of teeth (N)) and a specified diametral or circular pitch ( Pa or Pe ). pitch circle ~is the cirele on which spacing or tooth profiles is established and from which the tooth proportions are constructed. pitch diameter (D ) is the diameter of a gear's piteh cirele. A gear's pitch diameter can be determined by measuring from the top of one gear tooth to the bottom of the opposite gear tooth. itch diameter (D ) —is the diameter of the pitch circle. In parallel shaft gears, the pitch diameters can be determined dircetly from the center distance and the number of teeth, addendum circle — an imaginary circle that passes through the addendums of the gear teeth. addendum (a) ~ the height by which a tooth projects beyond the pitch circle or piteh lin. addendum (a) ~ ‘the distance between the top land of the gear tooth and the pitch circle. addendum (a )~ is the radial distance between the piteh circle and the addendum circle. a=1Pa, ich = M, mm dedendum circle ~ an imaginary cirele that passes through the dedendums of the gear teeth. dedendum (d )~is the depth of a tooth space below the pitch line. It is normally greater than the addendum of the mating gear to provide clearance. dedendum (d )—is the distance between the bottom land of the gear tooth and the pitch circle, dedendum (a) ~is the radi distance from the pitch circle to the root circle, that is, fo the bottom of the tooth space. pitch —is a property used to classify gears. Gears can be classified by circular pitch or diametral pitch ( Pc or Pa), but the diametral pitch method is the most common. 8]diametral pitch (Pa) —' the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter. Diametral pitch is the most common method of classifying gears. Pa= NID, teeth/inch coarse-pitch gear a gear with a diametral pitch of 19 or less. coarse-pitch gears ~ the teeth are larger and have greater spaces between them than the teeth of fine-pitch gears. “fine-pitch gear ~a gear with a diametral pitch of 20 or greater. “fine-pitch gears ~ the teeth are smaller and closer together than the teeth of coarse-pitch gears. circular pitch (P.) —is the distance from a point on one gear tooth to the corresponding point on the next gear tooth, measured along the pitch circle. circular pitch ( Pe) ~is related to the pitch diameter, this is the are length between identical points on adjacent gear teeth, along the pitch circle. P= x DIN, inch/tecth The diametral pitch and circular pitch are related by Pu P. consequently, the same diametral pitch, in order to mesh. -m. Two gears must have the same pitch, and center distance (C) is the distance between the centers of two gears in a mesh, for external gears: c p/2 + Dyl2, inches oF mm = (Np +Ng)/2 Pa, inches or mm =| (Np +Ney2] M, mm for internal gear (C= Dy? ~ Dp/2, inches or mm = (Ng~Np )2 Pa, inehes or mm = | (Ng~Np 2] M, mm face ~ is the surface of a gear tooth located between the pitch circle and the addendum circle. “flank is the surface of a gear tooth located between the pitch circle and the dedendum circle, ‘top land ~is the surface of the top of the tooth, bottom land —is the surface of the bottom of the tooth space. face width ( )~is the length of teeth i an axial directi (plane). ‘fillet radius (77) —is the radius of the filet curve at the base of the gear tooth. Whole Depth (TD) ~is either the total height of a gear tooth or the total depth of the tooth space. Whole Depth ( TD ) ~is the radial distance from the addendum circle to the dedendum ( or root circle ) circle. Whole Depth ( TD ) ~is equal to addendum plus dedendum. ‘TD =a+d,inches or mm Whole Depth ( TD ) ~is equal to the working depth plus clearance. TD =WD +6, inches or mm 4Working Depth (WD ) ~ a measurement of how deeply a gear tooth extends into the tooth space of the mating gear. Working Depth (WD ) ~is the radial distance from the addendum circle to the working depth circle. Working Depth (WD )~is the depth of engagement of two gears; that is the sum of their addendums. WD =2., inches = 2M, mm clearance circle this circle is tangent to the addendum cirele ofthe mating gear. clearance (¢) ~it prevents the teeth of one gear from riding into bottom part of mating gear (jamming ). clearance (c)~is the radial distance between the working depth circle and the root circle. inches of mm ='TD - WD, inches or mm ‘the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear. clearance operating (0 )— tooth or circular Thickness ( T) —is the width (or thickness ) of tooth measured along the pitch circle, tooth or circular Thickness (T) —is the length of are between the two sides of a gear tooth on the pitch circle. chordal thickness — is the tooth width ( or thickness ) measured along the chord at the pitch circle. width of Space or tooth Space (S)~is the space between teeth measured along the pitch circle. Backlash ( B )~ is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on the pitch circles. Backlash ( B )~ is the tooth space minus the cireular thickness. B =T, inches or mm Outside diameter ( Dy )—is the diameter of the addendum (outside ) circle. root diameter (D,)~is the diameter at the base of the tooth space. velocity ratio —is the angular velocity of the driver divided by the angular velocity of the driven gear. ‘gear ratio —is the number of teeth in the gear divided by the number of teeth in the pinion. pitch point ( P )—is the point at which the pitch circles of two gears are in contact with each other at a pitch point (P)—the point of tangency of the pitch circles of a pair of mating gears. ‘common tangent —is the line tangent to the pitch eircle at the pitch point, line of action —line normal to a pair of mating tooth profiles at their