English

Made by Joshua Tomas

Parallelism – Balancing the items in a sentence, you will make the sentence EASIER and CLEARER to
read.

Example: My job includes checking inventory, initialing orders, and to call the suppliers.

Replace call with CALLING to balance the sentence since the other adjective was CHECKING.

GETS MO NA YAN TANDA TANDA MO NA.

Uses of Parallelism

 To coordinate elements in a series

 To pair ideas
 To enhance coherence
 To organize lists

Using Parallelism

All items listing two or more words, need to be written the same grammatical structures

Balance a noun with a noun, a phrase with a phrase, and a clause with a clause

Using Parallelism with Pairs

 When two ideas are included they must be parallel

Using Parallelism

 Put words by coordinating conjunctions in parallel form.

Checking for parallelism

 Check items listed in a series

 Use a parallel grammatical structure for all items
 Check places where coordinating conjunctions are used
 FANBOYS
 For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 So
The Arab World in Africa

Religion of Moslems – Islam

Famous Arab singer – Umm Kulthum

Pork is forbidden for Moslems and Fish is not generally served in banquet

The bride and the groom have never seen each other, there is no courtship before marriage

A Muslim man can only have a maximum of 4 legal wives

The Arab World contains 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa:

 Algeria
 Bahrain
 the Comoros Islands
 Djibouti
 Egypt
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Morocco
 Mauritania
 Oman
 Palestine
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 Somalia
 Sedan
 Syria
 Tunisia
 the United Arab Emirates
 Yemen

The Largest Country in the Arab Middle East is Saudi Arabia

Two largest countries in Africa, Sudan and Algeria

African cultures is flourishing south of the Sahara but this intellectual and spiritual momentum is not
reaching Maghreb or Eastern Arab Countries. Arab writers unions are ignoring African writers and
thinkers

The reality in the Arab World contrasts sharply with the African reality in European countries especially
Britain and France.
Idiomatic Expressions

Idioms are phrases which do not make sense literally but we understand what they mean. Words or
phrases which aren’t meant to be taken literally.

Idioms should be used in proper situations. They enrich our speech and increase our vocabulary, the
idioms are fixed, and if we change them, we lose the meaning of idiom

Origin of Idioms

Most idioms come from ancient literature or even classic films. Many idioms originated as quotations
from well-known writers such as Shakespeare.

Purpose of Idioms

 Express complex ideas in a simple way

 Add humor to your writing
 Keep your reader stimulated
 To Establish a Point of view

Understanding the Importance of idioms in English Language Learning

 Idioms give you a new way to express yourself in the English language
 Understanding idioms can boost your conversational skills.
 Learning about idioms can help enrich what you learn in your ESL lessons. (English as a Second
Language)

Examples

 Raining cats and dogs - raining heavily

 Crying over spilled milk – crying on something that is not a big deal
 A piece of cake – an easy thing to do
 Go the extra mile – to make extra effort
 Go back to the drawing board – to start over
 Head over heels – completely in love
 Burn the midnight oil – to work late in the night
 To sit on the fence – when a person does not take sides in an argument (neutral)
 To burn the candles at both ends – to work from early in the morning and late at night with very
little rest (to over work)
 The icing on the cake – something that makes a good situation even better or a bad situation
even worse
 Zip your lip! Zip It! – keep your mouth shut and don’t say a word