4 Cai Xiao

Linear Representations
Induction of Representations
References
Induced Representations of Finite Groups
Jiaying Cai1 Zheheng Xiao1
Mentor: Alexander Vitanov

1 Phillips Exeter Academy
MIT PRIMES Conference: December 2020
1
Cai, Xiao Induced Representations
References
Definition
A linear representation of a group G over C is a complex vector
space V together with a group homomorphism ρ : G → GL(V ).
2
References
Definition
Remark
V is called a representation space and has the structure of a left
CG -module.
2
References
Definition
Remark
V is called a representation space and has the structure of a left
CG -module.
Example
Let Cn = {g m | 0 ≤ m < n} be the cyclic group.
k
ρ : Cn → C× , ρ(g k ) = e 2πi n , 0 ≤ k < n, for every g ∈ G .
2
References
G-invariant Subspaces
Let ρ : G → GL(V ) be a linear representation over C.
Definition (G -invariant subspace)
A linear subspace W of V is called G -invariant if ρ(g )(W ) ⊆ W
for all g ∈ G .
3
References
G-invariant Subspaces
Let ρ : G → GL(V ) be a linear representation over C.
Definition (G -invariant subspace)
A linear subspace W of V is called G -invariant if ρ(g )(W ) ⊆ W
for all g ∈ G .
Example
y

0 1 Cv2 Cv1
ρ : C2 → GL2 (C), γ 7→ .
1 0
Eigenvectors to +1 and −1: x
v1 = (1, 1), v2 = (−1, 1).
3
References
Definitions and Maschke’s Theorem
Definition (Subrepresentation)
A subrepresentation of ρ is a G -invariant linear subspace W of V
together with the restricted group homomorphism
ρW : G → GL(W ).
4
References
ρW : G → GL(W ).
Definition (Irreducible Representation)

A linear representation ρ : G → GL(V ) is called irreducible if the
only G -invariant subspaces of V are {0} and V .
4
References
ρW : G → GL(W ).
Definition (Irreducible Representation)

A linear representation ρ : G → GL(V ) is called irreducible if the
only G -invariant subspaces of V are {0} and V .
Theorem (Maschke)
Every complex linear representation is the direct sum of
irreducible representations.
4
References
Character Theory
Definition (Character of a representation)

The character of a linear representation ρ : G → GL(V ) is the
complex valued function χ : G → C, given by
χρ (s) := Tr(ρ(s))
for every s ∈ G .
5
References
Character Theory

χρ (s) := Tr(ρ(s))
for every s ∈ G .
The character is a class function on G .
5
References
Character Theory

χρ (s) := Tr(ρ(s))
for every s ∈ G .
The character is a class function on G .

The space H of class functions on G has a scalar product
given by hf , f 0 i := |G1 | g ∈G f (g )f 0 (g ), for f , f 0 ∈ H.
P
5
References
Character Theory
Theorem (Orthogonality of Characters)

Let χρ and χρ0 be the characters

of the irreducible representations
0
ρ and ρ , respectively. Then, χρ , χρ0 = 1 if ρ and ρ0 are

equivalent and χρ , χρ0 = 0 if they are not.
6
References
Character Theory


0

hχW , χV i = dim HomG (W , V ) for a CG -module V and a

simple CG -module W .
6
References
Character Theory


0


Two representations ρ and ρ0 are equivalent iff χρ = χρ0 .
6
References
Character Theory


0


The characters of all irreducible representations of G form an
orthonormal basis of H.
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References
Character Theory


0


The characters of all irreducible representations of G form an
orthonormal basis of H.
The number of irreducible representations of G is equal to the
number of conjugacy classes of G .
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References
Induced Representations - Definition

Let θ : H → GL(W ) be a representation. Select a system of
representatives R := {σ ∈ gH : gH ∈ G /H} of G /H and set
Wσ := Cσ ⊗C W . Construct a new representation
M
τ : G → GL( Wσ )
σ∈R
by
τ (t)(σ ⊗ w ) = tσ ⊗ w = σ 0 ⊗ θ(h)w
where tσ = σ 0 h with σ 0 ∈ R and h ∈ H.
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References
Induced Representations - Definition

