International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2018, pp. 577–586, Article ID: IJCIET_09_02_056

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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ANALYSIS OF FGM SANDWICH PLATES

USING HIGHER ORDER REFINED
COMPUTATIONAL MODEL - IN-PLANE
STRESSES
D T Naveenkumar, Prahallada M.C and Boya Nagaraju
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT
In this paper investigation analytical formulations and solutions for bending
analysis Functionally Graded Material (FGM) sandwich plates using a higher-order
refined computational models available in the literature is presented. The higher-
order computational model is based on Taylor’s series expansion of the displacements
in the thickness coordinate and incorporates the realistic parabolic distribution of
transverse strains through the plate thickness. The model consists of nine degrees-of
freedoms includes the effect of transverse shear deformation. In a first-order model
developed by other investigators and available in the literature is also considered for
the evaluation purpose. For mathematical modeling purposes, the material properties
are assumed to be isotropic along the plane of the plate and vary through the
thickness according to the exponential law function. A simply supported plate
subjected to sinusoidal and uniformly distributed transverse load is considered
throughout as a test problem. The governing equations of equilibrium are obtained
using the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy (PMPE) and the solutions using
Navier’s technique. Extensive numerical results are presented for the in-plane,
transverse displacements and stresses. Numerical results computed using all the four
models are presented for the FGM plates with varying side-to-thickness ratio and
power law parameter which will serve as a bench mark for future investigations.
Keywords: Stress analysis, Higher-order refined theory, Shear deformation, FGM
sandwich plates, Analytical solutions
Cite this Article: D T Naveenkumar, Prahallada M.C and Boya Nagaraju, Analysis of
FGM Sandwich Plates using Higher Order Refined Computational Model - in-plane
Stresses, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 2018,
pp. 577–586.
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 D T Naveenkumar, Prahallada M.C and Boya Nagaraju

1. INTRODUCTION
It has long been that the laminated composites are being used in aircrafts, space crafts,
shipbuilding, automotive and various other industries because of their flexibility in design to
have desired strength and stiffness. Structural elements made up of laminated composites, due
to the mismatch of thermal and mechanical properties of the constituent materials possess
some disadvantages too viz., de-bonding of fibre and matrix at extremely high thermal
loading, initiation of cracks at the interfaces, development of residual stresses, and
delamination of laminates. These problems can be mitigated by using FGMs in which
material properties are gradually varied through the thickness.
The concept of FGM was proposed in 1984 by materials scientists as a means of preparing
thermal barrier materials. Since then several analytical and numerical approaches have been
proposed for the analysis of FGM plates. Reddy et al. [1] developed equations for the
displacements, forces and moments of the FGM annular and circular plates based on First-
order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) in terms of the quantities of isotropic plates based
on classical plate theory. Reddy [2] presented both the analytical formulation and the finite-
element model based on Higher-order Shear Deformation Theory with five degrees-of-
freedom (HSDT) for the analysis of FGM plates. Cheng and Batra [3] established an exact
relationship between the deflection of an FGM plate and that of an equivalent homogeneous
Kirchhoff plate. A generalized refined self-consistent theory was developed by Bian et al. [4]
to investigate the cylindrical bending behaviour for single and multi-span FGM plates.
Zenkour [5] presented Navier’s solution to study the static response of an FGM rectangular
plate based on sinusoidal shear deformation plate theory. Nguyan et al. [6] used FSDT for
modelling of FGM rectangular plates and presented shear correction factors based on the ratio
between elastic moduli of constituents and material inhomogeneity. Fares et al. [7] presented
a refined 2D theory for FGM plate using a modified version of mixed variational approach of
Reissner. This theory accounts for transverse shear and normal strains, as well as the stresses
which are completely in consistent with the top and bottom surface boundary conditions.
Also, it does not require any shear correction factor. A Reissner’s Mixed Variational Theorem
based HSDT5 was developed by Wu and Li [8] for the static analysis of simply supported,
multi-layered FGM plates. Carrera E et al. [9] developed several refined and advanced
hierarchical models by using Carrera’s unified formulation (CUF) for static analyses of
single-layered and multilayered plates and shells embedding FGM layers. In this paper,
analytical formulations developed and solutions obtained for the first time are presented for
the static analysis of FGM plates using a higher-order refined shear deformation theory with
nine degrees-of-freedom. Numerical and graphical results are presented for in plane
displacements and stresses which will serve as a benchmark for future investigations.

