PRONOUN

- any of a small set of words in a language that are used as

substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and whose referents
are named or understood in the context.
Example: I, We, He, She, It, You
Application: Mrs. Gutierrez is teaching the class with the help of the
computer.
She is teaching the class with the help of the computer.
COMMON TYPES OF PRONOUNS
1. Personal Pronouns – can be the subject of a clause or sentence.

Can refer to:

First Person-the person or people speaking or writing the person

Examples: I, We, Me, Us

Second Person-people being spoken to

Examples: You, Your, Yours

Third Person- other people or things.

Examples: He, She, It, Them, Their

2. Possessive Pronouns - refer to things or people that belong to someone. The main
possessive pronouns are

Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs

3. Demonstrative pronouns—distinguish the person or thing being referred to from other

people or things.

Examples: this, that, these, and those

4. Relative pronouns-introduce a subordinate clause, a part of a sentence that includes a

subject and verb but does not form a sentence by itself.
Examples: that, which, who, whom, what, and whose.

IN, AT, ON (PLACE)

We use at:

 to refer to a position or location which we see as a point:

I was sitting at my desk.
 to talk about locations at companies, workplaces when we see them as a place of
activity:
How many people are working at Microsoft?
 to refer to activities which involve a group of people:
Were you at Lisa’s party?
 with school/college/university:
She always did well at school.
 to refer to an address:
They once lived at number 12 South George’s Street.
 to talk about public places where we get treatments, such as a hairdresser’s or doctor’s
surgery:
I can’t meet at four. I’ll be at the hairdresser’s until five.
 to refer to most shops:
Look what I bought at the butcher’s today.
We use on:

 to refer to a position on any surface:

I know I left my wallet on the table.
 to describe a position along a road or river or by the sea or by a lake:
Dublin is on the east coast of Ireland.
 to talk about a floor in a building:
They live on the 15th floor!
 to talk about being physically on public transport:
I was on the train when she phoned.
We use in:

 to talk about locations within a larger area:

I know my book is somewhere in this room. Can anyone see it?
 to talk about workplaces when we see them as a physical location:
She works in an open-plan office.
 with class:
He found it difficult to concentrate in class.
ADVERB
- a word belonging to one of the major form classes in any of
numerous languages, typically serving as a modifier of a verb,
an adjective, another adverb, a preposition, a phrase, a clause,
or a sentence. expressing some relation of manner or quality,
place, time, degree, number, cause, opposition, affirmation, or
denial, and in English also serving to connect and to express
comment on clause content.

Adverb of Manner
- used to tell us the way or how something is done.
Example: She plays piano beautifully.

Adverb of Time
- used to tell us when the action happened
Example: I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.

Adverb of Place
- talks about the location where the action of the verb is being carried out.
Example: I searched everywhere I could think of.

Adverb of Frequency
- discusses how often something happens.
Example: The manager checks the toilets every hour.

CONJUNCTION
- holds words, phrases and clauses (both dependent and independent) together. There
are three different kinds of conjunctions––coordinating, subordinating, and
 correlative.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
- They can join together words, phrases and independent clauses.
For - Explains reason or purpose.
I go to the park every Sunday, for I love to watch the ducks on the lake.
- And - Adds one thing to another.
I go to the park every Sunday to watch the ducks on the lake and the shirtless men playing
soccer.
- Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative idea.
I don’t go for the fresh air nor really for the ducks. Honestly, I just like the soccer.
- But - Shows contrast.
The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, but it’s better in the heat of summer.
- Or - Presents an alternative or a choice.
The men play on teams: shirts or skins.
- Yet - Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically.
I always take a book to read, yet I never seem to turn a single page.
- So - Indicates effect, result or consequence.
I’ve started dating one of the soccer players, so now I have an excuse to watch the game
each week.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
A subordinating conjunction always introduces a dependent clause, tying it to an
independent clause. In contrast to coordinating conjunctions, a subordinate
conjunction can often come first in a sentence. This is due simply to the nature of
the relationship between the dependent and the independent clause.

 “Because of you, I never stray too far from the sidewalk” (Kelly Clarkson).
 “If you leave me now, you’ll take away the biggest part of me” (Peter Cetera/Chicago).
 “When I see you smile, I can face the world” (Bad English).
 “[You] don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone” (Cinderella).
 “I guess I’ll never be the same since I fell for you” (B.B. King).
 “As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I take a look at my life and realize there’s
nothing left” (Coolio).

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
Correlative conjunctions are sort of like tag-team conjunctions. They come in
pairs, and you have to use both of them in different places in a sentence to make
 them work. They include pairs like “both/and,” “whether/or,” “either/or,”
“neither/nor,” “not/but” and “not only/but also.”

 I either want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate.

 I’ll have both the cheesecake and the frozen hot chocolate.
 I didn’t know whether you’d want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate, so I got you both.
 Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the frozen hot chocolate? No problem.
 I’ll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the frozen hot chocolate.
 I see you’re in the mood not for dessert but appetizers. I’ll help you with those too.

NOUN
is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. The
English word noun has its roots in the Latin word nomen, which means “name.”