point of contact. ‘path of contact ~ it is the path traced by the contact point of a pair of tooth profiles. ‘pressure angle (0) ~is the angle at the pitch point between the line of pressure which is normal to the tooth surface and the plane tangent to the pitch surface, ‘pressure angle (0) ~is also the angle between the line of action and the common tangent (line tangent to the pitch cirele). pressure angle (0) ~is the angle at which the resultant force between the two gears acts. 6)Note: ‘The pressure angle is constant as the gears rotate for involute gears. This is represented by the pressure line or line of action. The pressure angle should be the same for mating gears, angle of approach isthe angle through which the gears turns from the time a particular pair of teeth come into contact until they are in contact at the piteh point. angle of recess —| the angle through which the gears turns from the time a given pair of teeth are in contact at the pitch point until they pass out of mesh. angle of action ~is the angle of approach plus the angle of recess. angle of action ~is the angle through which the gears turns from the time a particular pair of teeth come into contact until they go out of contact. base diameter (Dn) is the diameter of the base cylinder from which the involute portion of a tooth profile is generated. Ra=Ry cos = Dy/2 cos 8 ‘base radius ( Rp) —is the radius of the base circle or clearance circle. The line representing is perpendicular to the pressure line where the pressure line is tangent to the base circle. Ra = Ry €0s 0 = Dy/? cos 8 lip rel an arbitrary modification of a tooth profile whereby a small amount of material is removed near the tip of the gear tooth. undercut —is a cont the working profile at its point of juncture ition in generated gear teeth when any part of the filet curve lies inside a line drawn tangent to the fillet. ‘fillet radius — is the small radius that connects the profile of a tooth to the root circle. crowning — grinding of tooth edges to prevent edge loa In English units: number of teeth por lameter) (pDp =NeDg, tecthinch, Np=PaDp and Ne=PaDg For the same pitch diameter it is evident that the smaller is the value of Pa the lesser is the number of teeth and the larger its size while the greater is the value of Pa the more is the number of teeth around the circumference and the smaller the size of the teeth becomes. In Metric and ST units: M= Module ( ratio: pitch diameter per number of teeth ) M=DN 1 1 1 M= DpiNp = Dy/Ny —, mmitooth NyDp Pa Np = Dy. DyM (6)vided by number of teeth ) pitch ( the circumference of the nDp onDs ok ® ® —=M Np Ne NplDp—NglDp Pa lo from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth ) Pc Space width + Tooth thickness BHT)+T +27 jacklash B= Space width ~ Tooth thickness BeS-T S=B+T T= Tooth thickness T=(Pe-BY2 acklash usual rang B=0.03Py —>0.04/P. ifnot given, use: B - 0.035/Py face width usual range: 25Pe 0,04/Pd use: B= 0.035/Pd B= 0,035i8 = 0,004375 in T= (0.392699 — 0.008375 2 T= 0.194162 in { solving for the whole depth of the tooth, TDeaid let: teeth are full-depth involute (14 1/2° ) dedendum distane LaisTR, 1157/8 144625 in ‘TD = 0,125 + 0.144625 = 0.269625 in (10)Diagram: R Gear Driven) Pinion pinion Gear us (aaver) riven) OR Power transmitted by the pinion Dp np Pr=Fryp=Fr Cy 2nTymp P= —— 60 where: ‘Torque transmitted by the pinion Tr=Fr(Dp2) ‘The force between mating teeth can be resolved at the pitch point P into two components: Diagram: R r F P hence: rs Tr Fy sin = — cos 0 = — — F F Fr Fy=Fsin 8 aso, by Pythagorean theorem peVRPtFe where: Fr Fy F tangential or transmitted force (Joad ) separating force (load ) or radial force ( load ) that tends to separate the gears force (load ) exerted by the tooth of the driving gear ( pinion ) to the tooth of the driven gear along the line of action F = tooth pressure oyStrength of Spur gear teeth ‘+ Beam fatigue strength of the teeth (or Allowable tangential or transmitted load based on bending ) sby Kr Pa where: 'S = safe stress ( based on weaker material either pinion or gear), psi b= face width, in Y = Lewis form factor K= strength reduction factor a= diametral pitch, teethiin Continuous Service: 0.05 vm (Fs +b) PrtisFr+ 0.05 vin~ (Fr+ Cb)! where: F1= tangential or transmitted Toad, Ibe F, = increment ( variable ) load, Ibp ‘vm pitch line velocity, ftimin (C= factor depending upon machinery errors ( factor depending upon effective error and elasticity of material ) b= face width, in Intermittent Service: 600 8m F ‘Commercially cut gear wo Viv $ 2,000 frm {1.2004 vm Carefully cut gear [1200 2,000 < vm < 4,000 fm 78+ (vm)! Fi oo) re Precision cut gear 7 > 4,000 fpr 50+ (vm) ercialy by shaved teeth Fa hy Commercially hobbed and shaved teet 50 where: Fa dynamic load, Ib F p= tangential or transmitted load, Tb pitch line velocity, f¥mmin 12)© Weartoad 2D, 2Ne Fy=Dpb QK =Dpb| ——— |K=Dpb | —— |x Dp + Dg Np+Ng where: Fw wear load, Ib = face width, in ratio factor pinion piteh diameter, in gear piteh diameter in pinion number of teeth gear number of teeth ‘wear load factor © Checking for Fai 1d on Fatigue Fu= Nota where: Nor= serviee factor Fy = beam fatigue strength of the teeth (or allowable tangential or transmitted load based on ben: ‘Usual Service Factors: Not= 1.0 to 1.25 for uniform load without shock Net= 1.25 to 1.50 for medium shock Not= 1.50 to 1.75 for moderately heavy shock Not 1.75 to 2.0 for heavy shock Note: Use higher service factors to increase reliability but if limited life is considered Tower value is satisfactory. © Checking for Fal on Wear Note: ‘There is no need to check for failure by wear ifthe service load is intermittent or seasonal