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Lightning Attachment Models and Perfect Shielding Angle of Transmission Lines
Lightning Attachment Models and Perfect Shielding Angle of Transmission Lines
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C. Generic models
Following Eriksson's work, generic lightning attachment
models have been developed which also consider the
inception of the upward connecting discharge emerging from
the prospective struck object [14]-[21]. Thus, based on
different leader inception criteria, expressions of the attractive
I'
~, radius of an object, R, defined as the longest lateral distance
,
I
from the object where lightning attachment occurs, have been
I
hm I
I D proposed in the general form
I hp
I
I
I (5)
I
Fig. 1. Shielding analysis according to electrogeometric models. h m shield where R is in meters, I (kA) is the prospective lightning peak
wire height; hp phase conductor height; a shielding angle; S striking distance
to shield wire and phase conductor; D striking distance to earth surface; current, h (m) is the struck object height and factors ~ E and
W shielding failure width. F are listed in Table II according to different authors.
TABLE I TABLE II
FACTORS A, B AND )ITO BE USED IN(I) FACTORS ?,E AND F TO BE USED IN(5)
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Adopting from [7] the values of 10 and 0.65 for factors A' and
B', respectively and by using the value of CI for negative
- -0- - :..=- - '" lightning according to Table III, equation (11) becomes
L>
: a ""o---.-----"-i---l~
[2.72I~.65ln(11m/ hp )-0.0I zh1,;3 ]
I
I _ -I
I
I ap-tan () . (12)
I
I
l1m-hp
I
I
I
Equation (12) refers to critical interception and is used
hereafter for perfect shielding angle calculations according to
the statistical model. It is important to note that for a given
Fig. 2. Shielding analysis according to generic models . a shielding angle; h m,
hp height of shield wire and phase conductor, respectively ; Rm, Rp attractive
transmission line geometry the interception radii Rm and Rp
radius of shield wire and phase conductor, respectively; W shielding failure are statistical quantities; they vary, besides lightning peak
width; LlR horizontal separation distance between shield wire and phase current, with interception probability according to (8).
conductor . Therefore also the shielding failure width, as given by (6), is
accordingly statistically distributed indicating, thus, a non
(8) deterministic value for the perfect shielding angle.
20 25 20 25
Shieldwire heit:lht(m) Shield wire height (m )
where h« (m) and hp (m) are defmed in Fig. 2 and CI is given 40 40
W W ~ ~ 45 20 W ~ ~ ~
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lines of the Hellenic transmission system. In Table IV, the TABLE VI
EFFECTIVE SHIELDING ANGLE OF TYPICAL 150kV AND 400 kV OVERHEAD
calculated values of ap correspond to line geometries at the LINES OF THE HELLENICTRANSMISSION SYSTEM
tower and average height along the line; the basic line Lightningattachmentmodel 150kV 400kV
parameters are given in Table V. All models yield greater ap Wagner & Hileman 3 21 13
at average transmission line height than at the tower as a Young et al. 4 34 26
result of the sag of the shield wire and phase conductor; this Armstrong & Whitehead 5 17 12
Brown & Whitehead 6 16 11
also indicates that ap varies along the length of the line. The
Love 7 24 18
electrogeometric models yield generally negative ap values, Whitehead 8 23 18
which deviate considerably from the actual shielding angles Anderson fill and IEEE WG 12 18 6
of the studied transmission lines. However, in practice an IEEE Std 1243 2 18 9
effective shielding of transmission lines is realized based on Eriksson 13 7 15
Rizk 15 30 29
an acceptable shielding failure flashover rate, SFFOR. For a Petrovet al. 19 24 25
given line geometry SFFOR (flashovers/1 OOlan/year), Ait-Amar & Berger 21 24 12
normally used together with backflashover rate to estimate Mikropoulos & Tsovilis 25 19 15
the expected outage rate of a transmission line, is given as
From Tables IV and VI it can be deduced that the effective
L VSF shielding angle shows less variability than perfect shielding
SFFOR = O.2Ng f W(I)j(I)dI (13) angle among models . It is important to note that for SFFOR =
r.