2. THEORETICAL FORMULATION
2.1. Displacement models
In order to approximate the three-dimensional elasticity problem to a two-dimensional plate
problem, the displacement components u(x, y, z), v(x, y, z) and w(x, y, z) at any point in the plate
space are expanded in Taylor’s series in terms of the thickness coordinate. The elasticity
solution indicates that the transverse shear stresses vary parabolically through the plate
thickness. This requires the use of a displacement field in which the in-plane displacements
are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. The variation of transverse
displacement component is assumed constant through the plate thickness. Then the
displacement field with nine-degrees-of-freedom which satisfies above criteria may be
expressed as [10]:

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 Analysis of FGM Sandwich Plates using Higher Order Refined Computational Model - in-plane
Stresses

u  x, y, z   u0  x, y   z x  x, y   z 2u0*  x, y   z 3*x  x, y 

v  x, y, z   v0  x, y   z y  x, y   z 2v0*  x, y   z 3*y  x, y 
w  x, y, z   w0  x, y 
(1)
y

θx
v0
z
MID-PLANE

w0

b
Ceramic
FGM Metal
z4 u0 θy
z3 ISOTROPIC CORE x
z2 Metal
z1 FGM

a Ceramic

Figure 1 Plate geometry with positive set of plate reference axes and displacement components
Where the terms u0, v0 are the in-plane displacements and the term w0 is the transverse
displacement of a general point (x, y) on the middle plane. The functions θx, θy are rotations
of the normal to the middle plane about y and x axes respectively. The functions
u*0 , v*0 , θ*x and θ*y are the higher-order terms in the Taylor’s series expansion and they represent
higher-order transverse cross sectional deformation modes. Though the above two theories
were already reported earlier in the literature, analytical formulations and solutions for the
stress analysis of FGM sandwich plates are obtained for the first time in the present
investigation and hence the results using the above are referred to as present (HSDT9) in all
the tables and figures. In addition to above the following First-order Shear Deformation
Theory (FSDT) already reported in the literature for the analysis of FGM plates is also
considered for the evaluation purpose. Results using the two theories are generated
independently and presented here as benchmark for future research purposes.
FSDT [11]:
u  x , y , z   u0  x , y   z  x  x , y 
v  x, y, z   v0  x, y   z y  x, y 
w  x, y, z   w0  x, y 
(2)

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 D T Naveenkumar, Prahallada M.C and Boya Nagaraju

2.2. Constitutive equations

Assuming through the thickness gradation of material properties, the volume fraction
composition is defined using a power law function as
p
 z  z1 
E  z   E c +  E m -E c    , z   z1 , z 2 
 z 2  z1 
E  z   E m , z   z 2 , z3 
p
 z  z4 
E  z   E c +  E m -E c    , z   z3 , z 4 
z 
 3 4z
(7)
The equations of equilibrium using all the models are obtained using the Principle of
Minimum Potential Energy (PMPE). Solutions are obtained in closed form using the Navier’s
technique by solving the boundary value problem. The in-plane stresses are computed using
the constitutive relationship, and the transverse stresses are obtained by integrating the 3D
elasticity equilibrium equations.

3. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the numerical examples solved are described and discussed for establishing the
accuracy of the various theories for the stress analysis of FGM sandwich plates. A shear
correction factor of 5/6 is used in computing results using FSDT. For all the problems, a
simply supported rectangular FGM plate with SS-1 boundary conditions is considered for the
analysis. Results are obtained in closed form using Navier’s solution technique for the above
geometry and loading.
The following four layer configurations are used for analysis of FGM sandwich plates
1. 1-2-1 configuration -Thickness of the core is twice the thickness of face sheets.
2. 1-1-1 configuration-Thickness of the core is same as the thickness of face sheets.
3. 2-1-2 configuration -Thickness of the core is half the thickness of face sheets.
4. 1-0-1 configuration -Made of two layers of equal thickness without a core.
The following sets of data are used in obtaining numerical results,
Material-1
E 0 = 1GPa, ν = 0.3, k = open.
Material-2
E c / E m = 6, ν = 0.3, p=4
Material-3
E c / E m = 5, ν = 0.3, p =6
Material-4
E c / E m = Open, ν = 0.3, p=2
Material-5
E c / E m = 2, ν = 0.3, p = Open
Results are reported using the following non-dimensional form unless otherwise specified.
 100h 3E c   100h 3E c   10h 3E c   
u  u , v  v , w  w 4 
, σ x =σ x  h 
4 4 P a
 P0a   0 P a   0P a   0 

