Presented by: Harlene Rose Magas

& Cyril Kaye Parco

 A term of address is a word, phrase, name, or title (or some
combination of these) used to address someone in writing or
while speaking.

 Terms of address may be formal (Doctor, The Honorable, His

Excellence) or informal (honey, dear, you). Formal terms of
address are often used to recognize academic or professional
accomplishments, while informal terms of address are often used
to show affection.
 Formal Terms of Address:
Formal terms of address are typically
used in professional contexts such as
academia, government, medicine,
religion, and the military. In the United
States, common examples include:
EXAMPLE:
Professor: Used to address a member
of a school or university's faculty.
His/Her Excellency: Used to address
the ambassadors of foreign
governments.
The Honorable: Used to address
American ambassadors along with U.S.
judges and justices.
Formal Terms of Address:
Informal terms of address are used
outside of professional contexts and
include terms such as nicknames,
pronouns, and terms of endearment.
EXAMPLE:
Honey: Used to show affection for a
romantic partner or child.
Dear: Used to show affection for a
romantic partner or close friend.
Babe/Baby: Used to show affection for
a romantic partner.
Bud/Buddy: Used to show affection for
a close friend or child (sometimes used
in a pejorative sense).
 In English, informal titles are sometimes used to show respect. Unlike formal
titles, these do not indicate any level of professional or educational
accomplishment:

Mr.: Used to address both married and unmarried men.

Mrs.: Used to address married women.

PRONOMINAL SYSTEM:
• In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated pro) is a word that substitutes
for a noun or noun phrase.
• The adjective associated with "pronoun" is "pronominal". A pronominal is also a
word or phrase that acts as a pronoun.

EXAMPLE:
I love you.
That reminds me of something.
He looked at them.
Take it or leave it.
Who would say such a thing?
 Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, but
some modern theorists would not consider them to form a single class, in view of
the variety of functions they perform cross-linguistically.

:An example of a pronoun is "you", which is both plural and singular.

PRESENT DAY SYSTEM:

The term Present-Day English (PDE) refers to any one of the varieties of the English
language (usually a standard variety) that is used by speakers who are alive today.
Regardless of the precise definition, Mark Ably describes contemporary English as
"the Wal-Mart of languages: convenient, huge, hard to avoid, superficially friendly,
and devouring all rivals in its eagerness to expand" (Spoken Here, 2003).

EXAMPLE:
Baggravation (the aggravation at having one's bags lost at the airport)
Fantabulous (beyond fabulous)
Flaggin' (flashing or giving gang signs)
Losingest (in last place)
Stalkerazzi (a tabloid journalist who stalks celebrities)
General rule: Sie (formal) ‘you’ is used for strangers, while Du (informal)
‘you’ for friends and relatives

Social maturation and the use of T/V

 Brown and Gilman (1960) introduced the symbols T and V.

 The rule always holds that children use the familiar form with each
other and with their relatives.

Non-reciprocal usage and the notion of power

 Address is reciprocal when two speakers exchange the same

form of address. Address is non-reciprocal when the forms used
by the speakers in a dyad are different.
 “Power semantic”
 Upper class speakers addressed each other with reciprocal V,
lower class speakers with reciprocal T.
Politeness and the use of formal address
• From the original use of the Du form for social inferiors there developed a
secondary usage as a sign of contempt.

Degrees of acquaintance and the T form

• There is a general rule in all languages which have a formal/informal
distinction that at the level of greatest personal acquaintance, the
reciprocal Du form is used.

Solidarity and the T form

A frequent function of the Du form is to demonstrate solidarity, i.e. strong
common interests, with another individual or group of individuals.

Switching from the V to the T form

In all languages with a distinction between a familiar and a formal form of
address there is continual switching from the V to the T form.
The English Address System:
• English is remarkable among the European
languages in not having a distinction between
personal pronouns used for strangers and non-
strangers. Indeed English does not even have a
distinction between a pronoun for the second
person singular, when addressing one person, and
another for the second person plural, when
addressing more than one. Both these matters are
related.

