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SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE UNDER

CHANGING CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN

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Asian J. Env. Tech. Vol 2 No 1 2018 E-ISSN 2548-6691; Khan et. al. (2018)

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE UNDER

CHANGING CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Salman Khan*1, Laura Cristina Macias Alvarez2, and Yan Wei3
1 College
of Hydrology & Water Resources, Hohai University, China
College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Hohai University, China
2
3 School of Languages, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, China

Email: salman@hhu.edu.cn*;

ABSTRACT

Karachi, the most urbanized and industrialized city in Pakistan, plays a key role in the country’s economy.
However, this coastal city is experiencing a constant menace of environmental pollution as well as the absence
of an integrated solid waste management system. In spite of the fact that the city has a population of over 20
million producing more than 14,000 tons of municipal solid on a daily basis, an adequate solid management
system is entirely nonexistent. Consequently, posing a threat to groundwater and marine life and resulting in the
emission of greenhouse gases. The objective of this study is to highlight the current issues pertaining to the
municipal solid waste in Karachi and assess the suitability of sophisticated recycling and waste to energy
systems. In other words, this research analyzes the potential of generating energy from combustible and
putrescible solid waste in a city undergoing a critical power shortage. The results indicate the Karachi has a
potential of generating 90 Gg of methane annually through the anaerobic decomposition of biodegradable
organic waste. In addition, a well-established recycling sector can generate a revenue of over 20 million US
dollars annually while offsetting the city’s GHG emissions.

Keywords: Karachi, Municipal solid waste, GHG, climate change

INTRODUCTION contributor to global non-CO2 GHG emissions

generating 550Tg of methane gas annually [3].