0.05 flashovers/lOOkm/year the electrogeometric models, in
where Ng (flashes/kmvyear) is the ground flash density,JtI) is agreement with the other models, yield positive shielding
the probability density function of the stroke current angles agreeing with the actual shielding angles (Table V).
amplitude distribution, W (m) is the shielding failure width The applicability of a lightning attachment model in perfect
and I MSF (kA) is the maximum shielding failure current. For a shielding angle calculations can be evaluated based on the
design value of SFFOR = 0.05 flashovers/lOOkm/year, shielding performance of transmission lines; this is illustrated
commonly used in shielding design and by assuming Ng = 5 in Fig. 4. Lines with actual shielding angles greater than the
flashes/kmvyear, the effective shielding angles for the studied corresponding calculated perfect shielding angle should
overhead lines are listed in Table VI. These calculations refer experience shielding failures, whereas lines with actual
to average line height, employ the JtI) distribution suggested shielding angles smaller than the corresponding calculated
in [30] and values for Ie and I MSF found according to [2] and perfect shielding angle should show superior shielding
[31], respectively, and consider the variation of W with the performance. The shielding performance of the lines is
lightning attachment model used for shielding analysis . generally underestimated for Eriksson's model [13] (Fig. 4a)
and for the electrogeometric models [5] and [6], whereas
TABLEIV
PERFECT SHIELDING ANGLE OF TYPICAL 150kV AND 400 kV OVERHEAD overestimated for Rizk 's [15] (Fig. 4b) and Young et al. [4]
LINES OF THE HELLENIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM models . The IEEE Std [2] (Fig . 4c), electrogeometric models
150kV 400kV [3], [7] and [8] as well as the statistical model [25] (Fig. 4d)
Tower
Average
Tower
Average yield generally consistent results with respect to shielding
Liahtninz attachmentmodel heizht height performance of transmission lines, whereas inconsistency
Wagner & Hileman 3 -12 -I -12 -4
Young et al. 4 16 23 12 18 have been found for the generic models [19] and [21].
Armstrong& Whitehead 5 -35 -21 -15 -7
50
Brown & Whitehead 6 -36 -23 -18 -10 (a) Eriksson [13)
Love 7 -14 -3 -3 4
Whitehead 8 -16 -5 -5 3
Anderson [J 1l and IEEE WG 12 -32 -18 -31 -22
IEEE Std 1243 2 -24 -10 -22 -9
Eriksson 13 6 2 15 14
Rizk 15 15 17 21 22
Petrovet al. 19 12 12 18 18 ." -rc
Ait-Amar & Berger 21 5 6 7 7 50
Mikronoulos & Tsovilis 25 0 7 3 8 40 (c) IEEE SId 1243(2 )
TABLEV
...
PARAMETERS OF TYPICAL 150kV AND 400 kV OVERHEAD LINES OF THE "
HELLENIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM '
Shield Upper phase Shielding Shieldingangle
Operating
voltage
t, wire conductor angle at at average
(kA) height height tower height
(kV) (Deg)
(m) (m) (Deg)
150 4 33.0 27.8 31 23 Fig. 4. Perfect shielding angle versus actual shielding angle. Empty and solid
400 8 45.1 36.5 19 16 points depict lines showing superior shielding performance [5] and
Sag of shIeldWIre and phase conductor. 5.5 m and 8.6 m, respectIvely experiencingshieldingfailures [32], respectively.
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Finally, it must be mentioned that in the present analysis [10] T. Suzuki, K. Miyake and T. Shindo, "Discharge path model in model
test of lightning strokes to tall mast," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
subsequent strokes possessing current magnitudes bigger than vol. PAS-I00, no. 7, pp. 3553-3562, Jul. 1981.
minimum current causing flashover of insulation have not [11] 1. G. Anderson, "Transmission Line Reference Book - 345 kV and
been considered in determining SFFOR of transmission lines. Above," Second Edition, 1982, chapter 12, Electric Power Research
Institute, Palo Alto, California.