• English used to have a distinction in pronouns for

address.
 thou ‘you-SG’ (singular) - England
 ye ‘you-PL’ (plural) - Scottish and Irish English
Presented by: Victor Mapanao
• General words and phrases to refer to a specific time,
place or person in the context.
• Deixis means pointing via language.
• Any linguistic form of “pointing” is called deictic
expression.
• Greek adverb “Deiktikos” which means pointing/
indicating.
1 PERSON DEIXIS 2 SPATIAL DEIXIS

3 TEMPORAL DEIXIS
4 SOCIAL DEIXIS
  Refers to location
 It refers to a person using
 Concerns itself with
pronouns
the spatial locations relevant
 Dealing with the grammatical
to an utterance. Similarly to
person within the utterance.
personal deixis, the locations
may be either those of the
 Speaker- I
speaker and addressee or
 Addressee- you
those of persons or objects
 Others- he/she/it
being referred to.
Ex.: This, there, here
 Refers to time.
 This is the use of verb tense
base on its two basic form,
present and past.
Ex.: Now, then, tonight,
yesterday, last week
 Is the use of honorifics
 An honorific is a title that conveys
esteem, courtesy, or respect for
position or rank when used in
addressing or referring to a person.
Ex.: Mr., Ms., Your Highness, Captain,
Professor
 Proximal Deictic Form- is when you’re
pointing out is near you,or it could be in
present tense.
Ex.: me, here, now
• Distal Deictic Form- is when you’re
pointing out in a distance or away from
you or it could be also in past tense.
Ex.: you, there, then
Presented by: Saadah Mintong
 Discourse analysis is concerned with the analysis of spoken
language in sections larger than the sentence.
 Originally the word ‘discourse’ comes from Latin, ‘discursus’
which denoted ‘conversations’, ‘speech’.
• Discourse with a recognizable structure can be analyzed on two levels:

 Cohesion (Formal) - A close relationship based on grammar or

meaning between two parts of a sentence or a larger piece of
writing.

Example:
“My father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it by saving every
penny he could. That car would be worth a fortune nowadays. However,
he sold it to help pay for my college education. Sometimes I think I’d
rather have the convertible.”

Cohesive ties ( In reference):

Father- he-he-he;
“A” Lincoln convertible- that car- it- “the” convertible

 Coherence (Semantic) - Coherence means the degree to which a

piece of discourse makes sense.

Example:
A: Can you go to manila tomorrow? B: Yes, I can.
Back-channeling and turn-taking
Back-channelling - It’s a role in which the hearer has to offer feedback to the
speaker; communication by the listener to the speaker.
Typically this would involve such elements as supportive noises, uttering
short phrases like yes; I see; of course; right; sure; indeed. Even negative
backchanneling, e.g. I don’t think so; I’m not so sure; hmm, maybe not
can have this effect of support.
Back channeling is important for successful conversation as it encourages
the speaker to continue.
Turn-taking - Wish to change the topic of conversation; A turn is an event
during a conversation when a change in topic is made.
There are various mechanisms for doing this, usually, by signaling the
change to the hearer.

Example:
“Oh, by the way, I saw Fiona in town yesterday.”
“On the subject of cars, I had to bring mine to the garage last week.”
 Highlighting in sentences
Topicalization - A discourse that not only conveys information but
emphasizes certain aspects of the bundle of information.

Example:
 The boys roll rocks for entertainment.
 For entertainment, the boys roll rocks. -Topicalization of the adjunct for
entertainment
 Everyone refused to answer because the pressure was too great.
 Because the pressure was too great, everyone refused to answer. -
Topicalization of the adjunct because the pressure was too great
 I won't eat that pizza.
 That pizza, I won't eat. - Topicalization of the object argument that pizza
 I am terrified of those dogs.
 Those dogs, I am terrified of. - Topicalization of the object argument those
dogs
  Clefting sentences ( It-cleft) - Involves the positioning of the element
to be stressed in the main clause with a form of be in the third person
singular neuter and the rest of the non-cleft sentence in a subsequent
subordinate clause.

Example:
“János Irinyi invented the non-explosive match in 1836”

It was János Irinyi who/that invented the non-explosive match in 1836.

It was the non-explosive match which/that/(-) János Irinyi invented in 1836.
It was 1836 when János Irinyi invented the non-explosive match.

 Pseudo-cleft sentences (wh-clefts) - A sub-type of cleft sentences

occur when a single clause is broken up into two clauses in which the
topicalized element is brought to the front of the entire sentence.

Example:
They’re no good. --> No good is what they are.

He bought a bicycle --> What he bought was a bicycle.