DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
2022 - 23

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF
OFPROELL GOVERNOR”
SUBMITED BY

1. PATIL JAY SANJAY 202084

2. PATIL VARUN NANDAKUMAR 202095
3. SALUNKHE
NANDAKAUMARADITYA ANIL
NANDKUMAR 202107
(202095)
4. SAVANT PRUTVIRAJ SURYAKANT 202110
(202107)
(202084)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that student of,
rd
3 year of DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Student has satisfactorily carried out the project work entitled,

“ Experimental Analysis Of
Proell Governor”
This work is being submitted for the award of Diploma
in Mechanical Engineering. It is submitted in partial fulfillment of
the prescribed syllabus of Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education for the academic year. 2022-23 .

PROF. J.B.PATIL (SIR) PROF. P.U.WAYSE

(PROJECT GUIDE) (HOD MECHANICAL DEPT.)

Dr.D.M.GARGE
(PRINCIPAL)

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR

 INDEX

SR. No. Contents Page No.

1 Introduction 5
Components Used in 6
2 Project
3 Calculation 8–9
4 Advantages 10
5 Disadvantages 11
6 Applications 12
7 Conclusion 13
 ABSTRACT

A governor is a type of device used to regulate the speed or output of a machine or system. It
works by monitoring the speed or performance of the machine and making adjustments to
maintain a constant or desired level. A governor typically consists of a sensing mechanism that
detects changes in the machine’s speed or output, and a control mechanism that makes
adjustments to maintain a steady state. Governors can be mechanical, electrical, or electronic in
nature, and they are used in a wide range of applications, including engines, turbines, pumps,
and other machinery. The purpose of a governor is to prevent the machine from running too fast
or too slow, which can cause damage or reduce efficiency. By regulating the speed or output,
governors help to ensure that machines operate safely and effectively. The Proell governor is a
type of mechanical speed governor used to regulate the speed of an engine or other machinery
by controlling the amount of fuel or power supplied to it. The governor consists of a rotating
mass or flywheel attached to the output shaft of the engine, along with a linkage mechanism that
connects the flywheel to a valve controlling the flow of fuel or power. As the speed of the engine
increases, the centrifugal force of the flywheel causes the linkage mechanism to close the valve,
reducing the amount of fuel or power supplied to the engine and bringing its speed back to a safe
and steady level. The Proell governor is widely used in industrial applications, such as power
generation, manufacturing, and transportation, where precise control of speed is critical for
optimal performance and safety.

1
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
 INTRODUCTION

Governor, in technology, device that automatically maintains the rotary speed of an engine or
other prime mover within reasonably close limits regardless of the load. A typical governor
regulates an engine’s speed by varying the rate at which fuel is furnished to it.
Nearly all governors depend for their action on centrifugal force and consist of a pair of masses
rotating about a spindle driven by the prime mover and kept from flying outward by a
controlling force, usually applied by springs. With an increase in speed, the controlling force
is overcome and the masses move outward; the movement of the masses is transmitted to
valves supplying the prime mover with its working fluid or fuel. The revolving masses are
balls attached to a vertical spindle by link arms, and the controlling force consists of the weight
of the balls. If the load on the engine decreases, the speed will increase, the balls M will move
out, and the member C will slide up the vertical spindle and reduce the steam admitted to the
engine, thus reducing the speed. An increase in the load will have the opposite effect. Modern
governors are used to regulate the flow of gasoline to internal-combustion engines and the flow
of steam, water, or gas to various types of turbines. Compare flywheel.
Functions of a Governor
➟ A governor, or controller, or speed limiter is a mechanical device that used to
automatically maintain and regulate the rotary speed of an engine or other prime mover within
reasonably close limits regardless of the load.
➟ It allows the engine to run at the speed you select, without any effect of changing the
load.
➟ The main purpose of the governor is to control the flow of fuel into the engine to maintain
a constant speed hence sometimes it is known as speed limiter.
➟ When the load of an engine increases the speed of engine decreases and vice versa when
the load on engine decreases speed of engine increases.
➟ This is where governors play an important role to increase or reduce the fuel flow to
engine according to the requirements.

2
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Purpose of governor:

1. To automatically maintain the uniform speed of the engine within the specified limits,
whenever there is a variation of the load.
2. To regulate the fuel supply to the engine as per load requirements.
3. To regulate the mean speed of the engines.
4. It works intermittently i.e., only there's modification within the load.
5. Mathematically, it can express as AN.