Climate change and environmental degradation are
the two major challenges faced by current human
civilization. Nevertheless, there has been a
plausible emphasis on the causes, mitigation and
impacts of climate change in the scientific
community and it has been widely acknowledged
that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gas
are the leading cause of rising temperatures [1].
Moreover, waste sector is among the major
contributor to greenhouse emissions as a significant
amount of methane gas is generated during the
degradation of organic matter present in
wastewater and municipal solid waste (Fig 2).
Studies indicate that the concentration of CH4 in the
atmosphere has risen up to 1700 PPB as opposed
to 700 PPB in the pre-industrial era and the human
activities are credited to have caused 60 to 70 % of
the increase in methane concentration [2].
Municipal solid waste alone is the fourth largest
Ever-growing population and urbanization are the
major causes for amplified solid waste and
greenhouse gas generation. Despite the fact that
agriculture, livestock and fisheries sectors in rural
areas also contribute to climate change and their
influence is considerably increasing, cities have a
substantially higher carbon footprint [4].
Additionally, it is estimated that over 6 billion people
will reside in cities by 2050. The challenge of rapid
urbanization is particularly alarming in the emerging
economies of the Asian continent as they strive to
alleviate poverty and achieve food security.
Furthermore, economic growth and the demand for
an improved livelihood are leading to an
accelerated increase in solid waste generation in
these regions [5]. The generation of solid waste is
inescapable as it is composed of materials
discarded resulting from any human activity and its
volume is greatly reliant on the lifestyle of the
people as well as their socioeconomic condition [6].
Asian J. Env. Tech. Vol 2 No 1 2018
Pakistan, despite its negligible contribution to the
global greenhouse gas emissions, its per GDP CO2
is substantially higher than the developed world e.g.
Germany [7]. According to 2008 estimates, waste
sector alone was responsible for the generation of
5505 million tons of CO2 equivalent greenhouse
gas emissions in the country. Moreover, the country
is highly susceptible to the adverse impacts of
climate change due to its geographical location and
arid to semi-arid climate. Studies indicate that the
rise in global temperatures is altering rainfall
patterns over the country and consequently
exacerbating the frequency and intensity of extreme
events [8]. In addition, the mismanagement of solid
waste in the country has led to environmental as
well as social and economic issues. These issues
are further worsened by rapid urbanization, poor
infrastructure, lack of an effective recycling system
and insufficiency of funds [9]. GHG emissions are
proportionally linked with the waste generated by a
city and reducing the amount of waste is vital to
mitigate the environmental impacts [10].
Karachi, with over 20 million inhabitants, is the
largest industrial hub as well as the financial
epicenter of Pakistan. Despite its vital significance
and contribution to the country’s economy, it ranks
among the worst cities of the world in terms of
sustainability [11]. Likewise, the urban population in
the city has increased by 1500% in the past 60
years [12]. Being located in the coastal region, the
city is susceptible to the impacts of sea level rise
and storm surges. Furthermore, squatter
settlements in the city are under a constant threat of
fluvial, storm water flooding and torrents.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
estimates that the city produced 0.613 kg per capita
per day of solid waste in 2004, moreover, a
significant upswing in the solid waste generation is
anticipated by 2025. Solid waste from a typical
urban community in Karachi consist of kitchen
refuse, construction waste, garden litter and dirt and
grit from street sweeping [13]. Nevertheless, merely
a half of the municipal solid waste is collected by
the municipal corporation and disposed in the
landfills located within 30 kilometers of the city
center. The remaining half is dumped in the streets,
clogs the sewerage system in the monsoon season
and may ultimately pollute the coastal water
endangering numerous marine species [14].
E-ISSN 2548-6691; Khan et. al. (2018)
Presently, solid waste management practices in
Karachi largely focus on disposing the municipal
waste in the nearby landfills. Notwithstanding,
informal recycling is done by underage scavengers
from impoverished families with the majority of
these waste pickers being refugees and settlers
from Afghanistan[15]. Municipal solid waste is
commonly incinerated to reduce its volume and to
obtain valuable recyclable materials such as
metals. These recyclable items are a potential
source of livelihood for the impoverished
communities in the urban area [16]. Insufficient
