Test 3

 Group 1  Group 3
 Vocabulary Building  Netiquette
 Words often confused  Polite Writing
 Affixes  Statement of Purpose &
 Ambiguity Personal Statement
 Resume and Cover Letter
 Group 2 Writing
 Reading Comprehension
 Summarisation
 Note Making & Note
Taking
Which is the last word added in the Oxford English Dictionary?

ZyZZyva
(A snouted beetle- a genus of tropical American weevils often
found in association with palms)
 Vocabulary Building

 Active and Passive Vocabulary.

 Active vocabulary is the words we understand and use.

 Passive vocabulary is the words we understand but don’t
use.
 In any language, passive vocabulary is larger than active
vocabulary.
 
Every Day Active
Vocabulary
 
 Synonyms & Antonyms
 One Word Substitution
 Phrasal Verbs
 Idioms
 Euphemism
 Compound Nouns
 Graphical Vocabulary
 Technical Vocabulary
 Homonyms, Homophones
 Eponyms
 Synonyms

 Synonyms can provide you with variety in speech or writing.

 There are endless examples of synonyms, making it easy for you to

avoid overusing the same word and sounding repetitive.

 Examples:
 Amazing, astounding, surprising, stunning
 Annihilation, destruction, carnage, extinction
 Benefit, profit, revenue, yield
 Brave, courageous, valiant, heroic
 Center, middle, inside, midpoint
 Cunning, keen, sharp, slick
 Destitute, poor, bankrupt, impoverished
 Common Word Pairs

1. “then and there” – at that moment
E.g., “She was hired then and there.”, “I invited them then
and there to my graduation party.”

2. “sooner or later” – eventually

E.g., “You will have to do the assignments sooner or later.”

3. “wait and see” – be patient

E.g., “Let’s wait and see what happens next”
 
4. “now and then” & “from time to time” – infrequently or
sometimes
E.g., “We go to restaurants from time to time/now and then.”
“ She reads comic now and then.”

5. “slowly but surely” – gradually

E.g. “I am improving slowly but surely.”
 Antonyms

 An antonym is the opposite of another word.

 Antonyms can be used to help show contrast between two things or give
clues to exactly what is meant.

 Examples:
 Achieve – Fail
 Brave – Cowardly
 Crooked – Straight
 Freeze – Boil
 Segregate – Integrate
 Triumph – Defeat
 Toward – Away
 Love – Abhor

 Bottom – Apex
 Attract – Repel
 Fertile – Barren
 Clear – Vague
 Proficient – Bungling/Incompetent
 Essential – Superfluous/ Needless
 Magnanimous/Generous – Parsimonious/Stingy
 Diligent/Attentive – Indolent/Idle/Lazy
 Robust/Strong – Fragile/Delicate
 Correspond/Corelation – Dissonance/Variance
 Abandon/Forsake – Pursue/ Remain
 Advance/Proceed – Recede/Regress
 One Word Substitution

 One Word Substitution reduces wordiness
 It is used in condensation and to make your write-up
brief and concise.
 Examples:
 A round about way of speaking: Circumlocution
 One who lives at the same time of another: Contemporary
 Trust without proper evidence/ readiness to believe:
Credibility
 A quality of a person who readily believes others:
Credulous
 
 Incorrigible – One who cannot be corrected.
 Gullible – Innocent and unaware of wordily affairs.
 Uncomplacent/Fastidious – One who is difficult to please or
convince.
 Conceited – To have a high opinion about oneself.
 Momentous – An occasion of great importance.
 Infallible – Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong.
 Verbatim - In exactly the same words as were used
originally
 Unanimous – Agreed by everyone.
 Phrasal Verbs

 A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb
together with an adverb or a preposition, or both.

 For example:
 We broke up two years ago. (cease to exist)
 The police were called to break up the fight. (to divide/to separate)
 They set off early to miss the traffic. (to begin)
 When the door is opened, it sets off an alarm. (to make something start
working)
 He pulled up outside the cottage. (come to a halt/to have arrived
somewhere)
 Interesting Phrasal Verbs

1) Crow about – to brag about something.
E.g. I wish she would stop crowing about her money.

2) Fawn over – to flatter someone excessively.

E.g. He is fawning over his new boss for promotion.

3) Bounce off – to talk about something in order to receive feedback or

opinion.
E.g. Let’s plan for a meeting, I have to bounce a few ideas off you.

4) Mull over – (to think deeply or seriously about something)

E.g. I have spent my weakened mulling over which club to join.
 
5) Plod along – to progress at a slow but steady rate.
E.g. I am still plodding along with my attempts at a crime thriller.