Let θ : H → GL(W ) be a representation. Select a system of
representatives R := {σ ∈ gH : gH ∈ G /H} of G /H and set
Wσ := Cσ ⊗C W . Construct a new representation
M
τ : G → GL( Wσ )
σ∈R
by
τ (t)(σ ⊗ w ) = tσ ⊗ w = σ 0 ⊗ θ(h)w
where tσ = σ 0 h with σ 0 ∈ R and h ∈ H.
Definition
A representation ρ : G → GL(V ) is induced by θ : H → GL(W ) if
V ∼
L
= σ∈R Wσ as representations of G .
7
References
Induced Representations - Alternative Definition
Definition
Let θ : H → GL(W ) be a linear representation which equips W
with the structure of a left CH-module. Set V = CG ⊗CH W .
The representation IndGH (θ) : G → GL(V ) given by
IndG
H (θ)(g )(σ ⊗ w ) = g σ ⊗ w
is called induced by θ.
8
References
Definition
IndG
H (θ)(g )(σ ⊗ w ) = g σ ⊗ w
Wσ ∼
L
As σ∈R = CG ⊗CH W , both definitions are equivalent.
8
References
Definition
IndG
H (θ)(g )(σ ⊗ w ) = g σ ⊗ w
Wσ ∼
L
As σ∈R = CG ⊗CH W , both definitions are equivalent.
If f is a class function on H, the function defined by
IndGH (f )(u) := 1 P
|H| t∈G f (t −1 ut) for every u ∈ G is the
t −1 ut∈H
induced class function on G .
8
References
Examples of Induced Representations
Example
The regular representation rG of G is induced by the regular
representation rH of every H ⊂ G : CG ∼ = CG ⊗CH CH.
9
References
Example
Example
Let G = S3 , H = Z2 . Let τ be the signum rep. of H, let be the
signum rep. of G and let ρ be the standard rep. of G . Then
IndG
H (τ ) = ⊕ ρ.
9
References
Example
Example
Let G = S3 , H = Z2 . Let τ be the signum rep. of H, let be the
signum rep. of G and let ρ be the standard rep. of G . Then
IndG
H (τ ) = ⊕ ρ.
Example
For representations θi : H → GL(Wi ), i = 1, 2, of H,
IndG G G
H (θ1 ⊕ θ2 ) = IndH (θ1 ) ⊕ IndH (θ2 ).
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References
Characters of Induced Representations
Theorem
Let θ : H → GL(W ) be a representation of H ⊂ G and R a system
of representatives of G /H. Then, for each u ∈ G , we have
X
IndG
H (χθ )(u) = χθ (r −1 ur ) = χIndG (θ) (u).
H
r ∈R
r −1 ur ∈H
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References
Characters of Induced Representations
Theorem
Let θ : H → GL(W ) be a representation of H ⊂ G and R a system
of representatives of G /H. Then, for each u ∈ G , we have
X
IndG
H (χθ )(u) = χθ (r −1 ur ) = χIndG (θ) (u).
H
r ∈R
r −1 ur ∈H
Example
IndG
H (χrH ) = χrG .
IndG G G
H (χθ1 ⊕θ2 ) = IndH (χθ1 ) ⊕ IndH (χθ2 ) = χIndG (θ1 ) ⊕ χIndG (θ2 ) .
H H
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References
Frobenius Reciprocity
Theorem (Frobenius Reciprocity)

Let E and W be a CG -module and a CH-module, respectively.
Then, we have
HomG (IndG ∼ G
H W , E ) = HomH (W , ResH E ).
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References

Then, we have
HomG (IndG ∼ G
Corollary (Frobenius Reciprocity for Characters)

hIndG G
H χρ , χρ0 iG = hχρ , ResH χρ0 iH .
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References

Then, we have
HomG (IndG ∼ G
Corollary (Frobenius Reciprocity for Characters)

hIndG G
H χρ , χρ0 iG = hχρ , ResH χρ0 iH .
Frobenius Reciprocity states that if ρ and ρ0 are irreducible

representations of H and G , respectively, then the multiplicity of ρ0
in IndG G 0
H (ρ) equals the multiplicity of ρ in ResH (ρ ).
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References
Example (2-dimensional irreducible representation of D4 )

2πik/4
k e 0
ρ : r 7→
0 e −2πik/4
e −2πik/4

k 0
sr 7→ for all k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
e 2πik/4 0
The cyclic subgroup C4 ≤ D4 has an irreducible representation

ρ1 : C4 → C× with character χρ1 (r k ) = e 2πik/4 for k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
By Frobenius reciprocity,
hIndD D4
C4 (χρ1 ), χρ i = hχρ1 , ResC4 (χρ )i
4
1
= (2 + 1 + e πi + 1 + e 2πi + 1 + e 3πi ) = 1.
4
Hence, the irreducible ρ of D4 is induced by the irreducible ρ1 of
C4 .
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References
Counterexample
Question: Is the induced representation of an irreducible
representation always irreducible?
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References
Counterexample
Question: Is the induced representation of an irreducible
representation always irreducible?
Answer: No!
Example
Let G = S3 , H = Z2 . Let τ be the signum representation of H, let
be the signum representation of G and let ρ be the standard
representation of G . We can compute
χIndG (τ ) (Id) = 3, χIndG (τ ) ((12)) = −1, χIndG (τ ) ((123)) = 0.
H H H
χ (Id) = 1, χ ((12)) = −1, χ ((123)) = 1.

