DEIXIS

IN SEMANTICS

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MATERIALS
01 DEFINITION

02 KINDS OF DEIXIS

03 EXAMPLE
DEFINITION

O F D E I X I S
BACKGROUND
01 LITERAL MEANING

The word deixis comes from the Greek adjective

deiktikos meaning ‘pointing, indicative.’ Deixis is the
marking of the orientation or position of entities and
events with respect to certain points of reference.

02 EXAMPLE

. Consider the following sentence addressed to a waiter by a

restaurant customer while pointing to items on a menu:
I want this dish, this dish, and this dish.
To interpret this utterance, the waiter must have information
about who I refers to, about the time at which the utterance is
produced, and about what the three noun phrases this dish
refer to. We say that I is a deictic expression, and so are the
present-tense form of the verb and the three noun phrases
this dish. Our ability to interpret them enables us to interpret
the sentence.
3 SEMANTICS NOTION IN DEIXIS

01 PERSONAL DEIXIS

conveyed through personal pronouns: I versus you versus he

or she.

SPATIAL DEXIS 02
refers to orientation in space: here versus there and this
versus that.

03 TEMPORAL DEIXIS

refers to orientation in time, as in present versus past

Meet me here a week from now with a stick about
this big

This message has no contextual background so it is

not very informative. Because the deixis only has
meaning when interpreted by the reader. Basically
this deixis expression belongs to the realm of
pragmatics. But because of the discovery of this
meaning it is very important to know the true
intentions and conditions so that at the same time
enter the semantic domain. In other words in the
case of a deixic expression, the pragmatic process in
finding references is included in the semantics.
Generally we can say the deixis expression is a part
that refers to expressions relating to the context of
the situation, previous discourse, designation, and
so on.
Based on several opinions, it can be
stated that deixis is a semantic symptom
found in words or constructs whose
references can be interpreted according to
the situation of conversation and pointing
to something outside the language such as
pointers, pronouns, and so on. Referrals or
appointments can be directed at previous
forms or constituents called anaphora.
Referrals can also be directed at the form
that will be called later. Such a form of
reference is called katafora.
KINDS OF DEIXIS
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Individual deixis (person deixis); designate the role of the participant in a

conversation event such as the speaker, who is discussed, and another entity.

People's deixis is determined according to the role of the participant in the

language event. The participant's role can be divided into three. First is the first
person, namely the category of speaker reference to himself or a group that
involves him, for example me and us. The second is the second person,
namely the category of speaker referrals to an audience or more who are
present with the first person, for example you, brothers. The third is the third
person, namely the category of reference to the person who is not the speaker
or listener of the utterance, whether present or not, for example, he and them.

PERSONAL
DEIXIS
 REFERENCING
ANAPHORIC
Anaphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to something mentioned earlier in the
discourse.

Michael went to the bank. He was annoyed because it was closed.

He refers to Michael. it refers to the bank.

CATAPHORIC
Cataphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to something mentioned later in the discourse.

Although I phone her every week, my mother still complains that I don’t keep in touch often enough.
Her refers to my mother.

EXOPHORIC

Exophoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to something outside the discourse.

They‘re late again, can you believe it?”

“I know! Well, they’d better get here soon or it‘ll get cold.”
They refers to some people outside the discourse known to both speakers.
It also refers to something that both speakers know about (perhaps the dinner).
 PERSONAL DEIXIS
The first plural form of personal pronoun is exofora. This is
because the form, both in our form still contains the form of the
first single person and the single second person.

, it is important to see the plural number which is different in

meaning when we apply it to the first person and the third person. In
the first person, it does not mean the multiplication of the speaker.
In contrast to the first and second person pronouns, the third
person pronoun, both singular, like the form of him, he, he or the
plural, like all forms and you, can be endofora and exofora.
. The pronoun system differs from one language to another
because a variety of differences are added such as number two,
gender, social status, and social distance. Moreover, the term
descent also refers to deixis.
The person deixis is the original deixis, while the time deixis
in terms of meaning, the pronoun is the word used to refer to and the place deixis is the translation deixis. In the opinion of
another noun. When viewed in terms of its function, it can be said Becker and Oka in Purwo (1984: 21) that person deixis is the
that pronouns occupy positions that are generally occupied by basis of orientation for deixis of space and place and time.
nouns, such as subjects, objects, and in certain types of
sentences
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Spatial deixis is giving shape to a location according to participants in a

language event. All languages ​- including Indonesian - distinguish between
"who is close to the speaker" (here) and "that is not close to the speaker"
(including those close to listeners-there) (Nababan, 1987: 41).
For example the use of place deixis.

(8) a. Sit down here.

b. LPG gas is sold here.
The phrase here in sentence (8a) refers to a very narrow place, namely a chair
or sofa. In sentence (8b), the reference is broader, namely a store or other
place of sale.

SPATIAL DEIXIS
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Spatial Deixis shows the relative location of the speaker and those
discussed as in the "ten further meters", "ten miles east of here", "here", there
".
For example, we can define here as a space unit that includes the
location of the speaker when he says or the closest location to the location of
the speaker when saying that includes the designated place if when he says
here it is followed by hand movements. The size of the location also varies,
which is influenced by background knowledge. Here can mean this city, this
room, or a certain point for sure. In terms of pronouns this and that, choices
can also be dictated based on emotional closeness (empathy) and distance.
This is often called fourhetic deixis.