PROPER NOUNS
Proper nouns have two distinct features: They name specific one-of-a-kind items, and they begin
with capital letters, no matter where they occur within a sentence.

COMMON NOUNS
Common nouns are words used to name general items rather than specific ones.

Proper and Common Noun Examples

In the following sentences, proper noun examples are compared with common nouns. Notice
that the proper nouns are specific and unique, while the common nouns are much more general
in nature.

Common noun: I want to be a writer.

Proper noun: Agatha Christie wrote many books.

PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Logical Appeals

Bandwagon
 - Using the idea that “everybody’s in favor of it.”

Card Stacking

- Distorting or omitting facts or half-truths.

Emotional Appeals

Plain Folks

- Appeals to regular people and their values such as health, family and patriotism.

Name Calling

- Stereotyping the competition or opposing bad ideas with a bad label.

Demonizing

- Aimed to inspire hatred toward the enemy necessary to hurt them more
easily, to preserve and mobilize allies and demoralize the enemy.

Patriotic Appeal

- Appealing to the idea of patriotism or a “love of country” to sell a

product or an idea

Glittering Generalities

- Words of praise for product or person; nice words like goodness or

patriotism.

Catchy Slogans

- Use of memorable phrase to foster support for the product or idea.

Snob Appeal

- Only the richest, most, important, or most discerning people like this
product or idea.

Humor
 - Using humor to sell a product or idea.

Ethical Appeals

Testimonials

- A famous person recommends a product or a political endorsement.

Transfer

- An appeal that helps a person imagine themselves as part of a picture.

CHINESE LITERATURE
- First recorded 5,000 years ago
- Monosyllabic
- Consists of about 50,000 character
- 214 signs

Five Classics - form the foundation of their cultural, political, and traditional life

The Book Of Changes

The Book Of History

The Book Of Rites

The Book Of Odes

The Spring and Autumn Annals

4 Greatest Poets who lived during the Tang Dynasty

1. Wang Wei 2. Li-Po 3. To-Fu 4. Po-Chu-I

Idioms
An idiom or idiomatic expression is a word or group of words whose meaning is different
from the combined meanings of the words expressed.
Examples:

 Bring home the bacon – Win the competition

 Through thick and thin – In spite of all difficulties
 Between you and me – A secret

GREAT CHINESE PHILOSOPHERS

Lao Tzu (6th Century B.C.)

- Is the name given to the father of Taoism

Tao Te Ching

- Also known as the Way and Its Power.

- This book was written by Lao Tzu and contains his words of wisdom.

Confucius

- He is one of the truly great that China has produced

- He was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn
period of Chinese history.

The Analects

- Also known as Analects of Confucius, is a collection of Confucius’ sayings and ideas.

Confucianism

- It is a system of beliefs observed by most Chinese and particularly concerned behavior.

 BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

Pattern 1: S-IV

- The simplest word order in English. S stands for subject and IV for intransitive verb

Example: She reads silently.

S IV

Pattern 2: S-TV-DO

- S stands for subject, TV for transitive verb, and DO for direct object.

Example: The Chinese had oral traditions.

S TV DO

Pattern 3: S-LV-C

- S stands for subject, LV for linking verb, and C for subjective complement.

Example: Whales and sharks are mammals.

S LV C

Pattern 4: S-TV-IO-DO

- S stands for subject, TV for transitive verb, IO for indirect object, and DO for direct object.

Example: He will paint Gabriel a picture.

S TV IO DO

Pattern 5: S-TV-DO-OC

- S stands for subject, TV for transitive verb, DO for direct object, and OC for objective
complement.

Example: Cathy cut her hair short.

S TV DO OC
William Kamkwamba
- is a Malawian innovator, engineer and author. He gained fame in his country in 2002
when he built a wind turbine to power a few electrical appliances in his family's house in
Wimbe using blue gum trees, bicycle parts, and materials collected in a local scrapyard.

Using Energy
- the title of the book that inspired William Kamkwamba to create a makeshift wind
turbine.

Africa
- It is also called the Dark Continent because most people know very little about it.

Telephone Conversation
- It is a poem written by Wole Soyinka that deals with a foul subject, that of racism and
prejudice, in a lighthearted, almost comical manner.

I Am an African Child
- It is a poem that conveys the message that Africans have greater things to offer and they
can exceed our expectations. The poem is an eye opener for everyone that Africans
should never be pitied or discriminated because of their race because they are also like
us who can make a difference and win in life.

Skimming
- Getting the general idea of the text
- Keywords, Headings, First and last sentences of paragraphs

Scanning
- Reading a text quickly in order to find specific information
PARTS OF A LETTER
1. Heading
- It consists of your address, your town and province, and the date.

Example:

Block Form

1 Lawson Street

Taytay

1920 Rizal

March 20, 2018

2. Salutation
- Contains a word or a phrase of greeting directed to the recipient of the letter.

Example:

Dear ________,

3. Body of the Letter

- Begins on a line below the salutation. The body is divided into paragraphs.
4. Complimentary Close
- Establishes your relationship to the person you are writing to.

Examples:

Your Cousin, Sincerely, Love, etc.

5. Signature
- Is the name by which you are called by the one you are writing to. Always sign your letter
in your own handwriting.
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