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黄河晋陕峡谷1.1 Ma阶地的形成及其构造背景 刘运明
黄河晋陕峡谷1.1 Ma阶地的形成及其构造背景 刘运明
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2018 年 6 月 JOURNAL OF PALAEOGEOGRAPHY ( Chinese Edition) Jun. 2018
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黄河晋陕峡谷 1.1 Ma 阶地的形成及其构造背景
刘运明
安庆师范大学资源与环境学院,安徽安庆 246133
摘 要 对黄河晋陕峡谷河曲、黑峪口、延水关和壶口等 4 个地区进行了详细的野外考察。河曲地区共发
现 3 级河流阶地,更高的则为唐县期宽谷; 唐县期宽谷的海拔高度约 1000 m ( 拔河高度 150 m) ,而 3 级河流阶
地的拔河高度分别约为 110 m、80 m 和 12 m。黑峪口地区也存在唐县期宽谷,宽谷之下发育 5 级河流阶地,唐
县期宽谷西高 东 低,海 拔 高 度 位 于 970 m 和 940 m 之 间,5 级 河 流 阶 地 的 拔 河 高 度 分 别 约 为 130 m,80 m、
50 m、12 m 和 4 m。延水关地区共发现 6 级河流阶地,全部为第四纪期间形成,6 级河流阶地的拔河高度分别为
180 m、130 m、95 m、50 m、20 m 和 4 m。壶口地区共存在 8 级阶地,也全部为第四纪期间的阶地,阶地的拔
河高度分别约为 260 m、210 m、180 m、120 m、80 m、60 m、35 m 和 15 m。对壶口最高阶地进行了地层学研
究,发现这一阶地上覆厚度约 110 m 的黄土地层,黄土层的最底部为 L13,古地磁研究结果和古土壤断代都指示
了这一阶地的形成时间在距今 1. 1 Ma 左右。综合晋陕峡谷地区现有的研究结果认为,3. 3 Ma 之前,鄂尔多斯地
块内部构造极为稳定,发育了唐县期夷平面,古黄河在此夷平面上主要以侧蚀拓宽为主,下蚀极其微弱; 3. 3—
1. 1 Ma,鄂尔多斯地块的构造稳定可能被打破,黄河小幅度下切; 而 1. 1 Ma 以来,受鄂尔多斯地块快速抬升的
影响,黄河发生剧烈下切,1. 1 Ma 阶地和晋陕峡谷的主体在这一时期形成。
关键词 晋陕峡谷 黄河 河流阶地 阶地年代 黄土
作者简介 刘运明,男,1977 年生,安庆师范大学资源环境学院讲师,主要从事河流地貌演化等方面的研
究。E-mail: npku@163.com。
中图分类号: P534. 63 文献标志码: A
Liu Yun-Ming
School of Resources and Environment,Anqing Normal University,Anqing 246133,Anhui
* 国家自 然 科 学 基 金 项 目 ( 编 号: 40901006) 资 助。[Financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No.
40901006) ]
收稿日期: 2018-03-08 改回日期: 2018-03-22
478 古 地 理 学 报 2018 年 6 月
is higher on the western bank and lower on the eastern bank and has an altitude ranging from 940 m to
970 m. The heights of these five terraces above modern Yellow River are 130 m,80 m,50 m,12 m,and 4
m. Six terrace staircases are present in the Yanshuiguan area. The heights of these terraces above local mod-
ern Yellow River are 180 m,130 m,95 m,50 m,20 m,and 4 m. Eight terrace staircases were counted
in the Hukou area. The heights of river terraces in this area are 260 m,210 mm,180 m,120 m,80 m,
60 m,35 m,and 15 m. In both Yanshuiguan and Hukou areas,all the terraces were formed during the
Quaternary. Stratigraphic studies at the Hukou area indicate that the topmost terrace is overlain by a layer of
loess which is about 110 m in thickness. Oriented loess samples were also collected from the highest terrace
in the Hukou area. Twelve paleosols were counted,and L13 is recognized in the lowest part of the section.
Magnetostratigraphic analysis indicates that the terrace was formed around 1. 1 Ma B. P. Three stages of the
Yellow River can be divided during the development of the river terraces and Tangxian Strath along the
Shanxi -Shaanxi Gorge. Firstly,Ordos Block experienced a long stable phase before 3. 3 Ma B. P.,when
the Tangxian Strath formed. Dominant processes of the Yellow River during this stage was lateral cutting with
minimal downcutting. The second stage was during 3. 3 Ma B. P. to 1. 1 Ma B. P. The stable Ordos Block was
probably disrupted,and the Yellow River experienced a slight downcutting. After 1. 1 Ma,the Yellow River
suffered significant downcutting. The Yellow River terrace about 1. 1 Ma and the Shanxi -Shaanxi Gorge were
formed due to a quick uplift of the Ordos Block during this period.
Key words Shanxi -Shaanxi Gorge,Yellow River,river terrace,terrace age,loess
About the author Liu Yun-Ming,born in 1977,is a lecturer of Anqing Normal University. He is
mainly engaged in research on river evolution.
