The properties of materials

López Cruz Nicole Alexandra

that metalworking processes and heat treatment
L22020938@veracruz.tecnm.mx
In this Essay I will explain about the topics that
we used to talk in the classroom in the unit 1 and
2.
In my Opinion is very important to know about
these topics that I´m going to explain just a little
bit, because I am studying an engineering and
probably when I will to work in a important
company we need to know everything about the
materials and things like that.
Materials have different properties that make
them unique. Knowing them will ensure that we
select materials with the right properties to
develop a given product. In this article we will
see what and which are the properties of
materials that we need to know in the industry.
One of the topics that we have seen during our
course were metals and non-metals. The Metals is
material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or
fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and
conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Metals are typically ductile (can be drawn into
wires) and malleable (they can be hammered into
thin sheets). These properties are the result of the
metallic bond between the atoms or molecules of
the metal. The Non-metals is a chemical element
that generally lacks a predominance of metallic
properties; they range from colorless gases like
hydrogen to shiny solids like carbon and graphite.
They are usually poor conductors of heat and
electricity, and brittle or crumbly when solid, due
to their electrons having low mobility.
First, I need to say the definition of the principal
topic, well The properties material are factors that
qualitatively or quantitatively influence the
response of a given material to the imposition of
stimuli and constraints forces, temperature, etc.
The materials properties mechanical and physical
are determined by their chemical composition
and internal structure, such as grain size or
crystalline structure all of them. You can know
can
modify materials and their physical properties
such as density and electrical conductivity. This
is really useful, as the new properties may be
more suitable for certain applications…But do
you know de types of these materials? If you didn
´t, I will tell you that the materials properties it
can be density, melting point, thermal
conductivity, electrical conductivity (resistivity),
thermal expansion and corrosion resistance.
If you are proximately work in a company is
important to know the codes and standards too. I
mean the safety and hygiene rules that every
company has depending on its production as well
as specialization.
But What are the norms and standards used for in
engineering? Standards are extremely important
technical documents in engineering and related
technical fields. A technical standard is an
established norm or requirement. It is usually a
formal document that establishes uniform
engineering or technical criteria, methods,
processes, and practices
The primary purpose of codes is to protect the
public by setting up the minimum acceptable
level of safety for buildings, products, and
processes. For example, we have the codes ISO,
ASM, ASTM, ASNT, API, NMX, AWS, AIST,
SAE, etc. As I have already mentioned before,
each one of them is completely different, in the
same way they have thousands of codes that are
added over the years and it is impossible to learn
them all, but an Industrial engineer must know at
least the most basic to be able to perform in a
specific work area.
I´m going continue with the Crystal system,
crystal, Unit cell and the Bravais lattice.
The Crystal Structure is obtained by attaching
atoms, groups of atoms or molecules. This
structure occurs from the intrinsic nature of the
constituent particles to produce symmetric
patterns. A small group of a repeating pattern of
the atomic structure is known as the unit cell of
the structure
A unit cell is the building block of the crystal
structure, and it also explains in detail the entire
crystal structure and symmetry with the atom
positions along with its principal axes. The
length, edges of principal axes and the angle
between the unit cells are called lattice constants
or lattice parameters. Meanwhile the Bravais
lattices the lattice in which the atom or all the
atoms at lattice points are identical or if the
surroundings of each lattice point are the same.
Therefore, a crystal structure is made of atoms, a
crystal lattice is made of points and a crystal
system is a set of axes. In other words, the
structure is an ordered array of atoms, ions, or
molecules.
In these Bravais lattice actually denotes all the 14
types of three-dimensional patterns in which the
atoms can arrange themselves to form a crystal
named after the great physicist Auguste Bravais
of France. His work including Bravais laws is an
important breakthrough in the field of
crystallography. These are possible both in two-
dimensional and three-dimensional spaces where
the lattices are filled without any gaps.
A Lattice system is a class of lattices with the
same set of lattice point groups, which are
subgroups of the arithmetic crystal classes. 14
Bravais lattices can be divided into 7 lattice
systems (Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic,
Hexagonal, Rhombohedral, Monoclinic and
Triclinic.
With the information already provided and with
notes from the notebook, we have focused on the
study of the first category of the Bravais network
SC, BCC, and FCC.
The simplest unit cell is Simple Cubic (SC). This
crystal structure is just a cube with an atom on
each corner. The simple cubic unit cell may also
be called “primitive simple cubic”.
Body centered cubic unit cell or BCC has atoms
at each corner of the cube and an atom at the
center of the structure. The diagram shown below
is an open structure.
Face-centered Cubic Unit Cell (FCC) contains
atoms at all the corners of the crystal lattice and
at the center of all the faces of the cube.
These structures contain atoms that are only
perceptible with a scanning electron microscope,
they are so tiny that to make calculations we rely
on units of length such as picometers,
decameters, etc.
In Conclusion Physical properties are those that
can be observed without changing the
composition of the material. some of the most
important physical properties of metals are
density, color, size and shape, the specific gravity
of the material, and porosity among others.
They produce changes in the chemical
composition of the material because they interact
with other substances. This is a very interesting
typology in innovation, since most materials,
when in contact with other substances, can react
creating new materials. Inclusive this it can be
used in forensic engineering to discover the
deterioration and aging of the material by
chemical reaction with the environment.
I think that the material properties will determine
the processing conditions, storage Conditions,
final application, performance, and useful
lifetime that the material could perform so is very
important to know about the beautiful of the
minerals in our world.
Bibliographic references
[1] Nameless,2015, What is the
material properties?
https://www.sciencedirect.com/top [9]Nameless, without date, what
ics/materials-science/materials- is a metal?, Wikipedia
property
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/
[2]Infitia Industrial Metal
Consulting,2023, Types of
[10]Nameless, without date, What
properties material,
is a non-metal?, Wikipedia
https://www.infinitiaresearch.com
/en/news/classification-of- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
material-properties/ Non_metal
[3]Dave Olsen, April
27 ,2023,What are the properties
of a material?,
https://www.metaltek.com/blog/how
-to-evaluate-materials-
properties-to-consider/
[4]Nameless, October 10-
2023,Georgia Southern, ¿What are
Engineering Standards?,
https://cec.georgiasouthern.edu/e
ce/engineering-standards/#:~:text
=What%20Are%20Engineering
%20Standards%3F,%2C%20methods%2C
%20processes%20and%20practices.
[5] Harpreet_Physics, August 03-
2023,Go Seeko
https://www.goseeko.com/blog/
what-is-bravais-lattice/
[6] Nameless, May 02-2023,
Bravais Lattice, Vedantu.
https://www.vedantu.com/
chemistry/bravais-lattice
[7] Nameless, without date,
Types of Bravais Lattice.; BYJU´S
https://byjus.com/chemistry/
bravais-lattice/
[8]” Classnotes of properties of
materials” Instituto Tecnologico
de Veracruz, April 17-2023