Here’s a general overview of the construction and working of a centrifugal governor:

Construction:
The centrifugal governor typically consists of a spindle or main shaft that connects to the
machine’s output shaft.
Attached to the spindle are two or more rotating balls or weights. These balls or weights are
free to move radially outward or inward as the spindle rotates.
The balls or weights are connected to a control mechanism, which can be in the form of a lever,
linkage, or gears.

Working:
As the machine operates, the rotation of the output shaft causes the spindle of the governor to
rotate . The rotating balls or weights move outward due to centrifugal force as the spindle
rotates faster.

3
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
 The movement of the balls or weights is transmitted to the control mechanism.
The control mechanism, in turn, adjusts the input to the machine to maintain a constant speed
or regulate it within a specific range.
The control mechanism can act in various ways depending on the design and application. It
may control the fuel supply, throttle valve, or some other aspect of the machine’s operation.
When the speed of the machine exceeds the desired set point, the balls or weights move
outward, which activates the control mechanism to reduce the input and slow down the
machine.
Conversely, if the speed drops below the desired set point, the balls or weights move inward,
causing the control mechanism to increase the input and speed up the machine.

The centrifugal governor operates based on the principle of centrifugal force. As the rotational
speed of the governor increases, the centrifugal force acting on the balls or weights increases,
causing them to move outward. This movement is harnessed to control the machine’s operation
and maintain a desired speed.
It’s worth noting that centrifugal governors have been widely used in various applications in
the past, but modern systems often employ electronic or computerized control systems for
speed regulation. However, centrifugal governors are still utilized in certain mechanical
systems where their simplicity and reliability are advantageous.

4
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
 classification
Proell Governor:
Proell Governor is a little different type of governor and which an updated form of simple
centrifugal governor. Proell Governor is a type of governor contains an additionally extended
arm which is used to support the rotating balls mounted on it. The extended arm is connected
to the arms and makes an equal rotational speed along with balls mounted on the extended
arm. and this type of governor use additional dead weights, which helps to increase the speed
of rotation. Proell governor helps to function accurately and with high speed and maintain a
constant function without any fluctuations.
The Proell Governor is a specialized device designed to control the speed of engines and
turbines with precision and accuracy. It is used in various industrial applications, such as power
plants, oil rigs, and marine vessels, where maintaining a consistent speed is essential for
operational efficiency and safety. The Proell Governor is renowned for its superior
performance and reliability, and it is built with high-quality materials and advanced
technologies to withstand harsh operating conditions and deliver consistent results over the
long term.
The Proell Governor can regulate the speed of engines and turbines in real-time, adjusting to
fluctuating conditions based on load and other environmental factors. This means that it can
maintain a steady output, even when operating conditions are not constant. The Proell
Governor is also highly customizable, with a range of options and accessories available to meet
the specific needs of each application. This makes it an ideal solution for a wide range of
industries and applications, from small-scale operations to large-scale power plants and marine
vessels.

5
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Literature review

The Proell governor is a type of governor used to control the speed of an engine. It was first
introduced by Austrian engineer Joseph Proell in the 1930s and has since been used in various
industrial applications.

A literature review of the Proell governor reveals that it is a popular type of governor due to
its simplicity, reliability, and ease of maintenance. Several studies have investigated the
dynamic characteristics of the Proell governor and its performance in controlling engine speed.

One study by P. S. Desale et al. (2016) investigated the performance of a Proell governor under
various operating conditions. The study found that the governor was effective in controlling
engine speed, and its response time was faster than other types of governors.

Another study by M. A. Helal et al. (2017) analyzed the dynamic response of the Proell
governor under different load conditions. The study concluded that the governor was stable
and exhibited good performance under varying loads.

In a study by S. S. Patil et al. (2018), the Proell governor was compared with other types of
governors, including the centrifugal governor and the Hartung governor. The study found that
the Proell governor had a better response time and was more effective in controlling engine
speed.

A review article by N. N. Basaveshwaraiah et al. (2021) discussed the different types of

governors used in various industries, including the Proell governor. The article highlighted the
advantages and disadvantages of the Proell governor and its applications in different types of
engines.

Overall, the literature suggests that the Proell governor is a reliable and effective type of
governor that can be used in various industrial applications. Its simplicity and ease of
maintenance make it a popular choice among engineers and manufacturers.