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 Analysis of FGM Sandwich Plates using Higher Order Refined Computational Model - in-plane
Stresses
       
σ y =σ y  h  , τxy =τ xy  h  , τxz =τ xz  h  , τyz =τ yz  h 
P a P a P a P a
 0   0   0   0 

Unless otherwise specified within the table the location (i.e. x, y, and z coordinates) for
the values of displacements and stresses for the present evaluation are as follows:
Transverse displacement (w) : (a / 2, b / 2, 0)
In-plane normal stress (x ) : (a / 2, b / 2, h / 2)
In-plane normal stress (y ) : (a / 2, b / 2, h / 2)
In-plane shear stress ( xy ) : (0, 0, h / 2)

Transverse shear stress ( xz ) : (0, b / 2)

Transverse shear stress ( yz ) : (a / 2, 0)

Table 1 Non-dimensionalized in-plane stress (σ y = σ y h / a p0 ) in a simply supported square FGM

2 2

plate under sinusoidal transverse load

k
a/h a/b Theory
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 1.5
4 1/2 3D[12] 0.2431 0.2591 0.2762 0.2943 0.3239 0.3797
0.2295 0.2457 0.2630 0.2814 0.3111 0.3671
HSDT9
(-5.59) (-5.17) (-4.78) (-4.38) (-3.95) (-3.32)
0.2212 0.2364 0.2525 0.2696 0.2973 0.3496
FSDT
(-9.01) (-8.76) (-8.58) (-8.39) (-8.21) (-7.93)
4 1 3D[12] 0.2247 0.2400 0.2562 0.2736 0.3018 0.3589
0.2163 0.2319 0.2485 0.2661 0.2946 0.3482
HSDT9
(-3.74) (-3.38) (-3.01) (-2.74) (-2.39) (-2.98)
0.2043 0.2183 0.2331 0.2489( 0.2745 0.3228
FSDT
(-9.08) (-9.04) (-9.02) -9.03) (-9.05) (-10.06)
Numbers in parentheses are the percentage error with respect to 3-D elasticity values.

Table 2 Non-dimensionalized Transverse deflection (w = 10E0 wh3 / a 4p0 ) in a simply supported

square FGM plate under sinusoidal transverse load
k
a/h a/b Theory
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 1.5
4 1/2 3D [12] 0.8153 0.7395 0.6708 0.6085 0.5257 0.4120
0.8325 0.7534 0.6820 0.6175 0.5321 0.4154
HSDT9
(2.11) (1.88) (1.67) (1.48) (1.22) (0.83)
0.8328 0.7535 0.6817 0.6168 0.5306 0.4128
FSDT
(2.15) (1.89) (1.62) (1.36) (0.93) (0.19)
4 1 3D[12] 0.3490 0.3168 0.2875 0.2608 0.2253 0.1805
0.3602 0.3259 0.2949 0.2668 0.2297 0.1788
HSDT9
(3.21) (2.87) (2.57) (2.30) (1.95) (-0.94)
0.3605 0.3261 0.2949 0.2665 0.2288 0.1772
FSDT
(3.30) (2.94) (2.57) (2.19) (1.55) (-1.83)
Numbers in parentheses are the percentage error with respect to 3-D elasticity values.