SPATIAL DEIXIS
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In some cultures, these demonstrative pronouns can be distinguished

more on the basis of principles than the distance of the speaker, such
as
(i) close to the one spoken,
(ii) (ii) close to the audience,
(iii) (iii) close to the person who did not participate
(iv) (iv) based on the direction above-below, or even
(v) (v) visibility is not visible to the speaker or
(vi) (vi) upriver-downriver of the speaker, depending on the system in
conceptualizing the space used in a particular language.

SPATIAL DEIXIS
EXAMPLE
THE USE OF SPATIAL DEIXIS
Deixis places can be used for time and space. For example :

1 I live ten minutes from here.

2 The tree is behind the car.

3 The boy is to the left of Tom

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Temporal deixis is the giving of forms over a period of time as intended by

speakers in language events. In many languages, deixis (reference) of this
time is expressed in the form of "when" (English: tense) (Nababan, 1987: 41).
Examples of time deixis use in English.
a. "I bought a book".
b. "I am buying a book".

Even though there is no time statement, in sentences (a) and (b), the use of
time deixis is clear. But if more detailed differentiation / assertiveness is
needed, a time statement / phrase can be added; for example, yesterday, last
year, now, and so on. Examples in English:
a. "I bought the book yesterday".
b. "I bought the book 2 years ago".

TEMPORAL
DEIXIS
 TEMPORAL
D E I X I S
WHEN SPEAKER PRODUCING
T H E S P E E C H
Temporal deixis is also aimed at participants in
discourse. "Now" means the time when the
speaker is producing speech. The time of
examination is different from the time of
admission, even though in practice speaking
and receiving events allow close or
cotemporal. The center of deixis can be aimed
at those discussed as discussed in the
example "Now" refers to the time in which the
learner learns the truth, followed by the time
when the author reveals the message.
"You know the truth now. I knew it a week ago,
so I wrote this letter ".
 TEMPORAL
D E I X I S
P A S T

Another interesting thing to note is the terms

"today, tomorrow, yesterday" whether it refers
to the whole day or at a certain time, an
episode on that day, as in examples below:
"Yesterday was Sunday".
"I fell off my bike yesterday".
The number of days in deixis also varies from
one language to another: Japanese has three
days back from "today" and the next two days.
 TEMPORAL
D E I X I S
AT E M P O R A L S E N T E N C E

Time is the most influencing sentence to be

deixis. It is important to distinguish between
gramatical tenses and semantic temporallity.
For example, sentences above are non-deixis
and atemporal, even though the sentence has
grammatical values.
(12) "A whale is a mammal".
(13) "Cats like warmth".
 TEMPORAL
D E I X I S
T E M P O R A L I T Y
In semantic research about temporality or 'metalinguistic
tense' which is extracted from the logic of time, there are
strict differences between
(i) past, present and future
(ii) the relative priority of two past events, and also
between
(iii) things in the opposite time in the span of time.
These differences do not directly enter the
grammatical tenses because these grammatical tenses
also cover aspects and modality. Grammatical tenses also
reflect cultural dependence on seeing time and dividing it
like the affection in Amahuaka language spoken in Peru
where the time span affects the current range as much as
"the morning" or "the afternoon" does not have to be before
night. So even though the language is grammatical tenses,
the language still has the expression temporallity.
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Social deixis is a reference that is stated based on social differences that affect
the role of the speaker and listener. That difference can be shown in word
selection. In some languages, social level differences between the speaker and
the listener are manifested in word selection and / or morphological systems of
certain words (Nababan, 1987: 42).
Traditionally such language differences (or variations in language) are
called "levels of language", in Javanese, ngoko and chromo in the two division
system, or ngoko, madyo and kromo if the language system is divided into
three, and ngoko, madyo, kromo and kromo inggil if the system is divided into
four. Language aspects such as this are called "politeness of language", "unda-
usuk", or "language etiquette" (Geertz, 1960 via Nababan, 1987: 42-43).

SOCIAL DEIXIS
SOCIAL DEIXIS
POINT IN SOCIAL DEIXIS

Social deixis does not deal with three main components

(person, place and time) of the coordinate system of
subjective orientation, but they show how different social
rankings and the participants of communication utter
relationships within society via language. Briefly, it is
rather to refer to the level of relationship between people
than to information.
SOCIAL DEIXIS
POINT IN SOCIAL DEIXIS

social deixis concerns with the aspects of

sentences which reflect or establish or determined by certain
realities of participants or the social situation in which the
speech event occurs.
there are two basic kinds of social deixis
information that seems to be encoded in language around the
world. They are: Relational social deixis and Absolute
social deixis.
Relational social deixis is a deictic reference to
some social characteristic of referrent apart from any relative
ranking of referents or deictic reference to a social relationship
between the speaker and addressee. In English, relational
social deixis may be a lexical items (e.g. my husband, teacher,
cousin, etc), pronouns (you, her).
Absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually
expressed in certain forms of address which will include no
comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addresse. For
examples: your highness, Mr. President, your majesty, etc.
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Textual deixis is the orientation of an utterance with respect to other utterances

in a string of utterances. Consider, for example, the following pair of sentences:
He started to swear at me and curse. That made me even more angry.

The demonstrative that at the beginning of the second sentence

refers not to a direction in space or time but rather to something previously
mentioned. It marks textual deixis. Textual deixis is thus a tool that enables
language users to package utterances together and indicate relationships
across utterances. Because textual deixis is primarily concerned with
utterances and their context. For convenience one can define discourse deixis
as some kind of commentary on the text or conversation by the speaker.

TEXTUAL DEIXIS