resources and the lack of skilled manpower are
among the biggest hurdles in the path of a
sustainable development. In addition, the
unavailability and inadequacy of reliable data
pertaining to municipal solid waste is another
enormous challenge in the field of solid waste
management in the country [6].
This study provides an insight into the current solid
waste management practices in Karachi and offers
a more comprehensive approach in handling over
14,000 tons of solid waste produced by the city
dwellers every day. The aim of this study is to
estimate and segregate different constituents of the
municipal waste as well as to foresee the potential
of organized recycling and waste to energy
generation. Moreover, Integrated and sustainable
solid waste management will not only assist in
combating climate change but also provide an
alternative power generation resource in a country
undergoing a severe energy shortage. In brief, this
research proposes a sustainable solid waste
management approach in the coastal city of Karachi
by incorporating state-of-the-art recycling and
introducing waste to energy system (incineration,
thermal treatment etc.) for the city.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Karachi, located on the coast of Arabian Sea, is the
industrial, financial, commercial and cultural
epicenter of Pakistan. It covers a total area of 3,640
square kilometer with 22,594,000 (2015 estimates)
inhabitants of diverse ethnic, religious and socio-
economic backgrounds. The population of Karachi
is predicted to rise up to 27,550,000 in the next 3
year. Approximately 30% of the industrial output as
well as 95% of the country’s foreign
Asian J. Env. Tech. Vol 2 No 1 2018
trade is done through the ports of Karachi [17]. The
city lies between latitude 24 degree 15 N to 24
degree 45N and longitude 66 degree 37E to 67
degree 37 and an average elevation of 51m above
the mean sea level with the highest peak of 528m in
the north. It has a subtropical climate with warm
summers, mild winters and very brief autumn and
spring seasons. Karachi receives an annual
average rainfall of 256 mm with average high and
low temperatures of 31.7 and 20.3 degrees Celsius
respectively.
Karachi, with a coastline of 135 km along the
Arabian Sea, has the busiest ports in the region
(Fig. 1). The coastline is composed of a complex
array of creeks and the Indus river delta having
diverse marine flora and fauna. However, its coastal
ecosystem is under a constant threat of
environmental pollution due to unregulated waste
disposal and occasional oil spills. The city
generates more than 14,000 tons of domestic solid
waste on a daily basis with a 60% collection and
disposal rate. The city is governed by a mayor or
locally known as Nazim and for administrative
purpose, the city is divided into 6 districts and 18
town municipal administrations (TMAs). One of the
major responsibilities of these TMAs is to collect
solid waste from secondary collection sites and
transport it to the nearest landfill. The city has 10
waste disposal sites including two officially
designated landfills [18].
Current Status of MSW in Karachi
Solid waste management in Karachi consists
of generation, informal source and secondary reuse
and recycling, disposal, collection and transport to
Figure 2. Study Area
E-ISSN 2548-6691; Khan et. al. (2018)
the landfills. The per capita municipal waste is
estimated to be 0.613 kilogram per day which is
significantly lower than the developed nations.
However, the existing municipal solid waste
management has been deemed inadequate and
inefficient. The current solid waste management is
being carried out in the following steps:
 Source Segregation: Recyclable materials,
particularly metals are separated by the
homeowners or waste pickers and later sold at
the junk shops for revenue. The separation of
metals, discarded paper, and plastic bottles
result in significant reduction of the total waste
volume.
 Collection/Dumping: Refuse or garbage
produced by city residents is generally collected
door-to-door by waste pickers. These waste
pickers charge up to Rs 2000 (19 USD) per
household per month in affluent areas and as
low as 75 Rs (0.71 USD) per month in low
income areas [19]. The collected municipal
waste is, subsequently, either disposed into
large containers designated by the town
municipal administration or unauthorized
dumping spots or sometimes in the drains and
natural streams. This results in the blockage of
sewage system and the waste gets transported
to the ocean with the storm water during the
rainy season [14]. Recyclable materials such as
plastic bottles, metallic items and paper
products are collected by scavengers. These
scavengers belong to impoverished families and
mainly consist of war refugees from
Afghanistan. A large number of migrant children
from poor backgrounds
Figure 1. Municipal Waste and GHG Emissions
Asian J. Env. Tech. Vol 2 No 1 2018 E-ISSN 2548-6691; Khan et. al. (2018)