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 D T Naveenkumar, Prahallada M.C and Boya Nagaraju

Example 1 A simply supported FGM plate under sinusoidally applied load is considered.
Material set 1 is used. Numerical results of non–dimensionalized in-plane normal stress  y
and transverse deflection w are given in Table 1 and 2 respectively. The numerical values of
maximum in-plane normal stress and transverse displacement are compared with those
obtained using the 3D elasticity solution [5]. The results clearly show that the results obtained
using HSDT9 are in close agreement with those obtained using three–dimensional elasticity
solution irrespective of the values of a/h, a/b and k as compared to the values obtained using
FSDT. For both the models the accuracy in predicting the transverse deflection increases with
increase in the values of both parameter k and side-to-thickness ratio, and decreases with the
increase in the values of edge ratio.
Example 2 A simply supported FGM rectangular (a/b equal to 2.0) sandwich plate with 2-
1-2 layer configuration under uniformly distributed transverse load is considered. Material set
2 is used. The non-dimensionalized values of deflection and stresses are given in Table 3 for
various values of side-to-thickness ratio. The difference in the results predicted using the
HSDT9 and FSDT are higher for lesser value of side-to-thickness ratio and this difference
goes on decreasing with increase in the value of side-to-thickness ratio. At side-to-thickness
ratio equal to 100 the values predicted both the theories considered is almost same. The non-
dimensionalized values of all the displacements decreases with the increase in the value of
side-to-thickness ratio whereas the values of all the in-plane stresses increases with increase in
the value of side-to-thickness ratio. For a/h ratio equal to 2 the u , w, x and xy values
predicted by FSDT are respectively 56.62%, 30.31%, 47.69% and 59.05% lower as compared
to the values obtained by HSDT.
Figure 2 to 4 shows the through the thickness variation of the values of u ,  x and xy for
FGM rectangular sandwich plate with a/h ratio equal to 4. From the figures it can be seen that
in most of the cases the values predicted by HSDT9 differ considerably with the values
obtained using FSDT.

Table 3 Non-dimensionalized displacements in a simply supported FGM rectangular sandwich plate

with 2-1-2 layer configuration under udl (a/b=2)

a/h Theory u w x xy xz

HSDT9 1.6456 0.4900 0.2818 -0.3582 0.1601
2
FSDT 0.7139 0.3905 0.1474 -0.1467 0.2451
HSDT9 0.5151 0.1850 0.3683 -0.4569 0.2060
4
FSDT 0.3569 0.1526 0.2948 -0.2935 0.2451
HSDT9 0.1545 0.0915 0.7674 -0.8260 0.2343
10
FSDT 0.1428 0.0859 0.7371 -0.7337 0.2451
HSDT9 0.0143 0.0734 7.3738 -7.3485 0.2450
100
FSDT 0.0143 0.0734 7.3706 -7.3370 0.2451
Example 3 A simply supported moderately thick (a/h equal to 10) FGM sandwich plate
with 1-2-1 layer configuration under transverse sinusoidal load is considered. Material set 3 is
used. The non-dimensionalized values of displacements and stresses are given in Table 4 for
various values of edge ratio. The percentage difference in the values predicted by HSDT9 and
FSDT is lowest for lesser values of edge ratio and increases with the increase in the value of
edge ratio. The numerical values of all the displacements and stresses decreases with the
increase in the value of edge ratio. At edge ratio equal to 3 the values of u , w, x and xy
predicted by FSDT are higher than HSDT9 respectively by 2.93%, 5.75, 2.92% and 2.92%.

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 Analysis of FGM Sandwich Plates using Higher Order Refined Computational Model - in-plane
Stresses

Table 4 Non-dimensionalized displacements in a simply supported FGM sandwich plate with 1-2-1
layer configuration under transverse sinusoidal load (a/h=10)

a/b Theory u w x xy xz

HSDT9 0.5365 0.3827 2.4078 -1.2965 0.2068
1
FSDT 0.5208 0.3607 2.3375 -1.2587 0.2078
HSDT9 0.2068 0.1570 1.1961 -0.7498 0.1269
1.5
FSDT 0.1972 0.1435 1.1406 -0.7150 0.1279
HSDT9 0.0896 0.0734 0.6801 -0.4328 0.0821
2
FSDT 0.0833 0.0647 0.6329 -0.4028 0.0831
HSDT9 0.0239 0.0234 0.3054 -0.1733 0.0406
3
FSDT 0.0208 0.0191 0.2661 -0.1510 0.0416
Example 5 A simply supported thick (a/h equal to 4) square FGM sandwich plate with 1-
1-1 layer configuration under transverse sinusoidal load is considered. Material set 4 is used.
The non-dimensionalized values of displacements and stresses are given in Table 4 for
various values degree of anisotropy. The difference in the values of u , w, x and xy predicted
by HSDT9 and FSDT increases with the increase in the value of degree of anisotropy. For of
anisotropy equal to 2 FSDT under predicts the values of u , w, x and xy respectively by
8.48%, 5.27% 8.48% and 8.47% as compared to the values obtained by HSDT9.
Example 6 A simply supported thick FGM rectangular (a/h equal to 4 and a/b equal to
1.5) sandwich plate with 2-1-2 layer configuration under transverse sinusoidal load is
considered. Material set 5 is used. The non-dimensionalized values of displacements and
stresses are given in Table 6 for various values power law parameter. The values of u, w,  x ,
and xy decreases with increase in the value of power law parameter. For power law
parameter equal to 3 the values of u , w, x and xy obtained using FSDT are 12.94%, 6.06%,
12.94% and 12.96%lower as compared to the values obtained by HSDT9.

Table 5 Non-dimensionalized displacement and stresses in a simply supported square FGM sandwich
plate with 1-1-1 layer configuration under transverse sinusoidal load (a/h=4)

Ec/Em Theory u w x xy xz

HSDT9 1.3472 0.4759 0.9674 -0.5209 0.2183
2
FSDT 1.2330 0.4508 0.8854 -0.4768 0.2229
HSDT9 1.4386 0.5376 1.0331 -0.5563 0.2114
3
FSDT 1.2845 0.4840 0.9224 -0.4967 0.2167
HSDT9 1.5413 0.6193 1.1068 -0.5959 0.2053
5
FSDT 1.3290 0.5162 0.9543 -0.5139 0.2114
HSDT9 1.6018 0.6733 1.1502 -0.6193 0.2023
7
FSDT 1.3490 0.5321 0.9687 -0.5216 0.2090
HSDT9 1.6591 0.7277 1.1914 -0.6415 0.1999
10
FSDT 1.3644 0.5450 0.9797 -0.5275 0.2072

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 D T Naveenkumar, Prahallada M.C and Boya Nagaraju

Table 6 Non-dimensionalized displacements in a simply supported FGM rectangular sandwich plate

with 2-1-2 layer configuration under transverse sinusoidal load (a/h=4, a/b=1.5)

Ec/Em Theory u w x xy xz

HSDT9 1.3472 0.4759 0.9674 -0.5209 0.2183
2
FSDT 1.2330 0.4508 0.8854 -0.4768 0.2229
HSDT9 1.4386 0.5376 1.0331 -0.5563 0.2114
3
FSDT 1.2845 0.4840 0.9224 -0.4967 0.2167
HSDT9 1.5413 0.6193 1.1068 -0.5959 0.2053
5
FSDT 1.3290 0.5162 0.9543 -0.5139 0.2114
HSDT9 1.6018 0.6733 1.1502 -0.6193 0.2023
7
FSDT 1.3490 0.5321 0.9687 -0.5216 0.2090
HSDT9 1.6591 0.7277 1.1914 -0.6415 0.1999
10
FSDT 1.3644 0.5450 0.9797 -0.5275 0.2072

4. CONCLUSION
Analytical formulations and solutions using higher-order refined shear deformation theories
have been developed for the in-plane stress analysis of FGM sandwich plates. The accuracy of
these higher-order refined theories in predicting the in-plane stresses is established by
comparing the numerical results with the available three-dimensional elasticity solutions in
the literature. Also numerical results are compared with the results obtained by independently
developing the theoretical formulations and analytical solutions using the first-order theories
available in the literature to show improvement in the accuracy of higher-order refined theory
in predicting the stress responses of FGM sandwich plates subjected to static loads.

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 Analysis of FGM Sandwich Plates using Higher Order Refined Computational Model - in-plane
Stresses

Figure 2 Variation of non-dimensionalized through the thickness of a simply supported FGM

sandwich plate with 2-1-2 layer configuration under transverse uniform load
On the basis of the analysis carried out and the numerical results obtained, the following
conclusions are arrived.
 For thick plates HSDT9 predicts the stress response of FGM plates more accurately
than FSDT.
 A considerable difference is observed in the stress and displacement values predicted
using HSDT9 and FSDT.
 When the plate becomes very thin i.e., a/h  50 the various response quantities
obtained using both the models are almost same.
 The difference in the values of all the displacements and stresses predicted between
HSDT9 and FSDT is lowest for square plate and this difference increases with
increase in the value of edge ratio.

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