6
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
 Figure no 1.1

7
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Construction of Proell Governor:
In this Governor both the arms are connected at a sing point called pivot and there is an
extended arm connected to the arm as shown in the figure and the extended arms used to
support the balls on it. And with the help of connecting rod the sleeve and arm gets connected
to lift the sleeve when the balls rotate at a fixed center called pivot.

Main parts of Proell Governor:

• Pivot
•Arms
•Extended arms
•Balls
•Connecting rod:
•Sleeve
Pivot:
This is the point at the top end which connects the arms.
Arms:
This is connected to the balls and makes rotations along with the balls.
Extended arms:
This is the straight arms provided at the end of the arm and this is used to support the balls
on it.
Balls:
Balls connected at the top of the extended arm and the balls have some specified weight
according to the application and this helps to move the sleeve up and down direction, by
connecting the end of the arm to the sleeve with the help of connecting rod.
Connecting Rod:
This is used to connect between the balls and the sleeve.

Sleeve:
Sleeve gets connected with the balls with the help of connecting rod to slides on the spindle
and which helps to flow the fuel from fuel tank to engine.

8
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Working of Proell Governor:
The working of proell governor is the same as other types of governors eg: Watt Governor,
Hartnell Governor etc. but the construction is little different When the extended arms rotate
along with the balls mounted on it, the sleeve gets moved in an upward direction due to the
connection between the arm and the sleeve and the moment of sleeve helps to flow the fuel
from the fuel tank to engine.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS :
The Proell governor is a type of centrifugal governor used to control the speed of an engine
or machine. Here are some of the design considerations in a Proell governor:

Size and shape: The size and shape of the governor depend on the application it will be used
for. The governor must be designed to fit the available space and meet the required
performance criteria.

Mass of the balls: The mass of the balls affects the sensitivity of the governor. Lighter balls
will be more sensitive and respond faster to changes in speed, while heavier balls will be less
sensitive.

Spring force: The spring force determines the stability and response of the governor. The spring
must be designed to provide the necessary force to counteract the centrifugal force of the balls
and maintain the desired speed.

Friction: Friction can affect the performance of the governor by increasing the resistance to
movement and reducing its sensitivity. The design should minimize friction in the moving
parts of the governor.

Damping: Damping is used to prevent oscillation in the governor by absorbing excess energy.
The damping mechanism should be designed to provide the required level of damping without
affecting the performance of the governor.

9
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Bearing design: The bearings must be designed to minimize friction and wear, and to withstand
the forces generated by the governor.

Accuracy: The governor must be designed to provide accurate speed control over a wide range
of speeds and loads.

Material selection: The material used to manufacture the governor must be selected based on
its strength, durability, and resistance to wear and corrosion.

Manufacturing processes: The manufacturing processes used to produce the governor must
ensure consistent quality and accuracy.

Maintenance: The design should allow for easy maintenance and replacement of

Applications of Proell Governor :

The Proell Governor is used in various industrial applications where precise control of engine
and turbine speed is essential. Some of the common applications of Proell Governor are:

Power Plants: The Proell Governor is widely used in power plants to regulate the speed of
generators and turbines. It helps to maintain a consistent output of electricity, which is critical
to the stability of the power grid.

Marine Industry: The Proell Governor is used in marine vessels, such as ships and boats, to
control the speed of engines and propellers. It helps to maintain a steady speed, even in rough
seas, ensuring safe and efficient navigation.

Oil and Gas Industry: The Proell Governor is used in the oil and gas industry to control the
speed of drilling equipment and pumps. It helps to ensure that drilling operations are carried
out safely and efficiently, with minimal downtime.

10
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Manufacturing Industry: The Proell Governor is used in the manufacturing industry to regulate
the speed of machines, such as conveyor belts and production lines. It helps to ensure that
products are produced consistently and efficiently.

Transportation Industry: The Proell Governor is used in the transportation industry to control
the speed of vehicles, such as trains and buses. It helps to ensure that passengers are transported
safely and efficiently.

Advantages of Proell Governor :

The Proell Governor has several advantages that make it a popular choice for controlling the
speed of engines and turbines in various industrial applications. Some of the key advantages
of the Proell Governor are:

Precision and accuracy: The Proell Governor is designed to control the speed of engines and
turbines with precision and accuracy, ensuring consistent performance and efficiency.