6) Do up – to repair/to decorate.
E.g. We are planning to buy the lake house and do it up.

7) Muster up – to gather or bring together.

E.g. I don’t know if I can muster up the courage to meet my advisor.

8) Gobble up – to use of a lot of something very quickly.

E.g. You have gobbled up almost half of the popcorn.
 
9) Weed out – to remove people or things from a group.
E.g. We have to weed some people out of the reception.

10) Jot down – to write or note down very quickly and briefly.
E.g. I highly suggest you jot down the major points.
 Idioms

 Idiom: a manner of speaking that is natural to native
speakers of a language.

 They offer advice about how to live and also transfer some
underlying ideas, principles and values of a given culture /
society.

 Example:
 The cat has come out of the bag: The truth has come out
 Costs an arm and a leg - This idiom is used when something is
very expensive.
 
1) Get your act together - Get organized and do things effectively.
2) Beat around the bush - To avoid talking about what’s important.
3) Scrape the barrel - Making the most of the worst situations or things
because you can’t do anything about it.
4) Keep an ear to the ground - Staying informed and updated about
everything.
5) Every cloud has a silver lining – Optimistic, Even an unpleasant
situation has a positive side to it.
6) Having an Ace up the sleeve - Have an advantage that is currently
being withheld for future purposes.
7) Down for the count - Tired; giving up.
8) Up a creek without a paddle - In an unlucky situation.
9) To not see the wood for the trees - To be so involved in trivial matters
that you don’t get the important facts.
 Euphemism

 The substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for
one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt.

 For examples:
 Passed away instead of died.
 Departed instead of died.
 Correctional facility instead of jail.
 Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled.
 Died of suicide instead of committed suicide.
 
 On the streets – Homeless.
 Between jobs – Unemployed.
 Made redundant/get sacked – Fired.
 Partially proficient - Not very qualified.
 Categorical Inaccuracy - not consistent with the facts/lying.
 Compound Nouns

 Compound nouns can be made with two nouns:
 I made a snowman.
 I love watching fireflies on warm summer nights.
 While you’re at the store, please pick up some toothpaste, a six-pack
of ginger ale, and some egg rolls.
 Compound nouns can be made with an adjective and a noun:
 Let’s watch the full moon come up over the mountain.
 Please erase the blackboard for me.
 Compound nouns can be made with a verb and a noun:
 Be sure to add bleach to the washing machine.
 Let’s be sure to stay somewhere with a swimming pool.
 Compound nouns can be made with a noun and a verb:
 He always gets up before sunrise.
 I really could use an updated hairstyle.
 Compound nouns

 Compound nouns can be written in three styles:

 One Word: Grandmother, cowboy, basketball etc.

 Two Words: Grand piano, jumping jack, swimming

pool etc.

 Hyphenated Word: over-ripe, mother-in-law, light-

year etc.
 Technical Vocabulary

 Any word that helps you describe technical material/
experiment/ phenomenon etc. is included in the Technical
vocabulary.

 The vocabulary list is specific according to each discipline

 Examples:

 Manufacturing, mechanize, modulate

 Dimension, direction, distribution
 Pneumatic, power, pulse, production, propulsion etc.
 Graphical Vocabulary

 The Vocabulary used for Graphical interpretation:

 For Example:
 axis - a line drawn through the center of a figure
 scale - a sequence of marks, usually along a line, used in making
measurements
 proportional - one variable is proportional to another if the ration
of corresponding values remains constant
 surged – move forward suddenly or powerfully
 plummeted – decrease rapidly
 Homonyms

 Homonyms are two words that are spelled the same and sound
the same, but have different meanings.
 The word “homonym” comes from the prefix “homo,” which
means the same, and the suffix “-nym,” which means name.
 Examples:
 Pen (I have an ink pen/ hen lives in a pen)
 Book (I read a book/ I want to book tickets)
 Bear (I love a bear hug/ I cannot bear it anymore)
 Can (I have a tin can/ I can swim)
 Homophones,

 Homophones are words that sound alike, suffix “-phone,”
which means sound.
 Homophones have the same sound but different meaning, and
they are often spelled differently.

 Examples:
 Plate & Plait
 Two & Too
 Caret & Carrot
 Ball & Bawl
 Pain & Pane
 Tail & Tale
 Eponyms

 An eponym is a person, place, or thing after whom or after
which something is named, or believed to be named.

 For examples:
 Darwinism
 Draconian
 Achilles heel
 Marxism
 Goebbelsian
 Fahrenheit
 Freudian Slip