 are among the scavengers handpicking the Integrated Solid Waste Management for Karachi
recyclable materials in an unhygienic
Integrated solid waste management can be
environment and are oftentimes exposed to
defined as a comprehensive system that includes
several health hazards. Moreover, open burning
waste avoidance, reduction, reuse, recycling and
of solid waste is commonly carried to recover
composting with minimal landfill disposal that can
valuable materials such as metals. CO2
be implemented in an environment-friendly manner
released during the burning of fossil carbon
[21]. One of the major targets of United Nations
present in the solid waste is a significant source
Sustainable Development Goals is to significantly
of the total GHG contribution of waste sector
reduce the per capita environmental impacts of
[20].
cities by improving municipal waste management
 Transport to Landfills: There are two officially
practices [22]. Waste prevention is regarded as the
authorized landfills namely Jam Chakaro and
primary and most effective way to reduce the
Gond Pass in Karachi located in a 30 kilometer
amount of solid waste as well as combating climate
radius of the city. However, municipal solid
change. The current study aspires to achieve a
waste is commonly disposed at 8 other
sustainable management of solid waste with zero
locations in additions to the landfills. Sanitary
landfill disposal. Therefore, municipal solid waste is
landfills are non-existent in the city [18]. The
divided into two three broad categories based on
transport and disposal of waste are generally
the final treatment.
carried out in open trucks operated by the town
municipal administration.
Table 1 Current MSWM in Karachi

ZERO LANDFILL MSWM

[CATE
[CATE GORY
GORY NAME]
NAME]

[CATE
GORY
NAME]

