Lec 1: Database Systems

Dr. Nader Mahmoud

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 4. Object-Relational
Modules Contents DBMSs

Relational 6. Query processing

2. Database 7. Transaction
1. Introduction Model and
Environment Languages Management

Background Selected

5. Database System
Development Lifecycle 8. Concurrency 9. Database Security
3. Database Architectures Control
and the Web
Database
Design

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How to Succeed?

• Lecture overheads are designed to convey information, not to be mechanically

memorized.

• LISTEN to what is said.

• THINK about what is said.
• ASK questions when you have doubts.
• WRITE down only what is important.

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Tip #1

Don’t wait until the last minute to ask or get help.

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Tip #2

Hey, I’ll still

pass if I can
get more
time.

Bad things happen while learning a new skill. You will probably crash and
burn on some programs. Start early; give yourself time for mistakes.
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Tip #3

Don’t be too ambitious with your course load. You CANNOT slack off
in this class, even for a few days.
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Tip #4

Learn Practice Enjoy

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Database
Some common uses of database systems.

Characteristics of file-based systems.

Problems with file-based approach.

Meaning of the term Database an Database Management System (DBMS).

Major components of the DBMS environment.

Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.

Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

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1) Some common uses of database systems:

• Purchases from the supermarket

• Booking a holiday at the travel agents

• Using the local library

• Taking out insurance

• Using the Internet

• Studying at university

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2) File-Based Systems

• Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).

• Each program defines and manages its own data (Data De-centralization).

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2) File-Based Systems

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3) Limitations of File-Based Approach

1. Separation and isolation of data

• Each program maintains its own set of data.

• Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs.

2. Duplication of data

• Wasted space and time.

• Leads to loss of integrity

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3) Limitations of File-Based Approach

3. Data dependence

• File structure is defined in the program code.

4. Incompatible file formats

• Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each other’s
files.

5. Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs

• Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.

• Any new requirement needs a new program.

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3) Database Approach

• Limitations of the file-based approach can be attributed to two factors because:

1. Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored
separately and independently.

2. No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application
programs.

• Result: The database and Database Management System (DBMS).

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4) Database

• Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet
the information needs of an organization.

• Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organization’s

information.

• System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to enable program–data

independence.

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4) Database Management System (DBMS)

• A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the
database.

• Application program: a computer program that interacts with database by issuing an

appropriate request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.

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4) Database Management System (DBMS)

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4) Database Management System (DBMS)

• Data definition language (DDL).

• Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints.

• All specifications are stored in the database.

• Data manipulation language (DML).

• General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.

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4) Database Management System (DBMS)

• a security system

• an integrity system

• It provide controlled access to database : • a concurrency control system

• a recovery control system

• a user-accessible catalog

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4) Database Management System (DBMS)

Views

• Allows each user to have his or

her own view of the database.

• A view is essentially some

subset of the database.

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4) Database Management System (DBMS)

Views Benefits

• Reduce complexity

• Provide a level of security

• Provide a mechanism to
customize the appearance of the
database

• Present a consistent, unchanging

picture of the structure of the
database, even if the underlying
database is changed
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 5) Components of DBMS Environment

Hardware Software Data Procedures

Can range from a DBMS, operating Used by the Instructions and

PC to a network of system, network organization rules that govern
computers. software (if necessary) (operational data the design and use
and also the application and metadata) of the database and
programs. DBMS.

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 5) Components of DBMS Environment

People

Database Designer End Users (naïve

Data Administrator
(Logical & and sophisticated)
(DA)
Physical)
Database Application
Administrator Programmers
(DBA)

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 6) Advantages of DBMSs

• Control of data redundancy • Economy of scale

• Data consistency & Improved data integrity • Increased productivity

• More information from the same amount of data • Improved data accessibility (cross-referenced)

• Sharing of data • Increased concurrency

• Improved security • Backup and recovery services

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6) Disadvantages of DBMSs

• Complexity

• Size

• Cost of DBMS

• Additional hardware costs

• Cost of conversion

• Performance

• Higher impact of a failure

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End of Chapter 1

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