来,黄土高原大部连续堆积了厚层的风成红土和黄 流比降急剧降低,河谷宽浅,发育地上河,最终在
土地层 ( Ding et al.,1999) , 为区域内河流阶地的 山东东营一带注入渤海。
测 年 提 供 了 便 利 ( Pan et al., 2003; Hu et al., 黄河自内蒙古自治区清水河县喇嘛湾镇向南至
2016) 。作者在晋陕峡谷地区进行了较为广泛的野 禹门口一段为著名的晋陕峡谷 ( 图 1) , 整个晋陕
外考察,对河曲、黑峪口、延水关和壶口 4 个地区 峡谷长约 700ikm, 自北向南纵贯黄土高原, 河面
的河流阶地进行了测量,并对壶口地区的最高阶地 的海拔高度由 1000im 左右下降为不足 400im, 河
进行了年代学研究,结合作者在晋陕峡谷早期的工 流两岸崖壁陡立, 河流湍急 ( 中国科学院 《中国
作,对晋陕峡谷最高阶地的发育及其构造背景进行 自然地理》 委员会,1980) 。 自喇嘛湾至山西保德
了探讨。 县天桥水库,黄河流经区的基岩主要是下奥陶统的
灰岩,区域内的河曲县周边则为二叠系砂页岩 ( 马
2 区域概况与阶地序列 丽芳,2002) 。保德天桥水库向南至乡宁县, 流经
区的基岩为三叠系的砂页岩, 河流长度近 500ikm,
2. 1 区域概况 至禹门口一带则又转变为灰岩 ( 马丽芳,2002) 。
黄河源远流长, 全长约 5464ikm, 是世界第 6 晋陕黄河流经岩性坚硬或年代古老的古生界灰岩地
长河, 流 经 区 域 地 质 背 景 极 其 复 杂 ( 张 保 升, 带多形成峡谷,阶地发育少,而岩性较为松软的三
1957) 。黄河自唐乃亥至青铜峡, 河流流经区的地 叠系砂页岩地带则河谷较宽( 张保升,1957) 。
形多为峡谷与盆地相间分布,峡谷地区多出露坚硬
2. 2 阶地序列
的变质岩和火成岩,而盆地则堆积了新近纪的红色
对晋陕峡谷的河曲、黑峪口、延水关和壶口等
岩系 ( 中 国 科 学 院 《中 国 自 然 地 理 》 委 员 会,
地进行了广泛的实地野外考察和阶地测量 ,现主要
1980) 。受印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的影
对这 4 个地区的河流阶地进行介绍。
响,在鄂尔多斯高原周边发育了银川地堑系 、河套
河曲地区黄河发育的曲流极为完美 ( 张保升,
地堑系 和 汾 渭 地 堑 系 等 一 系 列 大 型 的 断 陷 盆 地
1957) ,河道向西凸出, 河流沉积分布范围极广。
( Zhang et al.,1998) ( 图 1) , 新生界沉积厚度达数
经考察,本区河谷内存在 3 级黄河阶地,更高位置
千米以上 ( 高胜利等,2007; 李 智 超 等,2015) 。
为唐县期宽谷 ( 图 2 - a) 。 宽谷海拔高度约 1000im
黄河出汾渭地堑系切穿三门峡后进入华北平原 ,河
( 拔河高度 150im) , 谷 面 极 为 宽 阔, 东 西 向 宽 达
7ikm,东部高,靠现今黄河一侧稍低。宽谷上保存
河流砾石层、河漫滩相砂层和淤泥层以及红黏土,
其形 成 年 代 在 8—3. 7iMa B. P. 期 间 ( Pan et al.,
2011; 刘运明,2017) , 为近南北流向的河流侧向
侵蚀迁移所致 ( 刘运明,2017) 。3 级河流阶地覆
盖黄土,为第四纪时期形成的阶地,河流沉积的宽
度也超过 7ikm。T1 阶地为堆积阶地, 阶地面拔河
高度 12im,阶地顶面覆盖薄层黄土, 河曲县城即
坐落在阶地面上。T2 阶地为基座阶地, 阶地面拔
河高度约 80im,站在河曲县城南的黄河河漫滩上,
可以看到 T2 阶地前缘陡坎。T2 阶地上堆积黄土,
阶地最前缘的陡坎上, 出露 2 条棕红色的古土壤
层。T3 阶地基座拔河高度约 110im 左右, 砾石层
上覆厚层黄土,且阶地前缘与阶地后缘黄土地层厚
图1 晋陕峡谷与黄河河谷横剖面位置 度不一致。阶地后缘的一个剖面,黄土地层厚度超
Fig. 1 Location of the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge and measured 过 110im,根据采样时发现的标志层, 该剖面包含
sections in the study area 了上砂质层 L9 和下砂质层 L15 ( 图 3 - a) , 剖面底
480 古 地 理 学 报 2018 年 6 月
图4 黄河晋陕峡谷下市剖面典型样品的退磁曲线与向量图
Fig. 4 Typical demagnetization curves and vector component diagram of samples from Xiashi Section
at Hukou in the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge,Yellow River
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