Figure 3. Integrated SWM with Zero Landfill Figure 4. Sustainable SWM Treatment
Asian J. Env. Tech. Vol 2 No 1 2018
Waste Recycling
Waste reuse and recycling is kept at the top of the
sustainable management hierarchy. Fortunately,
the recycling industry is well established in
developing countries like Pakistan, where the
segregation and separation of reusable materials is
carried out at both source and disposal levels.
Nonetheless, there is a severe lack of reliable data
and researches regarding the amount of items
recycled in the country [16]. Other major issues
concerning recycling in developing countries are the
disregard towards the reuse of low-value
recyclables and the lack of a formal sector as well
as the well-being of waste-pickers [23]. The findings
of the present study are tabulated (Table 2) in the
Results and Discussion section.
Composting
United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12
envisions to reduce per capita global food waste at
both retail and consumer levels, and decrease food
losses during production and supply processes by
50% by 2030. The biodegradable fraction of the
municipal solid waste is decomposed into biogas by
anaerobic bacteria in the absence of oxygen.
Biogas mainly consists of methane, carbon dioxide
with trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and other
gases [24]. High humidity and temperatures of
Karachi provide an ideal environment for the
establishment anaerobic composting in the city.
Nonetheless, it must be noted that anaerobic
digesters produce inferior quality of compost in
terms of nutrients and volume reduction [25].
The study employs First order decay model to
estimate the quantity of biogas produced at the
from the anaerobic degradation of putrescible waste
[26]. Biogas, mainly consisting of CH4 and CO2, is
released during the biodegradation of organic
Where: IW = amount of municipal waste incinerated (Gg), CCW = fraction of carbon content in the waste (taken
as 0.4), FCF = fraction of fossil carbon (default 0.4), EF = Incineration efficiency (taken as 0.95)
E-ISSN 2548-6691; Khan et. al. (2018)
carbon fraction (DOC) in the solid waste. Methane
generation potential (L) can be computed as follows
[3]:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Where DDOC is the fraction of decomposable
landfill waste, DOCf is the decomposable fraction of
DOC, W is the total landfilled waste, T is the
temperature in the anaerobic zone (commonly
taken as 35 degree Celsius) and F is the
percentage of CH4 in biogas (50% recommended
by IPCC guidelines).
Thermal Treatment
Incineration of combustible waste is a highly
exothermic process and will result in a significant
amount of energy in the form of heat. However, the
amount of energy produced is dependent on the
calorific values of constituents incinerated and
requires excess oxygen. The energy generated can
be employed to run steam turbines to generate
electrical energy that can be added to the city’s grid
system. The study calculates the amount of energy
produced based on the materials with high calorific
values such as textile, paper and plastic.
Subsequently, the electrical energy is estimated by
assuming a 30% system efficiency. Results are
presented in Table 3. The amount of CO2 released
during the combustion process in calculated by the
following equation [27].
(4)
Asian J. Env. Tech. Vol 2 No 1 2018
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The study indicates that Karachi produces 14,712
tons of municipal solid waste on a daily basis. Out
of the total solid waste generated daily the fractions
of food, paper, plastic and polyethylene, leather and
rubber, glass, rags, metal, bones and wood waste
are 3237 tons, 2157 tons, 1205 tons, 1021 tons,
814 tons, 2014 tons, 325 tons, 374 tons and 536
tons respectively. Approximately 50% of the waste
generated is collected and transported to landfills
with the remaining half left and dumped in the
streets and vacant plots.
It is worth mentioning that the energy and revenue
generations are estimated based on the data
available in the existing literature. For instance, no
data was available related to the moisture content
present in the combustible waste, hence, the
energy generation potential was estimated using
the maximum calorific values of the constituents.
Based on the actual calorific value of the waste,
alternative WtE technologies such as Circulating
Fluid Bed combustion may also be considered [28].
Furthermore, the recycling of food waste (leftover
bread etc.) by dairy and livestock industries is not
considered in this study and finally, the price of
electricity was assumed to be 4.77cents per KWh in
the calculation of energy revenue.
Economic Benefits
It was observed that around 33% of the total
municipal waste generated is of recyclable nature.
E-ISSN 2548-6691; Khan et. al. (2018)
Materials like paper, metals, glass, plastic and
bones are utilized in numerous recycling industries.
The recovery of these materials present in the
municipal solid waste is estimated to generate a
revenue of up to 202,448,503 USD every year for
the city of 24 million inhabitants.
The study also indicates that there’s a large
potential of waste to energy production in the city. It
was estimated that the combustible waste, if
properly managed and collected, can produce up to
96,747 GJ of thermal energy on a daily basis. This
energy can be utilized to operate steam turbines
and generate electricity. The detailed results of WtE
through incineration are listed in Table 3.
The study also considers the recovery of methane
from decomposition of biodegradable waste via
anaerobic composting. Food and garden waste of
the city has a methane generation potential of 90.97
Gg annually (Table 4). The process also yields
organic fertilizer as a byproduct which can be used
as a soil conditioner for agricultural production.
Methane generated in this process can either be
used for domestic cooking or to generate electricity
for a city suffering from a severe energy shortage. A
yearly revenue of 18,572,522 USD can be
generated by using methane recovered from
anaerobic digestion for electricity production.
Asian J. Env. Tech. Vol 2 No 1 2018
Table 2. Waste to Energy (Incineration)
Environmental Benefits
The study predicts that an integrated management
of municipal waste will result in numerous positive
impacts on the city’s as well as the global
environment. The recovery of methane from
landfills and biodegradation of food and garden
waste will bring about a considerable reduction in
the city’s total greenhouse emissions. In addition,
the use of methane for electricity generation will
decrease the CO2 released from the combustion of
fossil fuels. Despite the release of greenhouse
gases in burning methane (Table 5), it is anticipated
that the integrated system will leave a far less
severe impact on global climate.
Table 3. Methane Recovery from Anaerobic
Composting
E-ISSN 2548-6691; Khan et. al. (2018)
Table 4. Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Socio-economic Benefits
The implementation of an integrated solid waste
management system is expected to have a
considerable positive impact on the socio-economic
condition of the city’s population. The establishment
of waste to energy and formal recycle industries will
create new jobs for the city residents and will have
a holistic positive influence on the city’s economy.
Sustainability in the solid waste management is
expected to improve the livelihood as well as the
general health and well-being of the 24,000,000
people living in Karachi.
CONCLUSION
In this study, an attempt is made to propose a
comprehensive approach by integrating different
waste management practices into the municipal
solid waste of Karachi for a sustainable future of the
city. It is revealed that each resident produces
approximately 0.613 of solid waste per day making
the total amount of municipal solid waste to be
14,712 tons. Moreover, this study outlines the
potential of generating energy from the incineration,
and anaerobic degradation of solid waste.
Asian J. Env. Tech. Vol 2 No 1 2018
It is estimated that up to 96,747 GJ of thermal
energy can be produced from the incineration of
combustible waste. Additionally, approximately
90.95 Gg of methane can be produced from the
anaerobic biodegradation of food and other
putrescible waste in the city. The recycling industry
can be enhanced and upgraded to generate a
revenue of 20 million USD annually. Furthermore,
the compost produced during the anaerobic
process can assist in improving the water holding
capacity of Karachi’s sandy soils while offsetting the
energy requirements for synthetic chemical
fertilizers. In a nutshell, it is anticipated that the
capture of methane gas and recovery and reuse of
recyclable materials from the municipal solid waste
will significantly reduce Karachi’s total GHG
emissions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author expresses sincere thanks to Exceed
Swindon who support author to participate
International conference "Advanced Technology in
waste water and waste management for extractive
Industries" October 23-26th 2017 in Bali, Indonesia.
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