[12] IEEE Working Group, "A Simplified method for estimating lightning
performance of transmission lines," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
IV. CONCLUSIONS
vol. PAS-I04, no. 4, pp. 919-932, Apr. 1985.
General relationships for the estimation of the perfect [13] A. J. Eriksson, "An improved electrogeometric model for transmission
line shielding analysis," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. PWRD-2, no. 3,
shielding angle of transmission lines have been derived by pp. 871-886, Apr. 1987.
performing shielding analysis on the basis of several lightning [14] P. Chowdhuri and A. K. Kotapalli, "Significant parameters in
attachment models. There is a great variability in perfect estimating the striking distance of lightning strokes to overhead lines,"
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 3, pp.1970-1981, Jul. 1989.
shielding angle among lightning attachment models. The [15] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of transmission line exposure to direct
effect of the transmission line height is much more lightning strokes," IEEE Trans. Power Del.,vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1983-
pronounced for the electrogeometric models; the latter, thus 1997, Oct. 1990.
[16] L. Dellera and E. Garbagnati, "Lightning stroke simulation by means of
also IEEE Standard 1243:1997, generally yield smaller the leader progression model," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4,
perfect shielding angles, even negative ones for relatively pp. 2009-2029, Oct. 1990.
high transmission lines contrary to the generic, Eriksson's [17] F. A. M. Rizk, "Modeling of lightning incidence to tall structures,"
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 162-193, Jan. 1994.
and statistical model yielding positive perfect shielding [18] N. I. Petrov and R. T. Waters, "Determination of the striking distance
angles. The effective shielding angle calculated by assuming of lightning to earthed structures," Proc. Roy. Soc., London A, vol. 450,
an acceptable shielding failure flashover rate is less variable pp. 589-601, 1995.
[19] N. I. Petrov, G. Petrova and R. T. Waters, "Determination of attractive
among lightning attachment models. These fmdings are area and collection volume of earthed structures," in Proc. 25th Int.
demonstrated through an application to typical 150 kV and Conf. Lightning Protection, Rhodes, Greece, 2000, pp. 374-379.
400 kV overhead lines of the Hellenic transmission system. [20] F. D'Alessandro and 1. R. Gumley, "A collection volume method for
the placement of air terminals for the protection of structures against
The applicability of lightning attachment models in perfect lightning," Elsevier J. Electrostat., vol. 50, pp. 279-302, 2001.
shielding angle calculations has been evaluated based on the [21] S. Ait-Amar and G. Berger, "Lightning protection modelling:
shielding performance of transmission lines reported in Applications to revisited electrogeometrical model," in Proc. 17th Int.
Conf. Gas Discharges and their Application, Cardiff, U.K., 2008, pp.
literature. Consistent results have been derived for the 517-520.
statistical model and some electrogeometric models, as well [22] R. T. Waters, "Lightning phenomena and protection systems," in
as for the IEEE Standard 1243:1997. Advances in High Voltage Engineering, ser. Inst. Elect. Eng. Power
Energy, M. Haddad and D. Warne, Eds. London U.K.: Inst. Elect. Eng.
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[23] P. N. Mikropoulos and Th. E. Tsovilis, "Interception radius and
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS shielding against lightning," 29 th Int. Conf. Lightning Protection,
Uppsala, Sweden, 2008, paper 4-10, pp. 1-11.
Th. E. Tsovilis wishes to thank the Research Committee of [24] P. N. Mikropoulos and Th. E. Tsovilis, "Interception probability and
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki for the support provided shielding against lightning," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 2,
by a merit scholarship. pp. 863-873, Apr. 2009.
[25] P. N. Mikropoulos and Th. E. Tsovilis, "Interception probability and
neighboring effects: Implications in shielding design against lightning,"
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