χρ (Id) = 2, χρ ((12)) = 0, χρ ((123)) = −1.
χIndG (τ ) = χ + χρ .
H
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References
Mackey’s Irreducibility Criterion
Let ρ : H → GL(W ), H ≤ G , be a representation.

Let Hs := sHs −1 ∩ H for s ∈ G .
Let ρs : Hs → GL(W ) be a representation given by
ρs (x) := ρ(s −1 xs) for x ∈ Hs .
Let Ress (ρ) denote the restriction of ρ to Hs .
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References
Mackey’s Irreducibility Criterion
Let ρ : H → GL(W ), H ≤ G , be a representation.

Let Hs := sHs −1 ∩ H for s ∈ G .
Let ρs : Hs → GL(W ) be a representation given by
ρs (x) := ρ(s −1 xs) for x ∈ Hs .
Let Ress (ρ) denote the restriction of ρ to Hs .
Theorem (Mackey’s Irreducibility Criterion)
In order that IndGH (ρ) is an irreducible representation, it is
necessary and sufficient that the following two conditions be
satisfied:
(i) W is a simple left CH-module.
(ii) For every s ∈ G − H, we have ρs , Ress (ρ) = 0.

14
References
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank:

Our mentor, Dr. Alexander Vitanov of MIT, for his valuable
guidance throughout this year.
MIT PRIMES for this wonderful opportunity.
Prof. Pavel Etingof, Dr. Tanya Khovanova, and Dr. Slava
Gerovitch for their advice and for organizing the PRIMES
program.
The MIT Math Department.
15
References
References
Serre, Jean-Pierre
Linear Representations of Finite Groups.
Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 42, 1977.
16

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Linear Representations

Induced Representations of Finite Groups

Jiaying Cai1 Zheheng Xiao1

Mentor: Alexander Vitanov

MIT PRIMES Conference: December 2020

Definitions and Maschke’s Theorem

Definitions and Maschke’s Theorem

Definition (Irreducible Representation)

Definitions and Maschke’s Theorem

Definition (Irreducible Representation)

Definition (Character of a representation)

Definition (Character of a representation)

The character is a class function on G .

Definition (Character of a representation)

The character is a class function on G .

Theorem (Orthogonality of Characters)

Theorem (Orthogonality of Characters)

hχW , χV i = dim HomG (W , V ) for a CG -module V and a

Theorem (Orthogonality of Characters)

hχW , χV i = dim HomG (W , V ) for a CG -module V and a

Theorem (Orthogonality of Characters)

hχW , χV i = dim HomG (W , V ) for a CG -module V and a

Theorem (Orthogonality of Characters)

hχW , χV i = dim HomG (W , V ) for a CG -module V and a

Induced Representations - Definition

Induced Representations - Definition

Induced Representations - Alternative Definition

Induced Representations - Alternative Definition

Induced Representations - Alternative Definition

Examples of Induced Representations

Examples of Induced Representations

Examples of Induced Representations

Characters of Induced Representations

Characters of Induced Representations

Theorem (Frobenius Reciprocity)

Theorem (Frobenius Reciprocity)

Corollary (Frobenius Reciprocity for Characters)

Theorem (Frobenius Reciprocity)

Corollary (Frobenius Reciprocity for Characters)

Frobenius Reciprocity states that if ρ and ρ0 are irreducible

Example (2-dimensional irreducible representation of D4 )

The cyclic subgroup C4 ≤ D4 has an irreducible representation

χ (Id) = 1, χ ((12)) = −1, χ ((123)) = 1.

Mackey’s Irreducibility Criterion

Let ρ : H → GL(W ), H ≤ G , be a representation.

Mackey’s Irreducibility Criterion

Let ρ : H → GL(W ), H ≤ G , be a representation.

(ii) For every s ∈ G − H, we have ρs , Ress (ρ) = 0.

We would like to thank:

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χ (Id) = 1, χ ((12)) = −1, χ ((123)) = 1.