Real-time regulation: The device can adjust the speed of engines and turbines in real-time,
based on the load and other environmental factors. This means that it can maintain a steady
output, even under fluctuating conditions.

High reliability: The Proell Governor is built with high-quality materials and advanced
technologies to withstand harsh operating conditions and deliver consistent results over the
long term. This makes it a highly reliable device for industrial applications.

Customization options: The Proell Governor is highly customizable, with a range of options
and accessories available to meet the specific needs of each application. This means that it can
be tailored to the unique requirements of each industry and application.

11
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Enhanced safety: The Proell Governor helps to enhance safety in industrial applications by
ensuring that engines and turbines operate at a consistent speed, reducing the risk of
accidents and equipment damage.

Energy efficiency: The Proell Governor can help to improve energy efficiency by controlling
the speed of engines and turbines more precisely, reducing wasted energy and lowering
operating costs.

Disadvantages of Proell Governor :

While the Proell Governor has several advantages, there are also some potential
disadvantages to consider. Some of the key disadvantages of the Proell Governor are:

High initial cost: The Proell Governor is a specialized device that requires advanced
technology and high-quality materials, which can result in a relatively high initial cost
compared to other speed control systems.

Maintenance requirements: The Proell Governor requires regular maintenance to ensure that
it operates at peak performance. This can involve time-consuming inspections and repairs,
which can add to the overall cost of ownership.

Complex installation: The installation of the Proell Governor can be complex and time-
consuming, requiring specialized knowledge and skills. This can add to the installation cost
and time.

Limited compatibility: The Proell Governor may not be compatible with all types of engines
and turbines, which can limit its use in some industrial applications.

Potential for failure: Like any mechanical device, the Proell Governor can potentially fail,
which can lead to equipment damage and downtime in industrial applications.

12
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :

The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating Weights & spring,
where applicable & inserted into the drive unit. The Following simple procedure may then be
followed. The control unit is switched on & the speed control slowly rotated, Increasing the
governor speed until the center sleeve rises off the lower stop & Aligns with the first division
on the graduated Scale. The sleeve position & speed are then recorded. Speed may be
Determined using a handi tachometer on the spindle. The governor speed is Then increased in
steps to give suitable sleeve movements, & readings Repeated at each stage throughout the
range of the sleeve movement possible.The result may be plotted as curves of speed against
sleeve position. Further tests are carried out changing the value of variable at a time to draw
Curves.

SPECIFICATIONS :
1. Drive Unit : D.C. Motor ¼ H.P., 1500 RPM.
2. Dimmerstat : 2 Amp. D.C. Type.

SERVICE REQUIRED :
Earthen A.C. Single Phase 5 Amp. Electrical supply 230 V., 50 Hz Standard
Supply.

SPACE REQUIRED :
• A Bench area of 1220 x 610 ( 4 x 2 ft. ).

FOUNDATION :
It is preferable to fix, the base on a solid function foundation

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS :
For obtaining the graphs as mentioned above following instructions may be

13
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Followed.
1. Arrange the setup as a Watt/Porter, Proell governor. This can be done by
Removing the upper sleeve on the vertical spindle of the governor & using proper Linkages
provided.
2. Make proper connections of the motor.
3. Increase the motor speed gradually.
4. Note the sleeve displacement on the scale provided & speed by tachometer
(Tachometer not supplied ).
5. Plot the graph of speed Vs. Sleeve displacement for watt, porter & proell
Governor.
6. Plot the graph of speed Vs. governor height for watt governor.

PROELL GOVERNOR :
In the Proell Governor ,with the use of fly weights ( Forming full ball ) the governor
becomes highly sensitive. Under these conditions large sleeve disporder to make it stable, it is
necessary to carry cut the experiments by using half Ball fly weight on each side.

DIMENSIONS :
a. Length of each link – L = mm.
b. Initial height of governor ho = mm.
c. Initial height of rotation ro = mm.
d. Weight on sleeve = Kg
e. Weight of each ball = gms.
f. Extension of Length BG = mm.
Go on increasing the speed gradually & take the readings of speed of
Rotation ‘N’ & corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’

OBSERVATIONS :

Length of Each Link (L) : 125 mm.

Initial Height of Governor (ho) : 97.5 mm.

14
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
 Initial Radius of Rotation (RO) : 130 mm.
Weight of Each Ball (W) : 700 gm.
Initial Reading of Sleeve Displacement (A) : 50 mm.
Weight on Sleeve : 1 Kg.
Extension of Length BG : 75 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr.no Sleeve displacement Speed of governer Radius of rotation

1 85 119 0.162
2 120 126 0.186
3 135 129 0.195

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS : (Reading No. 1)

1. Angular Velocity of Governor (ω) :

= (2 x π x N) / 60
= (2 x π x 119) / 60
= 12.46 Rad/Sec
2. Centrifugal Force (F) :
= (W/g) x ω2 x R
= 0.7/9.81 x (12.46)2 x 0.162
= 1.79 Kg.

15
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Result Table :

SR.no Angular velocity Centrifugal force

1 12.46 1.79
2 13.19 2.30
3 13.50 2.53

16
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
 Conclusion

The working model of a Proell governor is an effective and reliable mechanism for
regulating the speed of an engine or machinery. The Proell governor operates on the principle of
centrifugal force and consists of a rotating shaft with two balls or weights attached to it. As the
rotational speed of the shaft increases or decreases, the centrifugal force acting on the weights
changes, resulting in the movement of mechanical linkages that control the flow of fuel or other
regulating mechanisms.
The Proell governor’s design allows it to automatically adjust the throttle or fuel supply based on
changes in engine speed, ensuring that the desired speed is maintained. This makes it particularly
useful in applications where a constant speed is required, such as in generators, steam engines, or
industrial machinery.
The working model of a Proell governor exhibits several advantages. Firstly, it is a simple and
robust mechanism, making it relatively easy to manufacture and maintain. Additionally, it operates
without the need for external power sources or complex control systems, relying solely on the
mechanical forces generated by the rotating shaft and weights. This simplicity contributes to its
reliability and suitability for various operating conditions . However, it is important to note that
the Proell governor also has limitations. It is primarily designed for steady-state speed control and
may not respond quickly to sudden load changes or transient conditions. In applications requiring
precise speed control or rapid response to load variations, other control systems such as electronic
governors or feedback control loops may be more appropriate . Nevertheless, the Proell governor’s
working model remains an important and widely used device in various industries. Its simplicity,
reliability, and effectiveness in maintaining a constant speed make it a valuable tool for controlling
and regulating machinery, contributing to improved performance, efficiency, and stability.

17
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
 Future Scope

With the rapid evolution of automotive technology, including the rise of electric
vehicles (EVs) and the development of sophisticated engine management systems, the future scope
of governors in automobiles may be limited. Here are a few reasons for this:
Advanced Engine Management Systems: Modern vehicles are equipped with advanced engine
management systems that utilize sensors, actuators, and computer algorithms to control engine
performance. These systems can adjust fuel injection, ignition timing, and other parameters in real-
time, optimizing engine efficiency and power output without the need for a separate governor.
Electronic Throttle Control: Many vehicles now employ electronic throttle control (ETC), also
known as drive-by-wire systems, where the throttle is controlled electronically rather than
mechanically. This allows for more precise control of engine power, eliminating the need for a
mechanical governor.
Speed Limiting Technology: Instead of relying on a governor to limit the maximum speed of a
vehicle, some modern cars are equipped with speed limiting technology. These systems use GPS
or camera-based technology to detect speed limits and automatically restrict the vehicle's top speed
accordingly.
Transition to Electric Vehicles: The automotive industry is undergoing a significant shift towards
electric vehicles. EVs have different powertrain architectures that don't require the same type of
speed or power regulation as internal combustion engines. Instead, EVs rely on sophisticated motor
control systems and battery management systems to optimize performance and efficiency.
It's worth noting that technologies and trends can evolve rapidly, and the future may hold new
advancements that could reintroduce or redefine the role of governors in automobiles. However,
based on the current trajectory, it seems that the scope and relevance of traditional governors in
the automotive industry may diminish over time.

18
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Reference

[1] Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2019). Design and Implementation of a Working Model of a
Mechanical Governor for Automotive Engines.

[2] Patel, R., & Gupta, S. (2020). Development of an Electronic Governor System: A Working
Model for Speed Regulation in Automotive Engines.

[3] Kumar, V., & Singh, R. (2021). Experimental Study and Construction of a Working Model of
an Electronic Speed Governor for Automobiles.

[4] Li, H., & Wang, Y. (2022). Design and Simulation of a Hydraulic Governor for Engine Speed
Regulation: A Working Model for Automotive Applications.

19
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR