LOWTRAN 7 USers Guide

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Users guide to LOWTRAN 7
Article · January 1988
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AFGL-TR-88-04 77
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PAPERS, NO. 1010
II
.0Users Guide to LOW-RAN 7
F.X. KNEIZYS G.P. ANDERSON

E.P. SHETTLE W.O. GALLERY
L.W. ABREU J.E.A. SELBY
J.H. CHETWYND S.A. CLOUGH
!•' A ELECo TE
16 August 1988 APR1 198T9T
E( Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
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I1. TITLE (Include Security Classificaton)
Users Guide 'To Lo)WTRA-N 7
12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) F.X., KNEIZYS, n.P. SHETTLE, L.W. ABREU, J.H. CHETWYND, G.P. ANDERSON, W.O.
GALLERY*, J.E.A. SELBY**, S.A. CLOUGH***
13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Mnth, Day) 1S. PAGE COUNT
Scientific, Interim FROM__ TO__ 1988 August 16 146
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION * Optimet rics, Inc.
S* Grumman Aerospace, Inc.
*** Atmospheric Environmental Research, Inc.
17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse ifnecessary and identify by block number) atmospheric
FELD I GROUP SUB-GROUP transmittance; atmospheric radiance; multiple scattering; solar/
04 01 lunar irradiance; radiative transfer; aerosols, clouds; attenua-
20 I 06 _tion; LOWTKAN: computer code; ultraviolet; visible; infrared.
19. AB TRACT (Continue on reverse if necessaryand idenltfy by block number)
___
. I LOWTRAN 7 is a ]ow-respolution propagation model and computer code for predicting
atmospheric transmittaoce andý background radiance from 0 to 50,000 cm- 1 at a resolution of
20 cm-1. The code is based on the LOWTRAN 6 (1983) model. Multiple scattered radiation has
boon added to the model as well as new molecular band model parameters and new ozone and
molecular oxygen absorption parameters for the UV. Other modifications include a wind dependent
desert model, new cirrus cloud models, and new cloud and rain models. The code also includes new
representative (q ographical and seasonal) atmospheric models and updated aerosol models with
options to replace them with user-derived values. An improved extra-terrestrial solar source
function is also included. Six modes of program execution are allowed with the new model and
computer code for a given slant path geometry.
This report contains a description to users for operating the LOWTRAN 7 computer code.
It summarizes the capabilities of the new code, provides complete operating instructions as
welt as input and output from test cases for user validati on. Alcsi included are operating
inst -uctions for three programs that utiliz?, LOWTRAN 7 output (plot, filter and scanning
function programs) i" - " ''. t .... ' ' " "" . "
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22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (ticiudeArea Code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL
FRANCIS X. KNEIZYS (637)3'77-3654 1 AFGL/OPE
DD FORM 1473, JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete. SECURITY CL ASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
UNCLASSIFIED
Preface
This report is the AFGL Users Guide to operating LOWM'AN 7. A more. detailed scientific report
describing the basic physical assumptions and theories utilized by the LOWrRAN models as well as the
documented verification of the code will be forthcoming In a separate report.
Section 1. 1 contains a brief discussion of the LOWITRAN model followed by a description of the
basic capabilities and the additional features added to the LOWTRAN 7 computer code. Section 2
discusses the code structure, portability and availability. The complete operating instructions for
LOWTRAN 7 are described In Section 3. Section 3 includes detailed explanations for the various modes
of execution of the program, tlle many choices of utilizing models (molecular, aerosols and or
particulates) included in the code, as well as the different methods of replacing these models by user
inserted data.
A discussion of 4 test cases and a description of the program output to tapes 6. 7. and 8 are
included in Section 4.
The three Appendixes describe the LOWTRAN 7 plot program, filter lunction program and inwly
written scanning function program.
FAccesion For
TIS A&I '
} TIC TA8
UoannounceO j
Juttfcatiori
Distribution I
Availability Codes
SDs Avail dild/Ol

DistI'I
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The LOWUZAN 7 Model 1
2. DISCUSSION OF LOW 'hAN 7 CODE 4

2,1 LOWVTRAN 7 Code StruCure 5
2,2 Portability 5
2,3 ExecUt ion Field Length is
2.4 Availability 18
3. INSTRUCTIO14S FOR USING LOWFRAN 7 19

3.1 Input )ata and Forimats 19
3,2 Basic Instructions 20
3.2.1 CAIR) 1: MODEL,, HY'PE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, MI2, M3,
M4, M5, M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRT, TBOUND, SALB3 21
3,2.2 CARD 2: !t LAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, !CSTL, !CLD. IVSA.
VIS, WSS. WlHt, AITNRT, GNDALT 23
3.2,2.1 Optional Cards Following Card 2 27
3.2.3 CARD 3: 111. H2. ANGLE, RANGE, BETA, RO, LEN 34
3.2.3.1 Alternate Card 3 for Transmitted Solar or Lunar Irradiance (IEMSCT 3) 36
3.2.3.2 Optional Cards Following Card 3 37
3.2,4 CAIRD 4: V1, V2, DV 40
3.2.5 CARD 5: IRI" 40
3.3 Non-Standard Conditions 41
3.3.1 Additional Atmospheric Model (MODEL = 7) 42
3.3.2 HoIlzontal Paths (MODEL = 0) 42
3.3.3 User Inserted Values for Atmospheric Gases (MODEL = 0 ur 7) 42
3,3,4 User hIserted Values for Aerosol Scalinof Factors (MODEL = 0 or 7) 43
3.3.5 User Inserted Values for Cloud and Rain Rates (MODE, = 0 or 7) 43
3.3.6 Replacemelt of Aerosol or Cloud Models (IILAZE = 7 or ICLD = 11) 43
Iv
Contents
4. EXAMPLES OF PROGRAM OUTPUT 44
1.1 Case 1: Single and Multiple Scattered Solar Radiance 4.1

4.2 Case 2: Thermal tH-diance (t
4.3 Case 3: Atmospheric Transmittance 93
4.4 Case 4: Direct Solar Irradlance 93
4.5 Description of Tape 7 and Tape 8 93
4.5.1 Tape 7 Output 93
4.5.2 Tape 8 Output 115
REFERENCES 117
APPENDIX A: LOWI'RAN 7 PLOT PROGRAM 120
APPENDIX B: LOWTRAN 7 FILTER FUNCTION PROGRAM 129
APPENDIX C: LOWTI'AN 7 SCANNING FUNCTION PROGRAM 135
V
Illustrations
1. LOWTRAN 7 Main Program Structure 6

2. Program Structure for the Aerosol and Non-Standard Model Subroutines 7
3. 'rogram Struciure for lic Air Mass Geomctry Subroutines 8

4. Program Structure for the Single Scattering Geometry Subroutincs 9
5. Program Strmcture for the Transmittance Subroutines 10
6. Single and Multiple Scattered Solar Rtadiance (Case 1) 65
7. Multiple Scattercd Radiance and a Standard Radiance Calculation,
Conse•-vative Scattering (Case 2) 66
8. Atmospheric Transmittance with an Elevated Surface of 1.5 kin (Case 3) 94
9. Directly Transmitted Solar Irradiance (Case 4) 95
Al. Plot Program Structure 127
B1. Filter Program StrUCture 133
vi
Tables
1. Description of LOWMRAN 7 Subroutines 11

2, Description of AERNSM Siibroutincs 12
3. Description of AIR MASS Subroutines 13
4. Description of SSGEO Subroutines 14
5. Description of TRANS Subroutines 15. 16
6. Description of Block Data Subroutines 17

7. LOWTRAN CARD 1 Input Parameters: MODEL. ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT and NO1I1I" 23
8. LOWT'RAZN CARD 2 Input Parameter: IVULCN 25

9. Default Wind Speeds for Different Model Atmospheres 27
10. LOWTPAN CARD 2 Input Parameters: IIIAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, VIS 28

11. LOWIIRAN CARD 2 Input Parameter: ICLD 29
1 IA. The Association of the JCHAR(J) Subscript (J=l, 14) with the Variables P1,T and WMOL 32
12. The VX Array with the Required Wavelengths for the Multiply Read CARD 2D2 35
13. Dcfault Values of the Earth Radius for Diflerent Model Atmospheres 35
14. Allowable Combinations of Slant Path Paramieters 37
14A. CARD 3A2; Options for Different Choices of IPARM 39
15. LOWThARN CARD 4 and CARD 5 Input Parameters: V1, V2, DV, HlUlT ,1
16. Input Cards for Test Cases 4,5
17. Program Output for Case 1 ,16-62
vii
Tables
2 6 7-92Q
18. lProgia~i Out put to, is
1(-0
1 9, 1'rogrdl ii Ouitpu't for Ciise 3
10,1-113
20. Piogriatti Ouit puit lo" Case,; -1
]128
A1. Description of' Plot PI-0jal ii1 Si ib roui ties
13.1
131I. Description of l.OWTRAN Filt er Programn SuhUroi lutes-
Users Guide to LOWTRAN 7
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The LOWTRAN 7 Model

The LOWI'NAN 7 model1 oand collilnitCe codeC Ca1'lulates atmiospheric t rais;iiiit tanee aind
backgromidtc radiance for at given atmospheric path at l0W SpeC~trl' resolu1tionl, Trhis ver-sion is, anl
extensýioni and update of the current code, LONVIlRAN 62 (anld its predtecessor's LOW\VTRAN 5-1
LOWVTI'AN 4-4, LOWTPAN 3B35 , I.OWIBAN 3rl, and LOWNVIAN 27). All the options and capabilities of the
LOWI'PAN 6 code have been retained.
(Received for- I'ublication 15 Aiigusl 19881)
Model, (in preparation).

2. nEizivLys, FX., S1liett le, E. P., (iallm" N, 0V..,Chet wyna. J.11 .. Alhrci i, I MW., Selhy, iA.,
.E. Cloi gh S,8)A.,
anld Fenin, NW. (1983) A IN10Sp~lwrir 'Frarisritittazrwe/1.diuh cc: ComtIIilter Code 1,011/FRAN 6i,
AMGI-TRI-S3-0187, (NTIS Al) A1377963),
3. Kneizys. -X.. S1let t'le, E'. I.. G allery. WA.0,cl letwkynd, , .11., Aj-ri ia. L.W.. Selby, J.1'>A.. Feniit. R.W.
and ?vicdlatchecy,Rl.A. (1 980) Atrumosplieric 7Vanlseiittat we/1?Ladfarie: (?omopuiter code
LOWTUAIV 5. ARIL-TR-80-00677, AD) A0586,13.
4.Sly L.Kezs .. Catv~,J. .1,adMCa.lcN. (1978) Atiuosp) acne
Trws~aitn~ce/adauc':ComputerCode LOlA/FRAN 4. AFGl,-TR-7S-0053, All A058643
5. Selby, J.EA., Shiet tie, EYl., and Mcdlatchey, RNA. (1976) Aftno-spheric TyatsmOlla~it(TceC/UoIil 0.235
IL)2,1.5 urn: SuZIc~in(IcIII 1.0WFRAN 313. AFVGI,-TR-7G 025-8, Al) AO,107() 1..
6. Selby. 3Pa nd Mcdlatcelay, . A (1975) AIaojlcj Y11T 1 oierii0.25 t() 28.5 11711:
Compider Code LOIITRAN i. AFCRL-TP-75-0255,3 AL) AO 1773-1.
7. Selby. 3.E-A. and Mcdeh~l(lcy, R.A. (1972) Almosplieric trwehonO.~
0-9!--, to 28.5 wor :
Corupitter Code LOXWrIRAN 2, AFCINL-TR-72-07415, Al) 763721.
Ili c LO\VFNAN 7 code cale idatrza at mlos p)lIer.ic I ra I si IIit ta I ice, at IiI IicI icbchg Ioi I I I adI
IS in(
I w'c,
SIingle scati ere~ solai adi 1(1 i ar tadialace, direct solar ti1ad lai ce, andi id inltip c sca 1tcn d sol.1ar id
t1icriilal radiaiicc. The sjiuctral Ie(solitlfoil oftile iiiodel is 20 ell)i (111l1 width ii at bll- miaximiinii) inl
Steps ofi 5t) cI1 f roin 0 to 50,000 ciii (0'.2 pill to tintfility). A sin gle-pImxii iiutci 'i'ilid model is uSed Fol.
1iiolcciilar linei absou-ptliou anid tI effciteds of moleculai coui 10tin v lvi in ;il )5ii p11(11 iollecuiLli
scatteciii g, aerosol, .n yriiicrasr li u~ scat terluig ;r iC incli ided . Pet, ac'tion an d carthI
eni11vatuirc :11c conisidered ill tile caloi iit ionl of' (le atiiiospllelle slantl p;al ii ai d at tei ma't ion allinoiiits
along tlie pathI. Rpli-eseit at lye ati losplicr1tc, aerosol, clolld(, ariul rail i lilodels dUce prov~.ided ill tiltICCOd
wvithiOpt ioins to replace ti1cum wIit Ii Isoi-;iovided theioretitcal or- nucastirled vAlles.
A ne aC tiiio-spicric dat a base, cou isist ii i of' separ-ate ii iolccnlar piot de (0 to 100 1(11l) for t h irteen
(13) miinor a lid] 1raeC gases is pi-ovidcd [or7 use withI th LcIOXVFR.AN 7 imodel. Six urfci irej at ii ospl inre-s
cach i d'iiffli g tempel)ratue prc.lissu ie. deni sity adil iiiuiig iatits I0 -or I11)0.( , C'I 14.1 CO, ai iA N-2O. all ais a
liiiict ionl of alt it id (scleeted fromii lie- U.S. 6t an dard Siupplemienit s 19601A ii d theI U. S. St IIam lai
Atim osphiere 1976()1) allowv I inoige- of'cliniatological choitccs.
Separiate baind models and lx o d Ii iodcl ahsoiit ion )il ~llet cis developed( liy Pi 1 ili issi anid
Maragoi dakisi I are Inch ided In li th LOWTRAN 7 imodel and code 1')i thli fri 1ii iis 110 31ailc
NP,. CIT.1. CO. 02, CO 2 , NO, NO., Nill1 . ;iil( SO2 . AtialytiI \ilfisiii
-. oiii fIictiwi-slO (oli il)le-cXpioliil~t i,11)
replace imii riiieal tables, usedt ill livv\iois LO\VI'HAN mooio(Cs '11 P.C dI s welc (IlevcioJ)cd withI anld
oll
bas~ckl oxil degradedi line -by -lii ie spectra 12 aind validlatud agai ladmraitory ii icasil* ii1wic is.
The water vapor cofl ittiti ilii absorpt ion al 1t) pill was inodd led froi t I a of LOWFRAN G3.Tilec
sell -denlsityl dependent colit iou u inI absorpt ion Vallicis ill I hiS, le0g:1
io WI IC C itld wd ap poiOii i iatcly 20
Pl-crciit basc-wl oil thu cli's lahon t ory lira~sti I nilelts 3, 11 alndj tht- at iiiu~spl cite I, ikcasi i-ileiiiits of I lev~ir
ct at. i
8. Aiidnrsoii, (3P.. Clouighi. S.A., Knecizy-S. I'.X. . Clielwyi id, Jl.1L., anid( SI itt ic, E-P, ( 1986) AlR 1.
AlmtosPlteric C~Oisistilntr Prolides (() 120 ktiij. AFGI.-TU-8t3-( 110, Al) A1 75173.
9. NASA (19636) U. S. Sitattdnrc Almnosjll ire "i iJpl( 11ittes. I 966. h.S. (3ovc II m1ciii IIiiit iiig) 01-lice,
10. NASA (19763) Ui.S. loihrAiiO))en iIp'iii,19)70. U . S. G'overnmeniii t Il

'iiiit iiig 01icr.
Wasliiigton, D)c.
11. lciiiti1issi, ~J.H . anid N'laagoildahis. C.. (t1986) AMo&ciihir lJiefiismissnitl Baund Alodh'ls Jot1
1XOtVi',AN, AFGL-TIZ-St-0272. At) AlSO(Th'.
12. Clotigli S.A., Kiieizys, FX. tle, LIT.. anid Aniderson, GY.
.Sliet 1 (1986) At i ispheicradi11( anc aIi 1(
trat srinittat ce: FASCO)2 , I roc. offi U e iM? Confeircricc ont A lminsp licric lRadiulintiili,
Williamisburtg, VA, Americani M~t torological Society. B ostoin. MA. 1.Il1 1 I.11
13, Buiirhi, 1).. and Alt, R.L. (1981) Contirauiimt Absoipioii hl H.f)0 iiiHic 70)( 1200 cmi wIial 2.100
2800J cm- I Winidows, A17GL-T1P-8.l-0 128, At) Al 17391
I14. Buirchi. t).I'2 (1985) Absorptlioni hi, 112 in Narrow Wtiridlos h -iwci tee 00) nmiu 41200 ciii 1 , Ai'C,-
TR-85 0036, AL) A I G0-48.
1b. Devir, A.D.. tlici SI zoiii. A.. L~ipsoni, S.('.. ( )Iilnleiimii Ritxtk. 1L.(1985) A1iouspflueltiU
z-tj~..iid
'lT,misiiiilorict' Measurctiu ins: Comlii1xinsoii ioirli LOW1IRAN 6, Le oi AA/OS) 85. T~clhii ioni-
Ilsacl hiisitui
ole;f'Teelmix o~ox H aifa M2000 Israel.
2
New uliraviolet absurptiolo 1 afnle r r llloleclilar ox,,ygeni (Schi~luitat n-Pl nge hatis.llie ri~cberCIg
colittimnitii) have been aidded to thc codc1.>t.17,18. 19. The absioipt iou iidat for 0z III thits rcgilot
2
(1lailley and li ng~iiis l)Ui-1s) has beenl updlated or. Improved based on ninre recet it data 1.22,23.24
includhin Ilie addition of I iie tlr-~~dltabsoipt lol coeffltctnts-,
A inimproved exmtcra-I etst rial sla source tntI- fLet0101 IS Iisclnule( hI the( I .0\WH'AN 7 model. The
dataI for this fiiiit ion are based, onl the Work of vaxil luosier. et a12 5-.2 Neekel and Labs52 7 . Werhl1 2 8,
anid Thckealkar-a .2 It cover-s tlie spccti-al region iroml 0 to 57,47 (cIliI and is gel niclly conipatilble
wvith the resolut ion of ilie mnolecular ab~soipt lol paramieters of the LOWTIRAN miodel.
16. Yoshino, K., Clinting. A.S-C, Esnliond, J!R- IParbinson, W.H .. Freemlan. D.E.. Guberiiiali, S.L.-
Jetiouvrter, A.. Cocpiart, 1.,and Merieinie, M.F. (1988) Inpipoved Absorpt ioui Cross Sections of
Oxygen Ill the Wavelenigthi Region 205-240 11111 of the I leeei-/Ig Conttiniuum1, Mlloet. Space Sci.
36:1469-1475.
17. Johnston, H.S., Paige, M., anud Yao, F. (19841) Oxygen absolfltoit cross sections ill the Ilen'.berg
contittiiiin and betwveen 206 and 327K. J. Geoplu is. Res. 89:11661 -1 16(35.
18. Shiardaniand il1977) Nit rogeii- indi iced absorpIt ion of' oxygen inl the I Ierz1erg couit iilhiml, J. g)uan1.
Specltrosc. Raia~lf. ')-carzs/c(r 18:5925-530.
19, Fredericki, J.P. and HuIidsont, TZ 1). (1979) PredP-ssociat ion hixiewidt us aind oscillator st reng~ths, for
th~e (2-0) to (13-0) Sclilinlaxurl-RtIxIge flandI(s o102, .J. AMolc. Spectro-sc. 74:2417-258,
20. Yoshiiio, K., Freemuan, 1. j .,i; and Pa~iitnson. W. ii (i981l) Altlas of the Schinn talmi-Ri lge
absorption bands of 09), ill the wavelength region 175-205 1111., J. 1'las. Cliern. 13:207.
21. BsA.M, and Pam-i, RdJ. (1985) The lilt i violet Cross- Set ions of Ozone. 1. Meosnri lellicts. ill
Atmosph11 eric Ozone, 1ProO(l vv~Inqs -),~1/ic Qtgumbto, iaIOI OzuC 6111`11pOS ilIll ill Ihllkidldk, GWCrmee,
editedl b)y C. Zeferos and A, Gliaz, pp. 606-616, 1). Reidel. hIc.
'22 , Volitna, L.T. and Molina. M.J. (1986) Absolute Absorption Cross Sectitoils of Ozonle ill the
185-35() nuni Waveleigihi Range, 1. (1copluls. Res. 91:14501-1-4509.
23 . Yosliino K., Freernatii, D).ES., Fsinonci. JR., anld Parkinson, \V.H . (1 988j Absolute, Absorp~tion Cross
Sect ion Measilcielnellts5 of Gone Ili ilie Wavelengt h Region 238-3:35 11111 and thle Tenipen~ralit
1)ependlexice, Plainet. Space, Sci. 36:395-39S.
21.caccialjit M., din-irra, XÀ., and Fiocc. . 1 ( 1987) 1 i aon'M ~'~~I f the Ozone,
Absor-pt ion Coetticients ili thle Wavelength Region 3.39-3(32 1111 at D)ifferenit TemiperattnII-es,
D)ept . of' PhyIsics, University oflk'olna~ - La Saplenza, Italy, Iut ernal Note No, 882.
25. \'ail loosier. Ml.E. I artoie, J,.1.. Bhrueckner, G(VI>, and Priliz. D),K. (1988) Absolutte Solar- Spectiral
Iii-adiance, 120 11111-100 1111 (Nest ills from thle Solar, Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiaince Moutiior-
SSIJiM-LxENIi-inint onl liobard Spaceilab 2. As~io. Lket, unard C0111011 utcaiorits 27:1631- 168.
"26. Van 1loosier, M. 1> and H rtiiecket. GCl> (19,87) Solar Uilt raviolet SpedI-I nlIrr-ad lanIce Mon itor
(SISINI) : Ca ibrhiat ion Rest illts fr-oni Sliacel- b 2, 11ioccc(lii ls ofi the 8i11 Wolks) 101) oil Vacilll 11
1Il1ra liolet PcidioiciericCttliblwiiion oj Spice Expcriiiiciits. 19 Mvar-ch 19)87.
27. Neckel, 11. and L.abs, I). (18I)1'lie, solar- rdiaNt ionl betweeii 3300 at tO 1250() A, Solatr-P VIlljs.
28. \Veli ili, Chi. (19,85) E',xt- Wricoesial Solar SpccInivi t. Putblicatloln No. 6-15. Jill 185
IIisl
vska
-N etco Ug ielit~sObsoen'atorilnnl and WVorld Radial ionl Cenit ci, ('11-7260 Davos
D~orf, Sw\itzcrlanid.
2.9. II ickeahetaý. MY, P (107,1) Lx xt(e nest vial Solatl- Sj wet illi. 30t)0- 6100 A at I Ak Intivie els, App!.
Opt. 13:518-522.
3
An efficient and accurate multiple scattering paramneterizalion3 0 ' 3 1 has been implplemenlted in
the LOWTRAN model based on the two stream approximation and an adding method for comubiniing
atmospheric layers. An interface scheme was also developed using the k-distribiitioil method to
match the multiple scattering approach to the LOWTRAN band model calculation of mlolecular gaseous
absorption. The error of the multiple scattering paramncterization in solar and thernal radiance -
calculations considering all possible viewing angles is estimated to be less than 20 percent.
,'or LOWTRAN 7, all the existing aerosol models and the rain model in the previous LOWTRAN 6
model were extended through the millimeter wavelength region. in addition, the N,ývy Maritime
model was modified to improve its wind speed dependence for the large particle component.* Water
cloud models (cumulus, stratus, altostratus, strato-stratocumulus and nimbostratus) from
FASCOD2 12 have also been added. Two new cirrus cloud models with a realistic wavelength
dependence and separate absorption, scattering and asymmetry parameters were developed for
3 2 33
LOWrRAN 7 as well as a new aerosol model for desert conditions with a wind speed (lpendence. ,
The program now provides for modified aerosol profiles over elevated surfaces, commonly referred to
34
as the "Denver' case.
For the stratospheric aerosols, additional combinations of the wavelength dependent extinction
coefficient models (background stratospheric, aged volcanic or fresh volcanic) and the vertical
distribution profiles (background and moderate, high or extreme volcanic), are available. The
background stratospheric extinction model has been modified to utilize new refractive index data and
35
size distribution measurements.
2. DISCUSSION OF LOWTRAN 7 CODE
This section describes the LOWITRAN 7 program structure. Six tables are inciuded that contain
names and descriptions of each subroutine and block data i ,utine as they appear within the program
stnrcture. Section 2.1 presents five figures depicting the program structure. Section 2.2 discusses
program portability, FORtRANt compatibility, precision, and some specific conmments related to
20. lsaacs, R.G., Wang, W-C., Worsham. R.D., and Goldber;, S. (1986) Multiple Scattering "Treatment -e"
for use in the LOWTRAN and FASCODE Models, AFGL-TR-86-0073, AD Al 73990.
31. lsaacs, R.G., Wang, W-C., Worsham, RD., and Goldcnberg, S. (1987) Multiple Scattering
LOWIRAN and FASCODE Models, Appl. Opt. 26:1272-1281,
32. Longtln. DR., Sheltle, E.P., Huinmel, J.R., and Pryce, J.D. (1988) A Desert Aerosol Model lor
Radiative Transfer Studies, pg. 261-269 in Aerosols and Climate, ed. by P.V. Hobbs and M.11,
McCormick, A. Deepak Publishing. Hampton. VA.
33. Longtin, D.R., Shettle, E.P.. Hummel. J.R.. and Pryce, J.D. (1988) A Wind Depcrndernt Desert-
Aerosol Model: RadgaLive Properties, AFGL-TR-68-0112.
34. Shettle, E.P. (1989) Conmments on ihe Use of LO"VTFAN in Transmission Calculations for Sites
with Ground Level not at Sea Level, to appear in Appl, Opt. 28.
35. Huummel, J.R., Shetile, E.P., and Longtin, D.R. (1988) A New Backgrouind STratosplhericAerovol
Model for use in Atmospheric Radiation Models, AFGL.TR-88-fJ166.
Gathman, S. (1 988) Private Communication.
4
implementation of the program. Section 2.3 contains pertinent information on the programl
execution field length, and lastly Section 2.4 describes the availability of thi programi package.
2.1 LOWTRAN 7 Code Structure

A graphical representation of the LOWTMAN 7 main program structure is depicted in Figure 1.
The structure for non-standard model, air mass, single scattering geotnetiy, and transmittance
modules are shown in Figures 2 through 5 respectively. Descriptions of the major executable
subroutines shown In Figure 1 arc given in Table 1. The subroutines in the non-standard model, air
mass, single scattering geometry and transmittance modules are explained in Tables 2 through 5
respectively. Table 6 contains a brief description of the Block Data subroutintcs.
2.2 Portability
LOWTRAN 7 was developed oni a CDC CYBER (a 60 bit-per-word machine) with the FORTRAN'Z 77
(FORTRAN 5) compiler. A major effort has been made to give LOWTMAN 7 the capability to run in
sing'e precision on a 32 bit-per-word computer.
LOWTRAN 7 uses four files:
1. INPUT, read on UNIT = 5, containing LOWTRA.N input directions. Maximum record length Is
80 characters.
2. OUTPUT, written on UNIT = 6, containing the standard LOWTRAN output.
3. TAPE7, written on UNIT = 7, containing copies of the input. cards and the spectral results
(transmittance and/or radiance). Used as input by plot, filter and scanning flunction programs (see
app'mdixes).
4. TAPE8, written on UNIT = 8. containing the transmittance for each individual gas. W1t1en
running in the radiance mode the user may direct additional output to TAPE8 in one of the ifolk Wing
ways:
a. The black body and dilfferential transmittance layer values for the line of sight
or when running with multiple scattering
b. The thermal and solar vertical fluxes by layer.
Th!e unit numbers for these files are stored in the variables IRD(= 5). IPR(= 6). IPU(= 7). IIPRI(= 8).
which are carried in the common block IFIL. These files are accessed using OPEN statements in the
main program.
I-or computers with virtual mieioiy, the program must be compiled with "GLOBAL SAVE" or the
local equivalent. Otherwise, information relating to the phase function is initialized in a first call to
a subroutine, but lost in subseqent calls.
"-l
1 ,, cirrus cloud model includes an option to generate cirrus clouds at randonm altitudes. This
option calls the machine dependent random iumber generator functionl subroutine RANF, which is
called from RANDOM. The user will have to supply the local equivalent of tANE.
The user may find It useful to have the date and time printed at the beginning of each case. The
statements required to do this are commented out in the main 1'rogran1 with 'C@' in columlins 1 and 2.
The subroutines FDATE and FCLOCK, whlich return the date and k`,ne in A8 folnlat, are commented
I-IV
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__ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
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Table 1. Description of LOWTMAN 7 Subroutines
LWP'RN 7 - Main driver program. Reads control cards.

MARINE - Determines aerosol extinction and absorption coefficients for the Navy
maritime model.
RDNSM - Reads user input data when MODEL 7 and VSA options are selected,
JOU - Interpretive routine for JCHAR.
CHECK - Units conversion for pressure 3nd temperature.
DEFALT - Chooses a stored atmospheric profile and interpolates default values for
a specific altitude.
CONVRT - Accommodates uniform data input for model 0 oi 'i.
WATVAP - Computes water vapor number density (tool c1-3 ) to accommodate
"JCttAR" definitions specified by user.
RDEXA - IIIAZE 7 or ICLD 11 triggers up to 4 regions of user input.
AERNSM - Defines model atmosphere, aerosol profile and cloud profile.
CIRRUS - Generates altitude profiles of cirrus cloud density.
RANDOM - Calls machine-dependent function RANF. that is a uniform random
number generator.
VSA - Army vertical structure algorithm of aerosol extinction and relative
humidity for low visibility/low ceiling conditions.
SUBSOL - Calculates the subsolar point angles based upon time and day.
STDMDL - Sets up scaled densities from the model atmosphere.
CEO - Driver for air mass subroutines. Calculates attenuator amounts for the
slant path. (GEO can be called by both SSGEO and the main driver.)
AERTMP - Defines temperature for each aerosol altitude region.
SSGEO - Obtains attenuator amounts from scattering points along optical path to
the extraterrestial source.
EXABIIN - Loads aerosol extinction, absorption and scattering.
EWULWC - Calculates liquid water content of standard aerosols.
TRANS - Calculates transmittance, atmospheric radiance, and solar/lumar
scattered radiance for slant path. Sets up data for double exponenitial
band model. Evahlates vertical profiles of optical quantities rcujuircd
for nmliiple scattering calculations.
11
Table 2. Dcscripticn of AERNSM Subroutines
AERNSM - Defines model atmosphere, aerosol profile and cloud profile.

CIRR18 - New cirrus profile and new optically thin cirrus profile,
FLAYZ Final LOWTRAN altitude boundaries.
JOU - Interpretive routine for JCHAR.
CHECK - Units conversion for Pressure and Temperature.
DEFALT - Chooses a stored atmospheric profile and interpolates default valucs
for a specific altitude.
CONVRT - Acconmnodates unifonr data input for MODEL 0 or 7.
WATVAP - Computes water vapor number density (t0ol cm-i3 ) to aeccommodate
"JCHAR" definitions specified by user.
VSANSM - Used with VSA and MODEL 7.
LAYVSA - Layering of atmosphere with VSA model.
LAYCLD - Layering of atmosphere with ICLD 1 to 11.
MARINE - Determines aerosol extinction and absorption coefficients for the Navy
maritime model.
DESAFI' - Determines aerosol extinction and absorp-tion coefficients.
CLDPRF Standard cloud profiles.
AERfRF - Compute density profiles for aerosols.
12
Table 3. Description of AIR MASS Subroutines
GEO - Driver for air mass subroutines. Calculates attenuator amounts for
the slant path
GEOINP - Interprets geometry Input parameters into the standard form 111 112,
ANGLE, and LEN.
FNDHMN - Calculates 1tMIN, the minimum altitude along the path and PI 11, the
zenith angle at H2.
REDUCE - Eliminates slant path segments that extend beyond the highest profile
altitude.
FDBETA - Calculates angle, given HI1, H2, and BETA by iteration.
RFPATH - Detemitnes the refracted path and the absorber amounts through all
the layers.
FILL - Defines the boundaries of the slant path and interpolates densities at
these boundaries.
LAYER - Calculates the path and amounts through one layer.
I RADREF - Computes radius of curvature of the refracted ray for a horizontal path.
FINDSH - Finds layer boundaries and scale height at ground for index of
refraction.
SCALHT - Calculates scale height of index of refraction.
ANDEX - Computes index of refraction at a specific height.
EXPINT - Perlorns exponential interpolations for the geometiy Iotutincs.
13
Table 4t. Description of SSGEO Subruntlijuts
SS(CEO - Obtains attenuator amounts froin scattering points along opti al palth
to the extraterrestrial source.
PSII)1I, - Calculates the relative azimuth between the line of sight ald the diiect
solar/lunar path.
PSI - Returns solar azinnith relative to line-of-sight at culrrenl scattering
location,
D)EL - Returns solar zenith angle at any poInt along optical path.
GI1) - Driver for air mass subroutines. Calculates attenu.ator aullouuzits for
the slant path.
SCTANG - Returns the scattering angle at anly point along the optical path.
14
Table 5. Description of TRANS Subroutines
TRANS Calculates transmittance, atmospheric radiance, and solar/lunar

scattered radiance for slant path. Sets up data for double exponential
band model. Evaluates vertical profiles of optical quantities required
for multiple scattering calculation.
MAPMS - Mapping routine from line of sight to veil ical path.
CXDTA - Locates coefficient for double exponential.
C4DTA - Returns N2 continuum absorption coefficient at required wavenumber.
ABCDTA - Moves double exponential coefficients into new arrays.
SLF296 - Loads self-broadened water vapor continuum at 296°K. __
SLF260 - Loads self-broadened water vapor continuum at 260'K.
FIZN296 - Loads foreign-broadened water vapor continuum at 296'K.
SINT - Performs interpolation for water vapor contronuni
C6DTA - Returns Rayleigh molecular scattering attenuation coefficient at required
wavernumber.
C8DTA - Returns Chappuis o;zone visible absorption coefficient at required
wavenumber (13000 to 24200 cn- 1 ).
ttN03 - Determines nitric acid absorption coefficient at required wavenumber.
AERE-I - Interpolates aerosol attenuation coefficients and asymmetry parameter
to required wavenumber.
GAMFOG - Computes attenuation of equivalent liquid water content in clouds.
INDEX - Calculates real and imaginary part of refractive index of water.
I DEBYE - Calculates wavenumber dependence of dielectric constant of water.
tlERTDA - UV 0 2 i-Herzberg continuum - analytic function.
SCHRUN - UV 02 Schumann-Runge band model parameters.
03111ITO - UV 03 Hartley band temperature dependent coefficient: constant tenn
(24370 to 40800 er- 1 ).
03INT - Interpolation for Hartley band.
O3HHTI - LUV 03 lartley band temperatLure dependent coefficient: linear term.
O31NT - Interpolation for Hartley band.
15
Table 5. Descriptltoil ofITI!ANS Subroulines (Coalit intd)
0311111f 1j\Tr - 03 Htartley band temperatlur dep)endent coefficient: quIadrlatic

lei-Ill.
031NT - Iltei-polatioin for Itartley baud,
63UV - UV 03 inltcrIpolatlon for 40800-54054 cm I region.
1
O2CONT - 0O2 cOltilnutnl for 1395-1760 ci- region.
S O21NT - Interpolation for 02 continuum.
TNIRAIN - Calculates extinction due to rain as a function of rain rate.
I GMRAIN - Computes attenuation of condensed water iii the form of rain.
RNSCAT - Calculates extinction, scattering and asymuuntry 1, rameter d(e to
rain in microwave region.
DBI.TX - Transmittance froIn new double exponential band model.
SSRAD - Performs the layer by layer single scattering radiance sum.
I PHASEF - Chooses correct phase function based on relative htuLmidity, treqmency.
scattering angle, arid model,
INTERP - Performs linear or logarithmic interpolation.
PF - Returns the approl)riate plase functionl from tile stored datablase.
I IENGNS - Calculates phase function using Ilenycy-Greenstein method.
MSRAD - Sets up profiles of optical properties for vertical path, Evaluates path
integral of source nulltiple scattered radiance conItrib)ution.
function,
SOURCE - Contains solar intensity dlata and calculates lunar intensity.
FLXADD - Calculates upward and downward fluxes. Multiple scattered source
funict ionl is evaluated from fluxes usilig the stream approxililatioll.
SOURCE - Calculates solar intensity data and calculates lmuar intensity.
SUN - Evaluates extraterrestrial solar irradiances.
16
Taldle6.lesrtinl lukLtaubotms
M LATMIB - Model atmospheric dat a. Six stored atmnospheric niodel:3.

TITLE, - Titles for output.
PIRFDTrA - Aerosol profile dlata.
EXTDTA - Aerosol and cloud extinction, absorption and asymmentry paraiaeters.
SF-296 - Self-broadened absorption coefficients for waiter vapo~r contimmum at 296'K.
SF260 - Self-broadened absorp~tioni coefficien~ts for water Vapor contlinnuni al 260'K.
BFI 120 - Foreign-broadened absorption cootl,icients for water vapor continuum atl 296"K.
C41) - Nitrogen continuum absorption coefficicnts and visibic ozone absor-ption
coefficients.
MARDTA - Navy marine aerosol extinc~tion aod absorption data.
PIIISDTA - 70 averaged phase fulnctions and truth table idtentiyfying correct phase I- nction.
M OTA -Clouid and rain modeled at~mosphieric dot a.
D STDTA - Desert aerosol ext~inction, absorption coeifficiits and asym met ry paranmeters
for 4 wvind speeds.
ATIMCOM - Initializes constants used Iin prograt.n
ABCD -- Stores theiý absorber model parameter for each gas ((-r the double e~xponlential
foninulatlon and the coefficients of each gas for thetý k'-distribuitioil.
B303HFIO- Conitains 03 Hartley-Hvsiggns cross scetions for 273K: constant term.,
B03H1--1 03 Hart ley-Ili igginis cross sections: linear termn.
13031-H2 - 03 llartley-Iluiggins cross sections: quadratic term."
03UVFD - 03 UV absorption coefficients (40800) to 510,54 cim- 1).
B02C -02 continmUIum equivalenf coefficients Wl395~-1760 in -1).
C1MZCG - Band model absorption coefficients for t iace gases.
CPUMI.X - Band model absorption coefficients for u11iii-ornily mixed gases.
CPH-20 B
land model absorption coetticients for water vapoi.
CPO3 -Band model absorp~tion coefficients for ozone.
NVI-3NRIG - Specificat ion for- wave number band region limits, For each gas absorber.
sliUMG - Schum111ann1 - IRou1ge 02 band inodel.
SO0LARF1 Extraterrestrial solar spectral irraliamicecs.
17
and located at the end of the main program LWTJR.N7. The user will have to modify these subroutines
as necessary.
The sample output included on the LOIXWTAN 7 tape was generated on a CDC CYBhER that has 14
decimal digits of precision. The output for these same cases generated in a 32 bit-per-word machine
with about seven decimal digits of precision (for example, an IBM 370 or 4341 or a VAX) should agree
with the sample to within about four decimal digits. When calculating the radiance where the
absorber amounts are very small, the truncation error of a 32 bit-per-word machine might cause the
radiance to be zero.
2.3 Execution Field Length

There are several techniques available to the user to reduce the executable field length of a
program. On CDC CYBER systems, the program may be run using the SEGMENT loader, which
effectively creates an overlay structure. File 2 of the LOWTRAN 7 tape (Section 2.4) gives the segment
loader directives that reduce the field length to less than 207,000p. Users of other systems who wish to
create overlays should consult the structure chart in Figure 1 and the SEGMENT input directives for
guidance. If certain program options are not required, the field length can be reduced by not including
the cort-espo-'ding subroutines.
2.4 Avallability
The LOWTIUUJA 7 package is available from:
National Climatic Data Center, NOAA
Environmental Data Services
Federal Building
Asheville, NC 28801
(704) 259-0682
The package is normally distributed on magnetic tape with the following characteristics:
1. 9 track, 1600 BPI
2. unlabAled
3. ASCII
4. fLxed-length records, 140 characters-per-record, one record per block.
The tape has 16 files. The contents of these files are as follows:
1. LOWITRAN 7 source code
2. SEGMENT input direction (relevant to CDC/NOS/BE systems only)
3. INPUT file for test cases
4. OUTPUT file for test cases
5. TAPE 7 file for test cases
6. TAPE 8 file for test cases
7. Source code for plot program (see AppendLx A)
8. INPUTI' file for test cases of plot program
9. OUIPUT file for test cases of plot program
10. Source code for filter program (see Appendix 13)
18
11. INPUT file for test cases of filter program
12. OUTPUT file for test cases of filter program
13. Source code for scanning function program (see Appendix C)
14. INPUT file for test case of scanning function program
15. OUTPUT file ior test case of scanning function program
16. List of all LOWTRAN phase functions.
The record length for all the files is 140 characters: however, for files containing source code,
INPUT files, and phase functions, only the first 80 characters contain Information. Users who
require a different format should contact the National Climatic Data Center. The tape presently costs
$101.00,
3. INSTRU ,TIONS FOR USING LOWTRAN 7
The instructions for using LOWTRAN 7 are similar to those for previous versions. However,
many new parameters have been added necessitating the addition of five new optional cards. The new
parameters are principally required for reading in user supplied vertica! profiles of atmospheric
constituent gases, rain and cloud inputs, and aerosols.
In general, for standard atmospheric models, five input cards are required to run the program for
a given problem. For a specific problem a combination of several of the fourteen additional optional
control cards are poss-ilc. The formats for the five main cards, fourteen optional cards, and
definitions of the input parameters are given below.
3.1 Input Data and Formats

The use of the word 'CARD' is equivalent to editing with 80 columns.
The program is activated by submission of a five (or more) card sequence as follows:
CARD 1: MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRT1,
TBOUND, SALB
FORMAT (1315, F8.3, F7.2)
2: IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, ICSTL, ICLD, IVSA, VIS, WSS, WI 111, RAINtI"T,
GNDALT
FORMAT (615, 5F10.3)
OIPTIONAL CARDS
CARD 2A: CTHIK. CALT, CEXT, [SEED (If ICLL=18, 19, or 20)
FORMAT (31 10.3. 110)
CARD 213: ZCVSA, ZTVSA, ZINVSA (If IVSA=!)
FORVMAT (3F 10.3)
CARD 2C: ML, IRDI . IRD2, TITrLE (If MODELI=0 or 7, and IM= 1)
FORMAT (315, 18A4)
CARDS 2C1 THROUGH 2C3 (AS REQUIRED) ARE REPEATIED MI, TIMES
19
CARD 2C 1: ZMDL, P, T, WMOL(1), WMOL(2), WMOL(3), JCI IAR
FORMAT (F10.3, 5E10.3, 15Al)
CARD 2C2: (WMOI(J), J=4, 12) (If I.ll 1=1)

FORMAT (8E 10.3)
CARD 2C3: AHAZE, EQLWCZ, RRATZ, IIIA1, ICLD1, IVUL1,
ISEA1, ICHR1 (If IRD2= 1)
FORMAT (10X, 3F10.3, 515)
CARD 2D: IREG (1 TO 4) (If IIIAZE=7 or iCLD=I 1)

FORMAT (415)
CARD 2D 1: AWCCON, TITLE

FORMAT (E10.3, 18A4)
CARD 2D2: (VX(I), EXTC(N,I), ABSC(N,I), ASYM(N,I), I=1, 47)
(If IHAZE=7 or ICLD=1 1)
FORMAT (3(F6.2, 2F7.5, F6.4))
CARD 3: Hi, H2, ANGLE, RANGE, BE-FA, RO, LEN
FORMAT (6F10.3,15)
ALTERNATE CARD 3: H 1, 112, ANGLE, IDAY, RO, ISOURC, ANGLEM (If II'MSCT=3)
FORMAT (3F10.3, I5, 5X, F10.3, 15, F10.3)
OpriONAL CARDS:
CARD 3A1: IPARM, IPH, IDAY, ISOURC (IEMSCT=2)
FORMAT (415)
CARD 3A2: PARM1, PARM2, PARM3, PARM4, TIME, PSIPO, ANGLEM, G
FORMAT (8F10.3) (If IEMSCT=2)
CARD 3B1: NANGLS (If IPH=1)
FORMAT (15)
CARD 3B2(1 TO NANGLS): (If IPHt=l)
(ANGF (I), F(1,I), F(2,I), F(3,I), F(4,I), 1=1, NANGLS)
FORMAT (5E 10.3)
CARD 4: V1, V2, DV
FORMAT (3F 10.3)
CARD 5: IRPT
FORMAT (15)
Delthitlons of these quantities will be discussed in Section 3.2.
3.2 Basic Instructions

The various quantities to be specified on each of the five control cards along with tihe fourteen
optional cards (summarized In Section 3. 1) will be discussed in this section.
20
3.2.1 CARD 1: MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, MI, M2, M3, M4 M5,
M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRT, TBOUND, SALB
FORMAT (1315, F8.3, F7.2)
MODEL selects one of the six geographical-seasonal model atmospheres or specifies that user-
defined meteorological data are to be used.
MODEL = 0 If meteorological data are specified (horizontal path only)
1 Tropical Atmosphere
2 Midlatitude Summer
3 Midlatitude Winter
4 Subarctic Summer
5 Subarctic Whiter
6 1976 US Standard
7 If a new model atmosphere (e.g. radiosonde data) is to be read in.
(NOTE: MODEL = 0 Used for horizontal path only)
rrYPE Indicates the type of atmospheric path.
ITYPE = 1 For a horizontal (constant-pressure) path

2 Vertical or slant path between two altitudes
3 For a vertical or slant path to space
IEMSCT Dctcrmincs the mode of execution of the program.
IEMSCT = 0 Program execution in transmittance mode

1 Program execution in thermal radiance mode
2 Program execution In radiance mode with solar/lunar single scattered
radiance included
3 Program calculates directly transmitted solar irradiance
IMULT Determines execution with multiple scattering
IMULT = 0 Program executed without multiple scattering

1 Program executed with multiple scattering
(NOTE: IEMSCT must equal 1 or 2 for muitiple scattering)
M 1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and M6 are used to modify or supplement the altitude profiles of temperature and
pressure, water vapor, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide from the atmospheric
models stored in the program.
MDEF Uses the default (U.S. Standard) profiles for the remaining species.
For normal operation of program (MODEL 1 to 6)

Set MI=M2=M3=0, M4=M5=M6=MDEF1-0
"lhest parameters are reset to default values by MODEL (1 to 6) when they are equal to zero
21
When M 1=0 MI reset to'MODEL
When M2=0 M2 reset to 'MODEL
When M3=0 M3 reset to 'MODEL'
When MDEF=O MDEF reset to 1 for all remaining species (not needed with MODEL 1 to 6).
If MODEL=0 or 7 and if:
a. M I through M6 are zero then the JCHAR parameter on card 2C. 1 should be utilized to
supply the necessary amounts.
or
b. M1 through M6 are non-zero then the chosen default profiles will be utilized provided the
specific JCHAR option is blank.
MI=1 to 6 Default temperature and pressure to specified model atmosphere

M2= 1 to 6 Default H 2 0 to specified model atmosphere
M3_ 1 to 6 Default 03 to specified model atmosphere
M4= 1 to 6 Default C1H4 to specified model atmosphere
M5=1 to 6 Default N 2 0 to specified model atmosphere
M6=-1 to 6 Default CO to specified model atmosphere
MDEF= 1 Use default profiles for CO 2 , 02, NO, SO 2 , NO 2 , NH 3 , HNO 3 , (not needed
with MODEL 1 to 6).
If MODEL=0 or MODEL=7, the program expects to read user supplied atmospheric profiles. Set: IM=1
fbr first run. To then rerun the same user-atmosphere for a series of cases set IM=O; LOWTRAN will
reuse the previously read data.
IM=O For normal operation of program or when subsequent calculations are to

be run with the MODEL data set last rca' 'n.
1 When user input data are to be read initially.
NOPRT=O For normal operation of program. Controls TAPE6 output
1 To minimize printing of transmittance or radiance table and
aimospheric profiles
1 Controls TAPE 8 output
TBOUND =Boundary temperature ('K), used in the radiation mode (if IEMSCT=1 or 2)
for slant paths that intersect the earth or terminate at a grey boundary
(for example, cloud, target). IfTBOUND is left blank and the path
intersects the Earth, the program will use the temperature of the first
atmospheric level as the boundary tempcrature.
SALB =Surface
- albedo of the Earth at the location and average frequency of the
calculation (0.0 to 1.0). If SALB is left blank the program assumes tlhe
surface is a blackbody (with enissivity equal to 1: for exampnle, SALB=O).
22
Table 7 summarizes the use of the five control parameters MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, and
NOPRFr on CARD 1.
Table 7. LOWTRAN CARD 1 Input Parameters: MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT and NOPRT
MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, M2, M3,

CARD 1 M4. M5, M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRT, TBOUND, SALB
FORMAT (1315, F8.3, F7.2)
COL MODEL COL ITYPE COL IEMSCT COL IMULT CL NOPRT
5 10 15 20 65WNOutT
Without
User- Horizontal Transmittance multiple -. 1 TAPE 8

defined* 1 path scattering Output
With TAPE 6
1 Tropical 2 Slant path 1 Radiance I multiple 0 Normal
HI to H2 scattering output
Radiance with TAPE 6

2 Midlatitude Slant path solar/lunar Short
summer to space scattering output
3 Midlatitude Transmitted
winter L solar irradiance
Subarctic
suntmmer
5 Subarctic
winter
1976 U. S.
6 Standard
7 User-
7I defined*
M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, MDEF, IM, TBOUND, SALB are left blank for standard cases.
*Options for non-standard models.
3.2.2 CARD 2: IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, ICSTL, ICLD, IVSA, VIS, WSS,
WHH, RAINRT, GNDALT
FORMAT (615, 5F10.3)
IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, and VIS select the altitude and seasonal-dependent aerosol profiles
and aerosol extinction coeffcients. IHAZE specifies the aerosol model used for the boundary-layer
(0 to 2 kni) and a default-surface meteorological range. The relative humidity dependence of the
boundary-layer aerosol extinction coefficients is based on the water vapor content of the model
atmosphere selected by MODEL. ISEASN selects the seasonal dependence of the profiles for both the
tropospheric (2 to 10 kin) and stratospheric (10 to 30 kni) aerosols. IVUI,CN is used to select both the
profile and extinction type for the stratospheric aei osols and to determine transition profiles above
23
the stratosphere to 100 kmi. VIS, the meteorological range, when specified, will supersede the default
meteorological range in the boundary-layer aerosol profile set by II WAZE.
IHAZE selects the type of extinction and a default meteorological range for the boundary-layer
aerosol models only. If VIS is also specified, it will override the default ItMAZE value. Interpolation of
the extinction coefficients based on relative humidity is performed only for the RURAL, MARITIME,
URBAN, and TROPOSPHERIC coefficients used in the boundary layer (0 to 2 km altitude).
IHAZE=0 no aerosol attenuation included in the calculation
=1 RURAL extinction, default VIS = 23 km
=2 RURAL extinction, default VIS = 5 km
=3 NAVY MARITIME extinction, sets own VIS (wind and relative humidity dependent)
=4 MARITIME extinction, default VIS = 23 km (LOWTRAN model)
=5 URBAN e 'inction, default VIS = 5 km
=6 TROPOSPHERIC extinction, default VIS = 50 km
=7 User defined aerosol extinction coefficients. Triggers reading cards 2D, 2D I and 2D2
for up to 4 altitude regions of user defined extinction, absorption and asymmetry
parameters
=8 FOG1 (Advective Fog) extinction. 0.2-kmi VIS
-=9 FOG2 (Radiative Fog) extinction. 0.5-kin VIS
=10 DESERT extinction sets own visibility from wind speed (WSS)
ISEASN selects the appropriate seasonal aerosol profile fbr both the tropospheric and
stratospheric aerosols. Only the tropospheric aerosol extinction coefficients are used with the 2 to 10
lun profiles.
ISEASN=0 season determined by th.e value of MODEL:
SPRING-SUlMMER for MODEL = 0, 1. 2, 4, 6, 7
FALL-WINTER for MODEL = 3, 5
=1 SPRING-SUMMER
=2 FALL-WINTER
The parameter IVULUN controls both the selcution of the aerosol profile as well as the typc of
extinction for the stratospheric aerosols. It also selects appropriate transition profiles above the
stratosphere to 100 lain. Meteoric dust extinction coefficients are always used for altitudes from 30 to
100 km.
1VULCN=0, 1 BACKGROUND STRATOSPHERIC profile and extinction
=2 MODERATE VOLCANIC profile and AGED VOLCANIC extinction
=3 HIGH VOLCANIC profile and FRESH VOLCANIC extinction
=4 HIGH VOLCANIC profile and AGED VOLCANIC extinction
=5 MODERATE VOLCANIC profile and FRESH VOLCANIC extinction
=6 MODERATE VOLCANIC profile and BACKGROUND STIATOSPIIERIC extinction
=7 HIGH VOLCANIC profile and BACKGROUND STRATOSPt ERIC extinction
=8 EX)REME VOLCANIC profile and FRESH VOLCANIC extinction
24
Table 8 shows the value of IVULCN corresponding to the different choices of extinction coeflficient
model and the vertical distribution profile.
Table 8. LOWTRAN CARD 2 Input Parameter: IVULCN
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
1
BACKGROUND MODERATE HIGH EXTREME
STRATOSPHERIC VOLCANIC VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
~ BACKGROUND
0,1 6 7 SSTRATOSPHERIC
z AGED 2
• VOLCANIC
FRESH
VOLCANIC 3 8
ICSTL is the air mass character (I to 10), only used with the Navy maritime model (IIAZE = 3).
Default value Is 3.
ICSTL= 1 open ocean
10 strong continental influence

ICLD specifies the cloud models and rain models used.
The rain profiles decrease linearly from the ground to the top of the associated cloud model.
The program cuts off the rain at the cloud top.
ICLD=O No clouds or rain

=1 Cumulus cloud; base 0.66 kmi, top 3.0 lun
=2 Altostratus cloud; base 2.4 ln, top 3.0 lmi
=3 Stratus cloud; base 0.33 kmi, top 1.0 knm
=4 Stratus/Strato Cu; base 0.66 kin, top 2.0 km
=5 Nimbostratus cloud; base 0.16 kim. top 0.66 kmn
25
=6 2.0 mmlhr Drizzle (modeled with cloud 3)
rain 2.0 mm/hr at 0 km to 0.22 mm/hr at 1.5 kn
=7 5.0 mm/hr Light rain (modeled with cloud 5)
rain 5,0 lmm/hr at 0 km to 0.2 mnu/hr at 2,0 km
=8 12.5 mm/hr Moderate rain (modeled with cloud 5)
rain 12.5 mm/hr at 0 kmn to 0.2 mm/hr at 2.0 kun
=9 25.0 mm/hr Heavy rain (modeled with cloud 1)
rain 25.0 mm/hr at 0 km to 0.2 nmm/hr at 3.0 km
=10 75.0 mm/hr Extreme rain (modeled with cloud 1)
rain 75.0 mm/hr at 0 km to 0.2 mm/hr at 3.5 km
=11 Read in user defined cloud extinction and absorption. Triggers reading Cards 2D,
2D1 and 2D2 for up to 4 altitude regions of user defined extinction, absorption, and
asymmetry parameters
=18 Standard Cirrus model
=19 Sub-visual Cirrus model
=20 NOAA Cirrus model (LOWTRAN 6 Model)
IVSA selects the use of the Army Vertical Structure Algorithm (VSA) for aerosols in the boundary
layer.
IVSA=0 not used

=1 Vei-ical structure algoiithni
VIS specifies the surface meteorological range* 36,37,38 (klm) overriding the default value associated
with the boundary layer chosen by IHAZE. If set to zero uses default value splecified by IRAZE.
The terms "meteorological range" and "visibility" are not always used correctly in the literature.
Correctly, 3 6 , 3 7 visibility is the greatest distance at which it isjust possible to see and identify
with the unaided eye: (a) In the daytime, a dark object against the hori/.on sky; and (b) at night,
a knowni moderately infisec light source. Meteorological range is defined quantitiatively,
eliminating the subjective nature of the observer and the distinction between day and night.
Meteorological range V is defined by the Koschmieder formula
1 r1 - 3.912
where 0 is the total extinction coefficient which is the sum of the molecular and aerosol
extinction, and e is the threshold contrast, set equal to 0.02. As used in the LOWVT'AN
computer code. the inputs are in terms of meteorological range with [i, the ecatinction
coefficient, evaluated at 0,55 jim. If only an obserer visibility Vobs is available, the
meteorological range can be estimnaled as V = (1.3 ± 0.3) • Vobs. (See Gordon 3 8 )
36. Htuschke, R.E. (1959) Glossary of Metcorologyj, American Meteorological Society. Boston, MA,
p. 6,38
37. Middleton. W.E.K. (1952) Vision Through the Atmosphere, University of Toronto Press, p. 250.
38. Gordon, J.I. (1970) Daytime Visibility, A Conceptual Review, AFGGL-TR-79-0257, AD A085451.
26
VIS > 0, user specified surface meteorological range (kin)
= 0, uses the default meteorological range set by IIIAZE (See Table 10).
WSS specifies the current wind speed for use with the Navy maritime and desert aerosol models.
WSS= current wind speed (m/s). Used with the Navy maritime niodel (IHAZL=3) or ti'e
DESERT model (IHAZE= 10).
WHH specifies the 24 hour average wind speed for use with the Navy maritime model.
WHH= 24-h average wind speed (m/s). Only used with the Navy maritime model (IHAZE=3)
For the Navy Maritime model if WSS=WHH=0, default wind speeds are set according to the value of
MODEL, see Table 9. For the Desert aerosol model (IHAZE=10), if WSS<O, the default wind speed is
10 m/s.
Table 9. Default Wind Speeds for Different Model Atmospheres Used with the
Navy Maritime Model (IHAZE=3)
WSS and WHH
MODEL Model Atmosphere Default Wind Speed (m/s)
0 User-defined (Horizontal Path) 6.9
1 Tropical 4.1
2 Midlatitude summer 4,1
3 Midlatitude winter 10.29
4 Subarctic summer 6.69
5 Subarctic winter 12.35
6 U. S. Standard 7.2
7 User-defined 6.9
RAINRT Specifies the rain rate

RAINRT = Rain rate (mm/hr) default value is zero.
Used to top of cloud when cloud is present,
when no clouds rain rate used to 6kmn
GNDALT specifies the altitude of the surface relative to sea level
GNDALT = Altitude of surface relative to sea level (kmi)
Used to modify aerosol profiles below 6 km altitudes
Table 10 summarizes the use of the control parameters II IAZE, ISEASN and IVULCN on card 2 and
Table 11 sunmmarizes the use of the parameter ICLD.
27
Table 10. LOWTRAN CARD 2 Input Parameters: IIIAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, VIS
IIIAZE. ISEASN. IVULCN, ICSTL, ICLD,

CARD 2 IVSA, VIS, WSS, WITH. RAINRT, GNDALT
FORMAT (615, 5F10.3)
IHAZE ISEASN IVUI.CN
COL VIS* COL COL I PROFILE/
5 (KM) EXTINCTION 10 =SEASON 15 J SEASON PROFILE EXTINCTION EXTINCTION
0 ., NO AEROSOLS
Set by Set by
1 23 0 model model
Rural --
Spring- Spring- Meteoric
2 5 1 summer sumnmer dust
extinction
Navy Fall- Fall-
3 ** maritime 2 winter winter
0 Background Background Normal

4 23 LOWTRAN sitrato- strato- atmospheric
maritime 1 spheric spheric profile
Tropospheric
profile / M oderatec Aged
5 5 Urban tropospheric 2 volcanic volcanic
extinction ..
High Fresh
6 50 Tropospheric 3 volcanic volcanic Transition
profiles
High Aged - volcolcn
7 23 User-defined 4 volcanic volcanic to normal
Moderaite Fresh
8 0.2 Fog 1 5 volcanic volcanic
Background
9 0.5 Fog 2 6 Moderaic strato-
volcanic spheric
Backgromid
i0 Desert 7 High strato-
volca uic spheric
Ext reme Fresh

8 volca nic volcanic
0 Io 2 kn 2 to 10 k 10 to 30 kin 30 to 100 km
* Default VIS, can be overridden by VIS > 0 on CARD 2
* Sets own default VIS
28
Table 11. LOWThAN CARD 2 Input Parameter: ICILI)
IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, ICSTL, ICID, IVSA,

CARD 2 VIS, WSS, WHII, RAINRT, GNDAI;"
I FORMAT (615, 5F10.3)
ICLD FOR CLOUD AND OR RAIN OPI'ION
0 NO CLOUDS OR RAIN
1 CUMULUS CLOUD
2 ALTOSTRATUS CLOUD
3 STRATUS CLOUD
4 STRATUS/STRATO CUMULUS
5 NIMBOSTRATUS CLOUD
6 2,0 MMi' HR DRIZZLE (MODELED WITH CLOUD 3)
7 5.0 MM/HR LIGHT RAIN (MODELED WITh CLOUD 5)
8 12.5 MM/HR MODERATE RAIN (MODELED WITH CLOUD 5)
9 25,0 MM/HR HEAVY RAIN (MODELED WITH CLOUD 1)
10 75.0 MM/HR EXTREME RAIN (MODELED WITII CLOUD 1)

11 USER DEFINED CLOUD EXTINC'TION AND ABSORPTION
18 STANDARD CIRRUS MODEL
19 SUB VISUAL CIRRUS MODEL

20 NOAA CIRRUS MODEL (LOWTRAN 6 MODEL)
3.2.2.1 Optional Cards Following CARD 2

Optional input cards after CART) 2 selected by the parameters ICLD, IVSA, MODEl,, and I1LAZE on
CARDS 1 and 2.
CARD 2A CTHIK, CALT, CEXT, ISEED (If ICLD=18, 19 or 20)

'1.'UIMAF (3Fi0.3, i10)
Input card for cirrus altitude profile subroutine when 1CLD = 18, 19, oi- 20
CTHIK is the cirrus thickness (kin)
If CTHIK=0 use thickness statistics

>0 user defined thickness
CALT" is the cirrus base altitude (kmi)

CALT=0 use calculated valhe
>0 user defined base altitude
CEXI is the extinction coefficient (kin-1 ) at 0.55 Piin
CEXT=0 use 0.14* CT-IIK

>0 user defined extinction coefficient
29
ISEED Is the random number initializing flag.
ISEED=O, use default niean values for cirrus,
> 0, initial value of seed for random nulmber generator, function RANI (SEED),
(different values of SEED produce different random number sequeinces). This
provides for statistical determuination of cirrus base altitude (CAT1) and thickness
(CTHIK).
NOTE•: RandomLnumber generator is systemi dependent., -
CARD 2B ZCVSA, ZTVSA, ZINVSA (If IVSA = 1)

FORMAT (3F10.3)
Input card for Army VSA subroutine when IVSA = 1. The case is determined by the parameters
VIS, ZCVSA, ZTVSA, and ZINVSA.
CASE 1. cloud/fog at the surface; increasing extinction with height from cloud/fog base to
cloud/fog top. Selected by VIS 5 0,5 km and ZCVSA > 0.
Use case 2 or 2' below cloud and case 1 inside it.
CASE 2: hazy/light fog; increasing extinction with height up to the cloudbase. Selected by
10 km. ZCVSA > 0.
0.5 < VIS <1
CASE 2': clear/hazy: increasing extinction with height. but less so than case 2, up to the
cloudbase. Selected by VIS > 10 kin, ZCVSA >Ž0.
CASE 3: no cloud ceiling but a i adiatioli lfg u all iiivciiou 0i- boundai y layer present;
decreasing extinction with height up to the height of the fog or layer. Selected by
ZCVSA < 0, Z1NVSA Ž>0.
CASE 4: no cloud ceiling or inversion layer; constant extinction with height. Selected by
ZCVSA < 0 and ZINVSA < 0.
ZCVSA is the cloud ceiling height (kni):

If ZCVSA > 0.0 the known cloud ceiling height;
= 0.0 height unknown: the program will calculate one for case 2, and
default is !.8 lun for case 2'; or
< 0.0 no cloud ceiling (cases 3 and 4).
ZTVSA is the thickness of the cloud (case 2) or the thickness of the fog at the surface
(case 1) (kin):
If ZTVSA > 0.0 the known value of the cloud thickness;
= 0.0 thickness unknown: default is 0,2 kmn.
ZINVSA is the height of the inversion or boundary layer (kiil):
If ZINVSA > 0.0 the known height of the inversion layer;
= 0.0 height unknown: default is 2 kmn, 0.2 km for fog:
< 0.0 no inversion layer (case 4, if ZCVSA < 0.0 also).
30
OTIYONAL USER INPUr CARDS 2C, 2C 1, 2C2 and 2C3
The following cards handle user input data.

Cards 2C and 2C I are always read for MODEL 0 or 7.
CARD 2C ML. IRD1. IRD2. TITLE (MODEL=0/7, IM=1)

FORMAT (315, 18A4)
Additional atmospheric model (MODEL 0/7)
New model atmospheric data can be inserted provided the parameters 'MODEL' and 'IM'
are set equal to 0/7 and 1 respectively on card 1.
ML = Number of atmospheric levels to be inserted (Maximum of 34)

IRD 1 Controls reading WN20, WCO... and WNH3, WHNO3 (CARD 2C2)
IRD 1=0 No read
IRD I= 1 Read CARD 2C2
IRD2 Controls reading AlAZE, EQLWCZ, ... (CARD 2C3)
1RD2=0 No read
IRD2= 1 Read CARD 2C3
TITLE = Identification of new model atmosphere

CARD 2C1 ZMDLP,T, WMOLtl), WMOL(2). WMOL(3), (JCHAR(J), J=1, 14)
FORMW T (Fi0.3, 5EI0.3, 15iA)
CARD 2C2 (WMOL(J), J=4. 12)

FORMAT (8E 10.3)
ZMDL = Altitude of layer boundary (kin)
P = Pressure of layer boundary
T = Temperature of layer boundary
WMOL (1-12) Individual molecular species (see Table 1 LA. for species)
JCHAR(1-14) Control variable on units selection for profile input (P,T and molecular
constituents, see Table 1 IA.)
By utilizing a choice of values for the JCHAR(J) control variable (where J = 1,14) the user can
designate specific units or accept defaults for the various molecular species and for the temperaitre
and pressure. IfJCHAR(J) is left blank the program will default to the values chosen by MI, M2, M3,
M4, M5, M6 and MDEF when the given amount is zero.
For JCHAR(M)
A. indicales Pressure in (rob)
B indicates Pressure in (atrm)
C indicates Pressure in (torr)
1-6 will default to specified atmospheric value
31
Table 1 IA. The Association of the JCHAR (J) Subscript (J=1, 14)
with the Variables P,T and WMOL
VARIABLE SPECIES-
1 P pressure
2 T temperature
3 WMOL{1) water vapor (1120)
4 WMOLU2) carbon dioxide (C0 2 )
5 WMOL(3) ozone (03)
6 WMOL(4) nitrous oxide (N 2 0)
7 WMOL{5) carbon monoxide (CO)
8 WMOIA6) mcthane (CH 4 )
9 WMOL(7) oxygen (02)
10 WMOI(8) iiitric oxide (NO)
11 WMOL"9) sulphur dioxide (SO2)
12 WMIOLGO) nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )
13 WMOL(11) ammonia (NH 3 )
14 WMOL(12) nitric acid (HNO 3 )
For JCI-IAR(2)
A hidicates Ambient tempcraturc in deg (K)
B indicates Ambient temperature in deg (C)
1-6 will default to specified atmospheric value
For JCHIAR(3- 14)

A indicates Volume mixing ratio (ppmv)
3
B indicates Number density (cm- )
C indicates Mass mixing ratio (gm/kg)
3
) indicates Mass density (gm/n )
E Indicates Partial pressure (rnb)
p- indicates Dew point temp (TD in T (K)) - H 2 0 only
G indicates Dew point temp (TD in T (C)) - H 2 0 only
H indicates Relative humidity (RH in percent) - H 2 0 only
I is available for user definition
1-6 will default to specified model atmosphere
CARD 2C3 is read when IRD2 Is set to 1 on CARD 2C.
CART) 2C3 AHAZE, EQLWCZ, RRATZ, IHA1, ICLD1, IVUL1, ISEA1, ICHR1
FORMAT (IOX, 3F10.3, 515)
AtlAZE Aerosol or cloud scaling factor (equal to the visible [wavelength of 0.55 run]
1
extinction coefficient [kln- at altitude ZMDL)
[NOTE: only one of AHAZE or EQLWCZ is allowed]
32
EQLWCZ Equivalent liquid water content (gm/m 3 ) at altitude ZMDL for the aerosol, cloud or
fog models
RRATZ Rain rate (mmrn/hr) at altitude ZMDL
Only one of IHAl, ICLD 1 or iVUL1 is allowed
IHA1 Aerosol model extinction and meteorological range control for the altitude, ZMDL,
See IHAZE (CARD 2) for options
ICLD I Cloud extinction control for the altitude, ZMDL, See ICLD (Card 2) for options.
When using ICLD1 it is necessary to set ICLD (CARD 2) to the same value as the Initial
input of ICLD 1.
IVULI Stratospheric aerosol profile and extinction control for the altitude ZMDL, see
IVULCN (CARD 2) for options
The pr.cedent order of these parameters (IHA1, ICLD 1 and IVUL1) is as follows:
If {IHAI>0) then others ignored

If (IHAI=0) and (ICLD1>0) then use ICLD I
If (UHAI=0) and (ICLD 1=0 then use 1VUL1
If AHAZE and EQLWCZ are both zero, default profile loaded from IHA 1, ICLD 1, IVUL1
ISEA1 Aerosol season control for the altitude, ZMDL, see ISEASN (CARD 2) for options.
ICt-HR1 Used to indicate a boundary change between 2 or nuioe adjacent user defined aerosol or
cloud regions at. altitude ZMDL (required for IHAZE=7 or ICLD= 11).
ICHR1=0, no boundary change in user defined aerosol or cloud regions (regions are not
adjacent).
-1, signifies the boundary change in adjacent user defined aerosol or cloud
regions.
NOTE: ICHRl internally defaults to 0 if (IH-IA1•7) or (ICLD 1t11).
OFYHONAL CARDS 2D, 2D 1, 2D2
The following cards allow the user to specify their own attenuation coefficients for any or all
four of the aerosol regions. They are only read if IHAZE=7 or ICLD= 11 are specified on card 2 (pages 24
and 26).
CARD 2D (IREG (II). II= 1,4) [IHAZE=7 or ICLD= 11 Input)

FORMIAT (415)
IREG Specifies which of the four altitude regions a user defined aerosol or cloud model is used
(It-tAZE=7/ICLD=1 1)
(NOTE: Regions default to 0-2, 3-10, 11-30. 35. 100 km and can be overridden with 'IHAI' settings in
MODEL 7)
IREG (ll) = 0 Use default values for region II

IREG (II) = 1 Read extinction, absorption, and asymmetry for a region
33
CARD 2D 1 AWCCON, TITLE
FORMAT (ElO.3, 18A4)
AWCCON is a conversion factor from equivalent liquid water contem. tgin/m 3 ) to extinction
coefficient (krin-). It is numerically equal to the equivalent liquid waler content
corresponding to an extinction coefficient of 1.0 kin-1, at a wavelength of 0.55 gim.
AWCCON has units of (kin .gm
g n- 3 ).
TITLE for an aerosol or cloud region (up to 72 characters)
CARD 2D2 (VX(I), EXTC(N, I), ABSC(N, I). ASYM(N, I), I=1,47)
FORMAT (3(F6.2, 2F7.5, F6.4) )
Where N:-I when IREG(II)= 1 for up to 4 altitude regions. User defined aerosol or cloud extinction and
absorption coefficients when IHAZE=7 or ICLD=1 1
VX(I) = Wavelengths for the aerosol or cloud coefficients (not used by program but should be the
same as the wavelengths defined in array VX2 in subroutine EXTDTA, see Table 12)
EXTC(N, I) = Aerosol or cloud extinction coefficients, normalized so that EXTC for a

wavelength or 0.55 pim (1=4) is 1.0 kl-1.
ABSC(N, I) = Aerosol or clo, id absorption coefficient, normalized so that EXTC for a
wavelength of 0.55 jim (I=4) is 1.0 kn- 1 .
ASYM(N, I) = Aerosol or cloud asymmetry parameter
3.2.3 CARD 3: HI, H2, ANGLE, RANGE, BETA, RO, LEN
FORMAT (6F10.3, 15)

CARD 3 is used to define the geometrical path parameters for a given problem.
H I = initial altitude (km)

H2 = final altitude (kin) (for ITYPE = 2)
H2 = tangent height (kin) (for ITYPE = 3)
It is important to emphasize here that in the radiance mode of program execution (IEMSCT = I or 2),
H1, the initial altitude, always defines the position of the observer (or sensor). 1-1 and 112 cannot be
used interchangeably as in the transmittance mode.
ANGLE = initial zenith angle (degrees) as measured from HI

RANGE = path length (kim)
BETA = earth center angle subtended by Hi and H2 (degrees)
RO = radius of the earth (krn) at the particular latitude at which the calculation is to
be performed.
If RO is left blank, the program will use the midlatitude value of 6-371.23 km if
MODEL Is set equal to 7. Otherwise, the earth radius for the appropriate
standard model atmosphere (specified by MODEL) will be used as shown in
"Table 13,
For an ITYPE = 2 path for which I11 > 1-12 (and by necessity, ANGLE > 900), two paths are possible: the
long path froom I I I through a tangent height to 112 and the short path fromt I1l to 112. LEN selects the
type of path in these cases.
3.1
Table 12. The VX Array with the Required Wavelengths for the
Multiply Read Card 2D2
INDEX WAVELENGTH INDEX WAVELENGTH
1 .2000 25 9.0000
2 .3000 26 9.2000
3 .3371 27 10.0000
4 .5500 28 10.5910
5 .6943 29 11.0000
6 1.0600 30 11.5000
7 1.5360 31 12.5000
8 2.0000 32 14.8000
9 2.2500 33 15.0000
10 2.5000 34 16.4000
11 2.7000 35 17.2000
12 3.0000 36 18.5000
13 3.3923 37 21.3000
14 3.7500 38 25.0000
15 4.5000 39 30.0000
16 5.0000 40 40.0000
17 5.5000 41 50.0000
18 6.0000 42 60.0000
19 6.2000 43 80.0000
20 6.5000 44 100.0000
21 7.2000 45 150.0000
22 7.9000 46 200.0000
23 8.2000 47 300.0000
24 8.7000
Table 13. Default Values of the Earth Radius for Different Model Atmospheres
MODEL Model Atmosphere Earth Radius, RO (kin)

0 User-defined (Horizontal Path) Not used
1 Tropical 6,378.39
2 Midlatitude summer 6,371.23
3 Midlatitude winter 6,371.23
4 Subarctic summer 6,356.91
5 Subarctic winter 6,356.91
6 U. S. Standard 6,371.23
7 User-defined 6,371.23
35
LEN = 0 short path (default).
= 1 long path through the tangent height.
It is not necessary to specify every variable on CARD 3; only those that adequately describe the
problem according to the parameter ITYPE (as described below). (See Table 14).
(1) Horizontal Paths (ITY`PE = 1)
(a) Specify HI, RANGE
(b) if non-standard meteorological data are to be used, that is, if MODEL = 0 on CARD 1, then
refer to Section 3.3 for a detailed explanation.
(2) Slant Paths Between Two Altitudes (IHYPE = 2)
(a) specify HI, H2, and ANGLE
(b) specify H 1, ANGLE, and RANGE
(c) specify H I, H2, and RANGE
(d) specify H 1, H2, and B[ETA
(3) Slant Paths to Space (ITYPE .-z 3)
(a) specify H 1 and ANGLE
(b) specify HI and H2 (for limb-viewing problem where H2 is the tangent height or
minimum altitude of the path trajectory).
For case 2(b), the program will calculate H2, assuming no refraction; then proceed as for case 2(a).
The actual slant path range will differ from the input value. This method of defining the problem
should be used when refraction effects are not important: for example, for ranges of a few tens of km at
zenith angles less than 800. For case 2(c), the program will calculate BETA and then proceed as for case
2(d). For case 2(d), the program will determine the proper value of ANGLE (including the effects of
refraction) through an iterative procedure. This method can be used when the geometrical
configuration of the source and receiver is known accurately, but the Initial zenith angle is not known
precisely due to atmospheric refraction effects. Beta Js most frequently determined by the user from
ground range information.
Table 14 lists the options on CARD 3 provided to the user for the different types of atmospheric
paths.
3.2.3.1 Alternate CARD 3 for Transmitted Solar or Lunar Irradiance

(IEMSCT = 3)
For calculating directly transmitted solar or lunar irradiance, an ITYPE 3 path is assumed and
CARD 3 has the following form:
ALTERNATE CARD 3
H1, H2, ANGLE, IDAY, RO, ISOURC, ANGLEM
FORMAT (3F10.3. 15, 5X, F10.3, 15, F10.3)
III = altitude of the observer
1-2 = tangent height of path to sun or moon
ANGLE = apparent solar or lunar zenith angle at HI
36
Table 14. Allowable Combinations of Slant Path Parameters
Case ITYPE Hi H2 ANGLE RANGE BETA LEN

(Optional)
2a2 * * (*)
2b (2 ) 2 * * *
2c (3 ) 2 * *
2d (4 ) 2 * *
3a 3 * *
3b (5) 3 *
(1) LEN option is available only when HI > H2 and ANGLE > 900. Otherwise, LEN is
set in the program.
(2) H2 calculated assuming no refraction. Calculated RANGE will differ from the
input value.
(3) BETA calculated assuming no refraction.

(4) Exact ANGLE is calculated by iteration of the path calculation.
(5) 112 is Interpreted as the tangent height. Yf H2 and ANGLE are both zero, Case 3a is
assumed with ANGLE = 0 (that is vertical path). For a path tangent at the earth's
surface, read in a small number for H2, for example, 0.001 km.
IDAY day of the year, used to correct for variation in the earth-to-sun
distance
RD = radius of earth (default according to MODEL)
ISOURC = 0 extraterrestrial source is the sun
= 1 extraterrestrial source is the moon
ANGLEM = phase angle of the moon, that Is, the angle formed by the sun, moon,
and earth (required if ISOURC = 1)
Either H2 or ANGLE should be specified. If both are given as zero, then a vertical path (ANGLE =
00) is assumed. If IDAY is not specified, then the mean earth to sun distance is assumed.
If the apparent solar zenith angle is not known for a particular case, then the solar scattering
option (IEMSCT = 2) may be used along with, for instance, the observers location, day of the year, and
time of day to determine the solar zenith angle (see section 3.2.3.2 of the user instructions). Note that
the a•parcnt solar zenith angle is zenith angle at Hi of the refracted path to the sun and is less than
the astronomical solar zenith angle. The difference between the two angles is negligible for angles less
than 80°.
3.2.3.2 Optional Cards Following CARD 3

Optional input cards after CARD 3 are selected by parameters IEMSCT on CARD 1 and IPH on
CARD 3A1.
37
CARD3A 1 IPARM, IPH, IDAY, ISOURC (if IEMSCT = 2)
FORMAT (415)
Input card for solar/lunar scattered radiation when IEMSCr = 2.

IPARM = 0.1.2 controls the method of specifying the solar/lunar geometry on CARD 3A2.
IPH = 0 Henyey-Greenstein aerosol phase function (see CARD 3A2)
= 1 user-supplied aerosol phase function (see CARD 313)
= 2 MIE-generated internal database of aerosol phase functions for the LOW'tRAN
models
IDAY = day of the year, that is, from 1 to 365 used to specify the earth to sun distance arid
(if IPARM = 1) to specify the sun's location in the sky. (Default value is the mean
earth to sun distance, IDAY=93).
ISOURC = 0 extraterrestrial source is the sun
= 1 extraterrestrial source Is the moon
CARD 3A2 PARM1, PARM2, PARM3, PARM4, TIME, PSIPO, ANGLEM, G
(IEMSCT = 2)
FORMAT (8F110.3)
Input card for solar/lunar scattered radiation when IEMSCT = 2. Definitions of PARM 1,
PARM2, PARM3, PARM4 determined by value of IPARM on CARD 3A1, (See Table 14A.).
For IPARM = 0
PARM 1 = observer latitude (-900 to +900)
(Note that ifABS(PARM 1) is greater than 89.50 the observer is assumed to be at
either the north or south pole. In this case the path azimuth is undefined. The
direction of line-of-sight must be specified as the longitude along which the path
lies. This quantity rather than the usual azimuth is read in.)
PARM2 = observer longitude (00 to 3600, west of Greenwich)
PARM3 = source (sun or moon) latitude
PARM4 = source (sun or moon) longitude
For IPARM = 1
NOTE: The parameters IDAY and TIME must be specified. This option cannot be used with
ISOURC = 1.
PARM 1 = observer latitude ( 90' to +900)
PARM2 = observer longitude (00 to 360°, west of Greenwich)
PARM3, PARM4 are not required
(Note that the calculated apparent solar zenith angle is the zenith angle at I-I 1 of the
refracted path to the sun and is less than the astronomical solar zenith angle. The
difference between the two angles is negligible for angles less than 80 degrees.)
38
Table 14A. Card 3A2; Options for Different Choices of IPARI-
IPARM= 0 1 2
Observer Latitude Observer Latitude Azimuth Angle

(-90 to +900) (-90 to +900) Between Observer LOS
PARM 1 & Observer to Sun Path
Observer Longitude Observer Longitude Solar Zenith Angle
(0 to 3600 West of (0 to 3600 West of
PARM2 Greenwich) Greenwich)
PARM3 Source Latitude ........ .
PARM4 Source Longitude ....

Greenwich Time
TIME (Decimal Hours)
Path Azimuth Angle Path Azimuth Angle
(degrees East of Due (degrees East of Due
PSIPO North) North)
ANGLEM
(only if ISOURC=1) Lunar Phase Angle Luniar Phase Angle
Asymmetry Asymmetry Asymmetry

G Parameter Parameter Parameter
(only if IPH=0) (-1 to +1) (-1 to +1) (-1 to +1)
for use with Henyey- for use with Henyey- for use with Henyey-
Grecnstein Phase Greenstein Phase Greenstein Phase
Function Function Function
For IPARM = 2
PARM 1 azimuthal angle between the obscrvers line-of-sight and the observer-to-sun path,
measured from the line of sight, positive east of north, between -180' and 1800
PARM2 the sun's zenith angle
PARM3, PARM4 are not required
REMAINING CONTROL PARAMETERS

TIME = Greenwich time in decimal hours, that is, 8:45 am is 8.75, 5:20 pm is 17.33 etc.
(used with IPARM = 1)
39
PSIPO = path azimuth (degrees east of north, that is, due north is 0.0, due east is 90.0' etc.
(used with IPARM - 0 or 1)
ANGLEM = phase angle of the moon, that is, the angle formed by the sun, moon, and earth
(required only if ISOURC = 1)
6 = asymmetry factor for use with Henyey-Greenstciii phase funCtion (only used with
IPH = 0). e.g., + 1 for complete forward scattering, 0 for isotropic or symmctric
scattering, and -1 for complete backscattering.
CARD 3B I NANGLS (Only if IPH = 1 on card 3AI)

FORMAT (15)
Input card for user-defined phase functions when IPH = 1.

NANGLS = number of angles for the user-defined phase functions (mnaximum of 50)
CARD 3B2 (1 to NANGLS)

(ANGF(I), F(1,I), F(2,I), F(3.I), F(4,1), I = 1, NANGLS)
FORMAT (5E10,3)
Input card for user-defined phase functions when IPH = 1.

ANGF(I) = scattering angle In decimal degrees (0.0° to 180.0")
F(1,I) = user-defined phase function at ANGF(I), boundary layer (0 to 2 kmi default
altitude region)
F(2,I) = user-defined phase function at ANGF(I), troposphere (2 to 10 km default
altitude region)
F(1,I) = user-defined phase function at AiNGF(I). skialosphlicc (10 to 30 kmir default
altitude region)
F(4,I) = User-defined phase function at ANGF(I), mesosphere (30 to 100 kMn default
altitude region)
The default altitude regions may be overriden by the parameters IHAl1, ICLD 1 or IVUL1.
3.2.4 CARD 4: VI, V2, DV

FORMAT (3F10.3)
The spectral range and Increment of the calculation.

V1 = initial frequency in wavenumber (cr-1)
V2 = final frequency in wavenumber (cn- 1 ), where V2 > V1
DV : frequency increment (or step size) (cm- 1 )

(Note that v = 10 4 /X, where v is the frequency in cn-I and X is the wavelength in
prm, and that DV can onh' take values that are a multiple of 5 cm- 1 and that VI and
V2 are reset to the next lowest or highest integer multiple of 5 cm- 1 .)
3.2.5 CARD 5: IRPT

FORMAT (I5)
The control parameter IRPT causes the program to recycle, so that a series of problems can be
run with one submission of LOWTRAN.
40
IRPT = 0 to end program
= I to read all new data cards (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
= 2 not used
= 3 read new CARD 3 (the geometry card) and CARD 5
- 4 read new CARD 4 (frequency) and CARD 5
> 4 or IRPT = 2 will cause program to STOP
Thus, if for the same model atmosphere and type of atmospheric path the reader wishes to
make further transmittance calculations in different spectral intervals VI' to V2' etc., and for a
different step size (DV etc.), then IRPT is set equal to 4. In this case, the card sequence is as follows and
can be repeated as many times as required.
CARD 5 IRPT = 4
CARD 6 Vi'V2'DV'
CARD 7 IRPT= 4
CARD 8 VI" V2" DV"
CARD 9 IR1'T = 0
The final IRPT card should always be a blank or zero. When using thc IRIFr option, the
wavelength dependence of the refractive index is not changed (use the IRPT = I option if this is
required).
Table 15 summarizes the user-control parameters on CARD 4 and CARD 5.
Table 15. LOWTRAN CARD 4 and CARD 5 Input Parameters: VI. V2. DV. iRPT
CARD 4 V1, V2, DV

Format (3F110.3)
Vi (cm-1 ) V2Multiple of 5 cm-
CARD 5 IRPT
Format (15)
COL 5 IRPT
0 End of program.
1 Read new CARDS 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
2 Not used (stops program).
3 Read new CARDS 3 and 5.
4 Read new CARDS 4 and 5.
NOYFE: IRPT=3 cannot be used when running multiple scattering cases or
solar single scattering. Use 1RPT=1.
3.3 Non-Standard Conditions

Several options and combination of chrices are available if atmospheric transmittance/
radiance calculations are required for non-standard conditions. Here non-standard refers to
41
conditions other than those specified by the parameters MODEL, 11tAZE, and ICLI) onl CARDS 1 and 2.
These options enable the user to insert:
(1) An additional atmospheric model (MODEL = 7), which call be ill the form of radiosonde or
other source data. It. is not necessary to duplicate the altitudes used in LOWIITAN 7.
(2) Meteorological conditions for a given horizontal path calculation (MODEL = 0)
(3) A combination of any or all of the 12 gases can be input for each layer boundary with default
choices interleaved with user supplied data.
(4) Aerosol vertical distributions can be input at specified altitudes by tlil. use of Al IAZE,
EQLWCZ, and/or IHAi on CARD 2C3 when IRD2 is set to 1 on CARD 2C.
(5) Cloud liquid water contents and or rain rates can be input at specified altitudes by the use of
EQLWCZ, RRATZ and/or ICLD 1 on CARD 2C3 when !IRD2 is set to 1 on CARD 2C.
(6) Any combination of the one to four Aerosol altitude regions can be replaced by reading in
specific values of extinction and absorption coefficients and asymmetry parameters for specific
regions by utilizing CARDS 2D, 2D1 and 2D2. The parameters caln be for aerosols and for clouds.
3.3.1 ADDITIONAL ATMOSPHERIC MODEL (MODEL = 7)

A new model atmosphere can be inserted by the use of CARD) 2C and the required multiples of
card 2C1, provided the parameters MODEL and IM are set to 7 and 1 respectively on CARl) 1. The
number of atmospheric levels to be inserted (ML) must also be specified on CARD 2C.
The appropriate meteorological parameters and the format are given below:
CARD 2C ML, IRD 1, IRD2, TITLE

FORMAT (315, 18A4)
CARD 2C 1 ZMDL. P, T, WMOL( 1), WMOL(2), WMOL(3), (JCHAR(J), J = 1, 14)

FORMAT (F 10.3, 5E10.3, 15A1)
See section 3.2.2.1 above for a detailed description of each variable.
3.3.2 HORIZONTAL PATHS (MODEL = 0)

If known meteorological data are to be used for horizontal path atmospheric transnsittaxnce/
radiance calculations, then set MODEL = 0 and IM = 1 on CARD 1. Proceed to read the mleteorological
conditions utilizing CARDS 2C and 2C1 as described above. In this instance the parameter ML must be
set to 1.
3.3.3 USER INSERTED VALUES FOR ATMOSPIIERIC GASES

(MODEL = 0 OR 7)
TIle user may wish to enter specific values of any or all of the atmospheric gases. This can be
accomplished by utilizing CARDS 2C, 2C 1 and 2C2. On CARD 2C set IRD 1 = 1. The specific gas
amounts for individual gases can be entered on CARDS 2C I and 2C2 and by utilizing the parameter
JCIUAR oil CARD 2C1, the user has a choice of entering data ill several different sets of units (eg.
42
volume mixing ratio, number density .... etc), or defaulting to one of the model atmospheric gases at
the specified altitude.
3.3.4 USER INSEART'ED VALUES FOR AEROSOL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION

(MODEL = 0 OR 7)
The capability exists for the user to be able to replace aerosol distributions at specific altitudes.
In order to accomplish this the user must set IRD2 to 1 on CARD 2C. Then specify the altitudes on
CARDS 2C 1 along with the variables, defaults and or units by utilizing the parameters as explained in
section 3.2.2.1
On CARD 2C3 the aerosol scaling factor for a given altitude can be entered by using the variable
AlIAZE, or an appropriate value for EQLWCZ, or defaulted by using the variable IHAI.
3.3.5 USER INSERTED VALUES FOR CLOUD AND OR RAIN RATES

(MODEL = 0 OR 7)
The same capability exists permitting the user to replace cloud liquid water contents and or rain
rates at specific altitudes as described in the above section. This is accomplished by setting IRD2 to 1
on CARD 2C. Then the specific altitudes may be entered on CARDS 2C 1 along with the variables,
defaults and or unit selection by using the remaining parameters of CARD 2C 1 as described earlier.
On CARD 2C3 the variables EQLWCZ and/or RRATZ can be used to enter the intended value of
equivalent liquid water content of a cloud and/or the rain rate at Whe specified altitude, or the cloud
attenuation can be specified by using Al-lAZE. The user may default at the specified altitude to one of
the built-in cloud and/or rain model va;-es by using ICLD1.
3.3.6 REPLACEMENT OF AEROSOL OR CLOUD ATTENUATION MODELS

(IHAZE = 7 AND/OR ICLD = 11)
The aerosols or cloud model utilized in any or all of the four altitude regions may be replaced by a
user input model. The built-in regions are 0-2 kin, > 2-10 kin, > 10-30 km and > 30-100 kmn. These
regions may be modified by the use of the parameters IHAl. ICLD I or IVUL1. This option is initialized
by setting IH-AZE = 7 or ICLD = 11.
On CARD 2D the variable IREG (1, 4) determines which of the altitude regions will have
replacement values read in. The user is required to enter a conversion factor, AWCCON (kin •gm i-3), •
on card 2D 1, which converts aerosol or cloud profiles specified in terms of equivalent liquid water
content, EgLWVCZ (gni - m- 3 ), to an extinction coefficient (kin- 1 ). This conversion factor (AWCCON), is
only used if the aerosol or cloud concentration are specified by EQLWCZ instead of by the visible
extinction. AHAZE. The LowrRAN values for this variable are stored as DATA statements in
subroutine EXABIN, (See DATA statements ELWCR, ELWCM, ELWCU, ELWCT, AFLWC, RFLWC,
CULWC, ASLWC, STLWC, SCLWC, SNLWC, BSLWC, FVLWC, AVLWC, and MDLWC.)
The nmultiply read CARDS 2D2 (13 cards) consist of four variables, VX, EXTC. ABSC and ASYM,
The first variable VX is the wavelength of the data points which should correspond to the wavelengths
used iii the program (defined in array VX2 in Subroutine EXT'DTA, see table 12). The next three
variables EXTC, ABSC, and ASYM are the aerosol or cloud extinction, absorption coefficients and the
asymmetry parameters respectively. As stated previously the variable IREG (1-4) will determijne if the
43
user Is reading in 1, 2, 3. or 4 sets of CARDS 2D1-21)2. Additionally, by utilizing the variables IVULI
and ISEA1 the user can substitute for stratospheric aerosol profiles and can change the seasonal
profile values.
Thle values of EXTC(N,I) and AI3SC(N,I) should be normalized so that EXTC(N,4) = 1.0 (L.e., thc
extinction for wavelength 0.55 pmi is nornalized to 1.0).
4. EXAMPLES OF PROGRAM OUTPUT
Four test cases are explained in thbs section. The input cards for the four cases are listed in Table
16 and the listings of the file OUTPUT (TAPE 6) are in Tables 17 through 20. The next four subsections
contain detailed explanations for the specific test cases. The output of case 1 is dis'cussed in detail
while the discussion of the next three cases is limited to a description of the physically impo'rtant
details of the input. The LOWTRAN 7 tape as distributed by the National Climatic Data Center (see
Section 2.4) contains additional test cases.
4.1 Case 1: Single and Multiple Scattered Solar Radiance

The program will compute atmospheric radiance using the single scattered solar radiance
calculation combined with the multiple scattered solar radiance calculation. The parameters selected
for this case are as follows: the atmospheric profile is the 1976 US Standard and the boundary layer
aerosol model is RURAL with 5 km meteorological range. Since MI through M6 are left blank along
with MDEF being set to 0, the atmospheric profile values (pressure and temperature) along with all of
the molecular species amounts are retained as initially chosen by MODEL. The surface albedo is set to
0.4. The path for this case is from 20 knm to 0 km looking straight down. The solar zenith angle is 60
degrees and the relative azimuth angle is 0. The earth to sun distance is chosen for day 1 (January 1).
The aerosol phase functions are from the Mie-generated database stored in the program. The spectral
range of the calculation is from 14000 to 34000 cm- 1 in steps of 100 cm-1. (This test case is admittedly
under sampled and is for illustration only. If more spectral detail exists in a given region, a smaller
DV is recommended).
The output for this case shown in Table 17 will now be described In detail. On the first page the
output echoes the input cards exactly as they are read in. CARD 1 selects the US Standard Atmosphere
(MODEL = 6), type of slant path (HIYPE = 2), single scattering optton (IEMSCT = 2), i:lultlple scattering
option (IMULT = 1), and the surface albedo (SALB = 0.4). CARD 2 selects the RURAL aerosol profile
with the default meteorological range of 5 km (IHAZE = 2). CARD 3 describes the slant path in temis of'
the observer altitude (HI = 20.0), endpoint at the ground ,H2 = 0.0) and zenith angle (ANGLE = 180). On
CARD 3A1 IPARM = 2 determines that the sun position will be described on CARD 3A2 in terms of the
relative azimuth at HI of 00 (PARM 1) and the solar zenith angle at H I of 600 (PARM2). IPti = 2 specifics
that the Mle-generated phase function will be used while IDAY = 1 specifies that the earth-to-sun
distance used to calculate the incident solar intensity will be that for January 1. ISOURC = 0 specifies
the sun as the source. On CARD 3A2, only PARMI1 and PARM2, as described earlier, are used
for this case. The remaining parameters are left blank. CARD 4 selects the spectral range of 14000 to
34000 cur-1 in steps of 100 cm- 1. Following CARD 4 the program interprets the input cards in a mnore
(Text continued on page 63)
44
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readable fashion.
The next three pages labeled Atmospheric Profiles, list the profiles of pressure, temperature, and
absorber densities at the indicated altitudes Z for the selected atmospheric model. The units of the
densities are as indicated or are in relative units (-). The densities of the nitrogen continuum (N2 ) are
in scaled LOWTRAN units. The self-broadened water vapor continuum density factor 'CNTMSLF' is
listed next. The column labeled 'MOL SCAT' is the total air density relative to 1013.25 mb and 273.15K
which is used to calculate molecular scattering. 'N-iV is the refractivity or the index of refraction -1.0.
The ultra-violet ozone and oxygen 103 (UV), 02 (UV)] densities are the actual densities.
The second of these three pages contains the following information: the foreign-broadened
water vapor continuum density factor 'CNTMFRN' and the nitric acid 'HNO 3 ' density factor. AEROSOL
1 to 4 refer to the aerosol scaling factors for the 4 aerosol altitude regimes. "AERI*RI' is the log
weighted relative humidity weighted by the boundary layer aerosol. 'CIRRUS' is the cirrus cloud
density profile in kn-r. Since the cirrus cloud option was not selected, the cirrus density Is zero
everywhere. The last column labeled 'RI' is the path averaged relative humidity.
The third page of these profiles contains the densities for each molecular species in the following
order: H 2 0, 03, CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , N 2 0, 02, NH 3 , NO, NO 2 , and S02. The next six tables labelled: Slant Path
Parameters in Standard Form, Calculation of the Refracted Path Through the Atmosphere,
Cumulative Absorber Amounts for the Path from IH1 to Z, Summary of the Geometry Calculation,
Equivalent Sea Level Total Absorber Amounts and Single Scattering Point to Source Paths are
repeated twice in Ihe output. The first set of tables result from the calculations taken for a vertical
path through the entire atmosphere (0 to 100 km). This calculation is needed to obtain the up and
down fluxes necessary to perform multiple scattering calculations. The -;econd set of tables are 1or the
line of sight path, in this case 20 to 0 kmn.
The first table contains pertinent information concerning the slant path parameters. All
possible combinations of slant path parameters are reduced to the standard set of I 11, H2, ANGLE, PHI,
HMIN and LEN, where PHI is the arrival angle at H2, HMIN is the altitude of the lowest point along the
path and LEN has a value of unity if the path goes through a tangent height, and a value of zero
otherwise.
A layer-by-layer description of the ray trace through the atmosphere appears next. The ray tract
always begins at the lowest point along the path IIMIN and proceeds upwards. The various quantities
presented are: layer boundaries; zenith angle at the bottom of the layer THETA.: curved path length
through the layer DRANGE; cumulative path length RANGE irom IIMIN; earth-centered angle
subtended by the layer DBETA and by the cumulative path BETA; arrival angle at the top of the layer
PHI: path bending within the layer DBEND and cumulative BENDING: density-weighted path averaged
pressure and temperature PBAR and TBAR for the layer: and average total air density RI lOI3AR.
The next table lists the cumulative absorber amounts for the species described in tlhe
atmospheric profile table from the observer to the different layer boundaries. 'CNTMSE.1' and
'CNTMSLIE2' ref'r to the self-broadened water vapor amount and tlie temperature correction factor. A
summary of the geometry calculation appears next, followed by "Equivalent Sea Level Total Absorber
Amounts" that are the total amounts for the whole path for each of the aforccmentioned variables.
"Mean RI I" refers to the inean relative humidity in the boundary layer only.
Next. is the output of the single solar .•-attering geometry routines: thIs includes a suin1ainy of
the path from each scattering point to the sun. 'SUBTENDED ANGLE' is the earth-centered angle
63
between the observer at HI1 and the scattering point. The 'SOLAR ZENITH' angle is the astronomical or
unrefracted zenith angle to the sun. However, if the refractive bending for the path to the sun is
calculated to be greater than 0.1, then the solsr 7enlth angle is corrected by the bending and that path
is calculated again (up to four times) until the correction for refraction is less than 0.10.
The 'RELATIVE AZIMUTH' is negative because internally the azimuth angles are measured
positive counterclockwise, while for the input, cards, azimuth angles are specified positive clockwise.
'SCITR ANGLE' is the scattering angle at that point. A message will be printed if any scattering point
is in the shade. The last column contains the molecular phase function used for the calculation.
As previously noted the same six tables are now repeated, only this time the calculations are
performed for the chosen path, in this case 20.0 to 0.0 km.
Finally the results of the calculation are printed. In this case, it is the radiance and the total
transmittance for the path. The first two columns are the frequency and wavelength in wavenumbers
(cm- 1 ) and micrometers (jim) respectively. The 'Total Radiance" is broken down into three types:
"Atmospheric Radiance", which includes all thermal radiation emitted by the atmosphere or by the
boundary (and thermal radiation scattered by the atmosphere or reflected by the ground); "Path
Scattcred Radiance", which includes the solar radiation scattered by the atmosphere (the single
scattered component of the solar radiation, "S Scat", is also shown separately): "Ground Reflected
Radiance", which includes the solar radiation reflected by the ground (both the directly transmitted
solar reaching the ground, "Direct", which Is shown separately, or the solar radiation scattered within
the atmosphere before reaching the ground). The 'Total Radiance" is the sum of the three types of
radiances reaching the observer. The four major components: atmospheric radiance, path scattered
radiance, ground reflected radiance and total radiance are listed per cm- 1 and pin. The next column
'INTEGRAL' is the integrated radiance from the initial frequency. The last column lists the total
transmittance from HI to H2. A short summary is printed at the end of the table, Including the actual
boundary temperature and emissivity used (if any), the integrated absorption, average transmittance,
integrated radiance and the minimum and maximum values of the total radiance, which are useful in
determining the limits for plotting.
The last item printed is the value of IRPT on CARDJ 5. In this case IRPT = 0 indicates there are no
further input cards following. Figure 6 is a depiction of this case, the solid line is the total multiple
scattered radiance and the dotted line shows the contribution due to single scattered solar radiance.
4.2 Case 2: Thermal Radiance

This case which is shown In Figure 7 consists of two separate runs of LOWTRAN. The solid line is
the result using the multiple scattering calculations and the dotted line is the result of a standard
radiance calculation. The output is depicted in Table 18.
In both runs MODEL has been set to 2 choosing the midlatitude summer model atmosphere,
ITYPE = 3 is a slant path to space, IEMSCT = 1 Is the thermal radiance option and M l through M6 are
left blank and MDEF set to 0 retains the amounts for each gas as chosen by MODEL. The only change
on CARD 1 is the IMULT parameter which is on for one run and olt for the second. On CARD 2 IlHAZE
has been set to 2 thereby choosing the rural aerosol profile with a meteorological range of 5 kmi. In
defining the geometrical path H I and H2 have been set to 0, while angle has been set to 80'. Since this
is a slant path to space the program will perform calculations between 0 to 100 kmi, HMIN will be set to
(Text continued on page 93)
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0 and the RANGE will be calculated (for this case 479.887 km). The spectral range for these
calculations have been chosen as 740 to 1250 cmn1 with steps of 5 cm- 1 .
4.3 Case 3: Atmospheric Transmittance

This case represents a standard atnicspheric transmittance run with the added feature of having
an elevated surface of 1.5 kin. The parameters selected for this case are as follows: the atmospheric
profile is the 1976 US Standard and the boundary layer aerosol model is RURAL with 23 kil
meteorological range. Since M 1 through M6 are left blank along with MVlDEF being set to 0, the
atmospheric profile (pressure and temperature), along with all of the remaining molecular species are
retained as initially chosen by MODEL. By setting the variable GNDALT to 1,5 an elevated surface is
chosen. The path is a vertical path from the ground to 6 kin. The spectral range of the calculation is
from 990 to 1090 cm-1 in steps of 5 cm-1. Figure 8 is a plot from 750 - 1250 cm-1, containing the results
from this case. The TAPE 6 output appears in Table 19.
4.4 Case 4: Directly Transmitted Solar Irradiance

Case 4 calculates the directly transmitted solar irradiance from 6000 to 7500 cm- 1 for an
observer at the ground and a solar zenith angle of 60'. This case is selectzd by IEMSCT = 3 on CARD 1.
An ITYPE = 3 slant path is required: CARD 3 specifies the observer altitude HI = 0.0, the apparent
solar zenith angle at Hi, ANGLE = 600, and the day of the year IDAY = 74 (the Ides of March). The TAPE
6 output appears on Table 20.
The spectral output consists of the transmitted solar irradiance and the Incident solar
irradiance, corrected for variations in the earth-to-sun distance according to the day or the year. Also
given are the cumulative integrals of these two quantities and the total tranlsmittance for the path
from HI to the sun. The directly transmitted solar irradiance (solid line) and the solar radiance
(dashed line) is depicted graphically in Figure 9.
4.5 Description of TAPE7 and TAPE8

Two files are opened for the storage of pertinent output, UNIT = 7 and UNIT - 8. The next section
will describe the various types of output included on TAPE 7.
4.5.1 TAPE7 OUTPUT

The spectral results from each successful case run are written to a file on UNIT = 7, along with a
1 1-line header identifying the parameters for the case. This file can then be used to further proce.s the
results. For example, the plot, filter, and scanning function programs described in Appendices A, B,
and C work from this file.
The data on the file consists of an 1 I-line header followed by the spectral data. The header
consists for the most part of images of the input control cards, with the default values supplied for
parameters that have defaults, for example VIS on CARD 2. The first fbur lines of the header are
CARD 1, CARVD 2, CARD 2A, and CARD 2B. When the cirrus, VSA, and single scattering options are not
(Text continued on page 1 Il)
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selected, the images of their respective control cards are supplied with the paramneters set equal to -99.
The fifth line of the header is the image of CARD 2C and gives the number of atmospheric layers and
title of the atmospheric profile. This information is given for all values of MODEL (0 to 7) even though
it is read in only for MODEL = 0 or 7. CARDS 2C1, 2C2, 2C3, 2D1 and 2D2 are not included in the
header. Line 6 contains the values of the path parameters on CARD 3 after they have been evaluated.
CARDS 3B1 and 3B2 are not included. Lines 7 and 8 are the images of CARDS 3A1 and 3A2, with all the
parameters set equal to -99 if the single scattering option is not selected. Line 9 is the hnagý. of CARD
4, the frequency card, and line 10 gives the value of IRPT from CARD 5. Line 11 consists of headers for
the columns of data to follow.
The following lines conf --in the spectral output and differ depending on the type of calculation:
transmittance, radiance, radiance with single scattering, or directly transmitted solar irradiance.
For a transmittance calculation (IEMSCT = 0) each line of spectral data has the following formal:
1. frequency (cm-1 ) F7.0

2. transmittance, total
3. transmittance, water vapor (band type)
4. tranmittance, uniformly mixed gases
5. transmittance, ozone
6. transmittance, trace gases
7. transmittance, nitrogen continuum
8. transmittance, water vapor continuum 11F8.4
9. t-anisiittLancc, molecular scattering
10. transmittance, aerosol and hydrometeor
11. transmittance, nitric acid
12. aerosol and hydrometeor absorptance
13. Log of the total transmittance 1PE10.3
For a thermal radiance run (IEMSCT = 1) the format is:

1. frequency (em-') F7.0
2. transmittance, total F8.4
2 I PE9.2
3. atmospheric radiance MW cm- ster-1(cm-1)-')
4. Log of the total transmittance T96, E10.3
For a radiance case with single scattering or multiple scattering (IEMSCT = 2) the format is:
1 F7.0
1. frequency (cm- )
2 1 1 1
3. atmospheric radiance (W cm- ster- (cn- )- )
2 1 1 1
4. path scattered radiance (W cm- ster- (cm- )- )
2 1P6E9.2
5. single scattered radiance (W cm- ster-1(cm-1)-')
2
6. total ground reflected radiance (W cn- ster-l(cm-1)- I)
2 1 1 1
7. direct reflected radiance (W cm- stcr- (cm- )- )
2
8. total radiance (W cn- ster-'(cm-l)-1)
9. TEBI 0P2F8.4
10. TEB2SV
11. Log of the total transmittance T96, 1PE 10.3
114
TEB I is the total transmittance for the L-shaped path from HI to H2 to the sun. TEB2SV is the total
transmittance for the path from H i to the last boundary before H2 to thf- sun.
For directly transmitted solar irradiance (IEMSCT = 3) the format is:
3. transmitted solar irradiance (W cm- 2 (cn- 1 )-) 1PE9.2
2
4. incident solar irradiance (W cn- (cm-')-') E9.2
5. Log of the total transmittance T96, EI0.3
The end of the spectral data is marked by a frequency of -9999.
4.5.2 TAPE8 OUTPUT

There are three different types of spectral data sent to UNIT=8, depending on cases run. The first
type, printing of the separate transmittances of the molecular absorbers, only occurs with IEMSCT =
0. In this instance the spectral results will be printed as follows: the same 10 line header printed to
UNIT = 7 will be sent to UNIT = 8 as well. Two lines of descriptive headers follow. Then the spectral
data will have the following format:
2. transmittance, water vapor (band type)
3. transmittance, ozone
4. transmittance, carbon dioxide
5. transmittance, carbon monoxide
6. transmittance, methane
7. transmittance, nitrous oxide 11F8.4
8. transmittance, ox,-ygen
9. transmittance, ammonia
10. transmittance, nitric oxide
11. transmittance, nitrogen dioxide
12. transmittance, sulphur dioxide
The second type. printing of the black body function and differential transmittance for each
]a: along the line of sight and each frequency, occurs when NOPRT = -1, IEMSCT = 1 or 2, and
IMULT = 0. The spectral results are stored as follows: the same 10 line header sent to UNIT = 7 will be
sent to UNIT = 8 also. Line 11 Is a line of descriptive headers for the data following. The output
consists of a line of data for each boundary and repeats this procedure for each spectral frequency.
The spectral results have the following format:

2. first altitude of boundary (kin) F7.2
3. second altitude of boundary (kin) F7.2
4. black body function (W cm- 2 ster-I (m)-1) 1PE 12.5
5. differential transmittance E12.5
115
The third type, printing of the upward and downward, solar and thermal vertical fluxes, and
solar irradliances for each layer and each frequency occurs when NOPRT = -1, IEMSCT = 1 or 2 and
IMULT = 1. Again the same ten line header sent to UNIT = 7 will be sent to UNIT = 8. Thie next line
consists of descriptive headers for the data to follow. The output consists of a line of data for each
layer and repeats this procedure for each spectral frequency. The spectral results have the following
format:
1. frequency (cm-1) F10.0
2. altitude of layer (km) F7.2
2
3. upward total flux (W cm- ("n)-1)
2
4. upward solar flux (W cm- (Lm)-n1)
2 1 JP5E12.5
5. downward total flux (W cm- (pmy )
2
6. downward solar flux (W cm- (gtm)- 1)
2
7. direct solar irradiance (W cm- (ImY'))-1)

When using this method to output data to UNIT = 8, it is necessary to follow a specific procedure.
The position of the sun should be placed directly behind the viewer's back. This is accomplished by
choosing the IPARM = 2 option on CARD 3A1 and then setting PARM1 = 180.0 on CARD 3A2. The
second requirement is that the sum of the two variables, ANGLE of line of sight (CARD 3) and the solar
zenith angle (PARM2 on CARD 3A2), must be equal to 180.0. These piucedures are necessary in order
to obtain the correct direct, solar irradiance.
116
References
1. Kneizys, F.X., Shettle, E.P., Abreu, L.W., Anderson, G.P., Chetwynd, J.H., Gallery, W.O., Selby,
J.E.A., and Clough, S.A. (1989) Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance: The LOWERAN 7
Model, (in preparation).
2. Knelzys, F.X., Shcttlc. E.P., Gallery., W.O., Chetwynd, J.H., Abreu. L.W., Selby, JE.A., Clough, S.A.,
and Fenn, R.W. (1983) Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance: Computer Code LOWFRAN 6,
AFGL-TR-83-0187, (NTIS AD A137796).
3. Kneizys, F.X., Shettle, E.P., Gallery, W.O., Chetwynd, J.H., Abreu, L.W., Selby, J.E.A., Fenn, R.W.,
and McClatchey, R.A. (1980) Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance: Computer Code
LOWTRAN 5, AFGL-TR-80-0067, AD A058643.
4. Selby, J.E.A., Kneizys, F.X.; Chetwynd, Jr., J.H., and McClatchey, R.A. (1978) Atmospheric
Týransmittance/Radiance: Computer Code LOWTRAN 4. AFGL-TR-78-0053, AD A058643
5. Selby, J.E.A., Shettle, E.P., and McClatchey, R.A. (1976) Atmospheric Transmittance from 0.25
to 28.5 urn: Supplement LOWTRAN 3B, AFGL-TR-76-0258, AD A04070 1.
6. Selby, J.E.A. and McClatchey, R.A. (1975) Atmospheric Transmittance from 0.25 to 28.5 urn:
Computer Code LOWI"RAN 3, AFCRL-TR-75-0255, AD A017734.
7. Selby, J.E.A. and McClatchey, R.A. (1972) Atmospheric Transmittance from 0.25 to 28.5 urn:
Computer Code LOWTRAN 2, AFCRL-TR-72-0745, AD 763721.
* 8. Anderson, G.P., Clough, S.A., Kneizys, F.X,, Chetwynd, J.H., and Shettle, E.P. (1986) AFGL
Atmospheric Constituent Profiles (0-120 krrn, AFGL-TR-86-0110, AD A 175173.
9. NASA (1966) U.S. StandardAtmosphere Supplements, 1966, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC.
10. NASA (1976) U.S. Standard Atmosphere SupplemeTnts, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC.
11. Peirluissi. J.H. and Maragoudakis, C.E. (1986) Molecular Transmission Band Models for
LOWFRAN, AFGL-TR-86-0272, AD A180655.
12. Clough, S.A., Kneizys, F.X., Shettle, E.P., and Andcrson, G.P, (1986) Atmospheric radiance and
transmittance: FASCOD2, Proc. of the Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation,
Williamsburg, VA, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 141-144.
117
13. Burch, D.E. and Alt, R.L. (1984) Continuum Absorption by H1 1
2 0 in the 700-1200 cm- and 2400-
1
2800 cm- Windows, AFGL-TR-84-0128, AD A147391.
14. Burch, D.E. (1985) Absorption by H 2 0 in Narrow Windows between 3000 and 4200 cm- 1 , AFGL-
TR-85-0036, AD A166648.
15. Devir, A.D., Ben-Shalom, A., Lipson, S.G., Oppenheim, U.P., and Ribak, E. (1985) Atmospheric
Transmittance Measurements: Comparison with LOWTRAN 6, Report RAA/99-85, Technion-
Israel Insitute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
16. Yoshino, K., Cheung, A.S-C, Esmond, J.R., Parkinson, W.H., Freeman, D.E., Guberman, S.L.,
Jenouvrler, A., Coquart, B., and Merienne, M.F. (1988) Improved Absorption Cross Sections of
Oxygen in the Wavelength Region 205-240 nm of the Herzberg Continuum, Planet. Space Sci
36:1469-1475.
17. Johnston, H.S., Paige, M., and Yao, F. (1984) Oxygen absorption cross sections in the Herzberg
continuum and between 206 and 327K. J. Geophijs. Res. 89:11661-11665.
18. Shardanand (1977) Nitrogen-induced absorption of oxygen In the Herzberg continuum, J. Quant.
Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 18:525..530.
19. Frederick, J.E. and Hudson, R.D. (1979) Predissociation linewidths and oscillator strengths for
the (2-0) to (13-0) Schumann-Runge Bands of 02, J. Molec. Spectrosc. 74:247-258.
20. Yoshino, K., Freeman, D.E., and Parkinson, W.H. (1984) Atlas of the Schumann-Runge
absorption bands of 02 in the wavelength region 175-205 rim., J. Phys. Chem. 13:207.
21. Bass, A.M. and Paur, R.J. (1985) The Ultraviolet Cross-Sections of Ozone. I. Measurements, in
Atmospheric Ozone, Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium in Halkidiki, Greece,
edited by C. Zeferos and A. Ghaz. pp. 606-616, D. Reidel, Inc.
22. Molina, L.T. and Molina, M.J. (1986) Absolute Absorption Cross Sections of Ozone In the
185-350 rim Wavelength Range, J. Geophys. Res. 91:14501-14509.
23. Yoshino K., Freeman, D.E., Esmond, J.R., and Parkinson, W.H. (1988) Absolute Absorption Cross
Section Measurements of Ozone in the Wavelength Region 238-335 nm and the Temperature
Dependence, Planet. Space Sci. 36:395-398.
24. Cacciani, M., diSarra, A., and Fiocco, G. (1987) Laboratory Measurements of the Ozone
Absorption Coefficients in the Wavelength Region 339-362 nm at Different Temperatures,
Dept. of Physics, University of Roma - La Sapienza, Italy, Internal Note No. 882.
25. VanHoosier, M.E., Bartoe, J.D., Brueckner, G.E., and Prinz, D.K. (1988) Absolute Solar Spectral
Irradiance 120 nm-400 nm (Results from the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor-
SUSIM-Experiment on Board Spacelab 2, Astro. Lett. and Communications 27:163-168.
26. VanHoosier, M.E. and Bruecker, G.E. (1987) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor
(SUSIM): Calibration Results from Spacelab 2, Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Vacuum
Uiiraviolet Radiometric Calibration of Space Experiments, 19 March 1987.
27. Neckel, H. and Labs, D. (1984) The solar radiation between 3300 and 12500 A, Solar Phys.
90:205-258.
28. Wehrli, Ch. (1985) Extra-terrestial Solar Spectrum, Publication No. 615, July 1985,
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium and World Ra.diation Center, CH-7260 Davos-
Dorf, Switzerlard.
29. Thekeakera, M.P. (1974) Extra-terrestrial Solar Spectrum, 3000-6100 A at 1 A Intervals, Appl.
Opt. 13:518-522.
30. Isaacs, RG., Wang, W-C., Worsham, RD., and Goldberg, S. (1986) Multiple Scattering Treatment
for use in the LOWTRAN and FASCODE Models, AFGL-TR-86-0073, AD A1,73990.
31. Isaacs, R.G., Wang, W-C., Worsham, RID.. and Goldenberg, S. (1987) Multiple Scattering
LOWTRAN and FASCODE Models, Appl. Opt. 26:1272-128 1.
32. Longtin, D.R., Shettle, E.P., Hummel, J.R., and Pryce, J.D. (1985) A Desert Aerosol Model for
Radiative Transfer Studies, pg. 261-269 in Aerosols cad Climate, ed. by P.V. HIobbs and M.P.
McCormick, A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA.
118
33. Longtin. D.R., Shettle, E.P., Hummel, J.R., and Pryce, J.D. (1988) A Wind Dependent Desert
Aerosol Model: Radiative Properties,AFGL-TR-88-0112.
34. Shettle, E.P. (1989) Comments on the Use of LOWTRAN in Transmission Calculations for Sites
with Ground Level not at Sea Level, to appear in Appl. Opt. 28.
35. Hummel, J.R., Shettle, E.P., and Longtin, D.R. (1988) A New Background Strato-pheric Aerosol
Model for use in Atmospheric Radiation Models, AFGL-TR-88-0166.
36. Huschke, R.E. (1959) Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA,
p. 638
37. MiddIcton, W.E.K. (1952) Vision Through the Atmosphere, Uaiversity of Toronto Press, p. 250.
38. Gordon, J.I. (1970) Daytime Visibility, A Conceptual Review, AFGL-TR-79-0257, AD A085451.
119
a
Appendix A
LOWTRAN 7 Plot Program
The LOWTHAN 7 plot progi ain, LOWPLT, is an independent program designed to plot the
transmittance and/or radiance output of a LOWTRAN 7 run. The program will plot one file of data,
several files of data, or the same file of data as many times as desired. Another feature of the plot
program is the ability to choose any of the many variables produced by a transmittance run, radiance
run, or a radiance with scattering run. Finally, the user is given the option of plotting these variables
on individual plots or on the same plot. When plotting different variables on the same plot, it is
important to define the proper scale for the Y-axis. The LOWTtZAN 7 plot program uses Tape 7 or
Tape 8 as generated by a LOWTRAN 7 transmittance run.
This plot program utilizes plot routines unique to the CDC-Cyber CALCOMP plotter. Therefore,
some minor changes znay be necessary to accommodate a different computer plotting system. (See
Section A3 for more details on CALCOMIP system differences).
Al. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE LOWTRAN 7 PLOT PROGRAM
The plot program extracts the data to be plotted from Tape 7 or Tape 8. To initiate the progun
five input cards are required.
Al.I Input Data and Formats

The data necessary to specify a given plot are given by the following five cards:
120
CARD 1 PROGID, SCALE
(FORMALT (3A10, FI10.4)
CARD 2 XSIZE, PFRBEG, PFREND, DELTAX, IlYP, IXAXIS, NUMFI',
(FORMAT (4F10.4, 315))
CARD 3 YSIZE, YRMIN, YRMAX. DELTAY, ICRV, IYAXIS, NMYI)EC
(FORMAT (F10.4, 3E10.2, 315))
CARl) 4 IPOS
(FORMAT1 (515))
CARD 5 ISAMFL. ISAMPT
(FORMAT (215))
AI.2 Utilizing Input Cards

To produce multiple plots: inlpt cards 2 through 5 must be rc. -ated. To end plotting; the first
value oni the following input card 2 sh101old( be inegative.
Definitions of the inpult card variables will be discussed in Section A2.
A2. BASIC INSTRUCTIONS
The various quantities to be specified on each of the five control cards are defined in this section.
If plott ing the lvariables from Tape 8, see section A4.
A2.1 CARD 1 PROGID, SCALE

The variable PROGID is a 30 Hollerith character identification header that is printed as a banner
at the start of the plot.
SCALE = Multiplicative factor to increase or decrease the plot size (usually = 1.0)
A2.2 CARD 2 XSIZE, PFRBEG, PFREND, DELTAX, ITYP, IXAXIS, NUMFIL

XSIZE - Length of X-axis in inches
Pl'RBEG B3eginnilg wavcnumber on plot ini cm- 1 or wavelength inl pIn
PFP.END = Eiding wavenumber on plot in cm-1 or wavelength in piln
DELTAX The interval between the numbered values on the X-axis
ITYP = 0 Radiance per Pil vs Plln

= I Radiance per cr-I vs cnm-
= 2 Transmit ta ice vs pim
= 3 Transmittance vs cm -1
IXAXIS 0 X-axis will be linear

1 X-axis will be logarithmic
121
NUMFIL = 0 Uses next available file of data
> 0 Uses file of data specified by NUMFIL
A2.3 CARD 3 YSIZE, YRMJN, YRMAX, DELTAY, ICRV, IYAXIS, NMYDEC

YSIXE = Length of Y-axis in inches
YRMIN Minimum traxsnsittance or radiance value to be plotted
YRMAX = Maximum transmittance or radiance value to be plotted
In a log plot YRMIN and YRMAX arc input as the values of the respective exponents. In a linear plot
they are entered as the actual mininmum and maximumn value.
DELTAY = The interval between the numbered values on the Y-axis
ICRV = 0 Normal plot of line

> 0 Calls special plotting routine to plot dashed and dotted lines
= 1 Solid line without symbols
= 2 Dashed line without symbols
= 3 Dotted line without symbols
= 4 Alternating dashes and dots without symbols
= 5 Alternating dashes and 2 dots without symbols
= 6-10 Same as ICRV = I to 5 with symbols at every point
> 10 Alternating dashes of different lengths
< 0 Data points only using symbol number = I ICRV 1, where symbol
number refers to the computer-system plotting table
IYAXIS =0 Y-axis will be linear

= 1 Y-axis will be logarithmic
NMYDEC = Number of digits to the right of the decinal point on the Y-axis
A2.4 CARD 4 IPOS

If IEMSCT = 0,
IPOS = 0 Plot of total transmittance

= 1 Plot of H 2 0 transmittance
= 2 Plot of uniformly mixed gases transmittance
= 3 Plot of 03 transmittance
= 4 Plot of trace gases transmittance
= 5 Plot of N 2 continuum transmittance
= 6 Plot 0120
of COn1tiulluLmll transmittance
7 Plot of molecular scattering transmittance
= 8 Plot of aerosol/thydrometeor transmittance
9 Plot of HNO 3 transmittance
10 Plot of aerosol/hydrometeor absorptance
122
if IEMSCTL = 1,
IPOS =0 Plot of total transmittance

= 1 Plot of atmospheric radiance
(units chosen by variable ITYP onl Card 2)
If IEMSCT = 2,

1 Plot of atmospheric radiance
=2 Plot of path scattered radiance
=3 Plot of single scattered radiance
= 4 Plot of ground reflected radiance
= 5 Plot of direct reflected radiance
6 Plot of total radiance
for IPOS = 1-6 The units are chosen by ITYP.
NOTE: When running without multiple scattering (IMULT = 0) the path scattcl-d radiance is culal (o
the single scattered radiance and the ground reflected radiance is e.. al to the direc radiance.
If IEMSCT = 3,

=1 Plot of transmitted solar irradiance
=2 Plot of Incident solar irradiance
for IPOS 1 and 2 the units are chosen by ITYP.
A2.5 CARD 5 ISAMFL, ISAMPT

ISAMFL and ISAMPT ,.ire set to handle the next set of data to be plottcd. ISAMI"L is used wIhcn
the user wishes to plot a second, third, or .... variable from the same file of lI.O)WF'I-.AN 7 Tape 7 diad i.
The user should be sure that the range of the variable falls within the ranlge as1
st)cifiiicd oH li jhc =-
axis by CARD 2 and CARD 3.
ISAMIFL =0 Normal advance to next file of data

=1 Rewind and stay on same file
ISAMPT =0 Normal advance to new plot
= 1 Plot data on same physical plot
A3. THE AFGL COMPUTER SYSTEM CALCOMP PLOT ROUTINES
The program LOWPLT uses scveral AlGI. couiptier-system CAICOM P p)1t call:, that oiy .hillel
froi0 the system plotting routines available to the user. It Is anticipated that witlh, si it alt.c aId•l•pt toll
123
of the CALCOMP plot calls including the calls to PLTID3, PLOT, ENDPLU', NUMBIR'I, SYMBOL. and
LINE plotting can be accomplished with iniui-al difficullty.
The general functions of the AFGL system CALCOMP plot routines are as follows:
1. CALL PLTID 3 (PROGID, XMAX, YMAX, FACTOR)
This subroutine must be the first routine called as it initializes the plot.
PROGID = A 30-character hollerith array used as an identifier on thelplot header

XMAX = Max dimension in X inches (X limit for entire plot) (real)
YMAX = Max dimension in Y inches (Y limit for entire plot) (real)
FACTOR = A multiplicative factor to change size of plotting (usually 1.0) in both the X and Y
directions
2. CALL ENDPLT - PHYSICAL END OF PROGRAM

Subroutine ENDPLT must be the last plotting subroutine called in all levels. ENI)PI.T will empty
plotting buffers and write identifying infornation at the end of the page. A call to ENDPLT causes
termination of the job.
3. CALL LINE (X, Y, N, K, J, L, XMIN, DX. YMIN, DY, SYMSZE)

Subroutine LINE produces a single line by connecting the points defined in the dimensioned
variables X and Y.
X = A-ray of X values (real)

Y = Array of Y values (real)
N = Number of points to be plotted (integer)
K = Repeat cycle (usually K = 1) (integer)
When K = 2 the first, third, fifth, etc., points will be plotted
When K = 3 the first, fourth, s'wenth, etc., points will be plotted, etc.
Example CALL LINE (X( 1), X(2), N2 . . .) This is usually used when X and Y arrays are
one mnLxed array.
J = Control for using symbols (integer)
J = 0 will produce a line plot without symbols
J = 1 will produce a line plot with a symbol at every point
J = 2 will produce a line plot with a symbol at eveiy second point, etc., a negative
J will suppress the lines between the points.
L A number describing the symbol to be used. Only symbols whose in1teger equivalent
is 0 to 13 are centered around the point (X,Y). For all others the p)oinlt (XY) is at the
lower left corner of the symbol.
XMIN = Starting value of X-axis, in units of X (real)
DX = The difference between the final value on X-axis and the starting value of X-axis
divided by the length of X-axis in inches (real).
YMIN = Starting value of Y-axis, in units of Y (real)
DY = The difference between the final value on Y-axis and the starting value of
Y-axis divided by the length of Y-axis in inches.
124
SYMSZE' A nkimber def'ining the size oftthe symbol to be used at thle 1minit (XXY) (real). (D"11)e1iil
size is 0.08 inl.)
4. CALL PLOT (X, Y, IC)

Subroutitne PLOT is used to move the pen and to redefine a niew origJin.
X =X Coordinate, inl inches (real)
Y = Y Coordinate. inl Inchies (real,'
IC = If IC = 2, pen down as pen moves to (X, Y) (integer)
If IC = 3, pen ill as pen moves to X, Y.
If IC =-2 or -3, a new origin is deflned at X. Y.
NOTE: thle pen will move to location XXY on page ill all cases. X and Y are definedl with respwect to
the previously def'ined origin. Page framie, limits shouild be considered fin all cae~is. If IC ±2 or 3, anl
eiTor meIssageC is p~rinted.
5. CALL NUMBE.R (X, Y, LIGHT, FPN, TI IITA, N)

Subroutine NUMBER will interpret and plot a real (floating point) numnber.
X = X Coordinate of lower left-hanld corner of first digit, inl inchecs, relative to the currenclt
or-igin ([cal)
Y =Y Coordinate of lower left-hand corner or first digit, fin inches, .rchitlye to the current
origin (real)
lIGHT'I Height of numbers to be plotted, inl inchies (real)
F'P N = Numnber to be plotted (real)
TH-ETA =Orientation of the mnumber with respect to the X-axis, counlit erclockwise inl degrvees (real)
N = Number of digits after the decimial point (integer), N = -1 will suppr-esS the deciixial point
6. CALL SYMBOL. (X, Y, IIGI IT, BCD, TI IET1A, N)

Subroutine SYMB3OL will draw ai serieýs of symbols as defined in tlile synibol table ill the
CALCOM1P instruct ion manual.
X = Coordinate of' the lower-left cornler of' the first Char-acter, inl ijiehies, relat ive to the
current defined origin (real)
Y =Coordinate of the lowe~r-left corner of the first character, inl irielies,, relaitive to the
current origin (i-cal)
1IGI IT = The height of the characters, inl inchies (real). For pen plots the wvidthl ýf each character
will be equal to the height.
13CD =This parameter and tihe last parameter in CALL to SYMBOL~ (calledl N) dleterminei tcIhe
typ~e of annotation the routine iprodl-ceS. If B3CD is the text to 1e IliSe( as anniotationi,
usually BCI) or A type formant, the characters imust he left -ji ist ifirt and 1(iont igtiou is iii
single variable, in anl array, or in a H~ollerith~ literal. P~aramnet er N mutst 'ont aini thle
Iinumber of character-s to be plotted. IfP1C[) Is a single character of-text. time text iiutist be
rightL-Justified and parameter N =0.
Ti LE"TA =The anigular orientation with Ieslpect to the X axis Cot 1iItelerockwVise, de-grees (reCal).
125
N = Tlhits parameter ils paran'tcr BCD deiteriines type of lcttcring/syiibols produiced by
routine SYMBOL.
N > 0 - defines character count in array BCD. lft-jistilicd.
N = 0 - defines single charactcrs to be plotted, right -justtifiled.
N < 0 (negative) - detcrinitil-c the condition of the pen it, the move froimi i1; pit'sentl posH ioln to the place
where the symbol is to be produced.
IfN = -1, the pen is up during the move, alter which a symbol is produced. If N = -2 or less, the pen is
down dutring the move, after which a stypibol Is l)roduccd.
Three of the CALCOMP plot calls fromit the AFGL plotting libralr, used In LOWPlT, arc not
consistent with the standard CALCOMP vo'rsions. These calls and their possible modifications aic as
follows:
1. CALL. PLTID3 - should be repla.ed with CALL PLOTS (0, 0, 1I)EV) where LDLV is tlc plot
device designation:
2. CALL ENI)lPI]I' - should bh replaced wvitlIa plot coimpletion call appropriate to thel1iser's
System; and1(
3. CA.L LINE - a program modification must be made so that ilhe starting value -id the scaling
fii(or immediately follow the data values in the X-array and the Y-array respectively.
A4. PLOTTING OF TAPE8 VARIABLES
When plotting any of the variables on a T S utpl)t created by a 1ralislinttamiceC lnl, the card
8pe
SCe(Ch1iCe as outlined above rllemain the same. The only change is in the definition of tie coitirol
variable 1iOS on CARl) 4 as follows:
Il1OS = 0 Plot of 1120 tlrai lsilitt ance
= 1 Plot of 03 Irailsillittaiice
= 2 Plot ofCO 2 t ransmnit tance
23 Plot of CO transmittance
'i PlotL of Cl-i 4 ili lIs'LIjiti LIC'

6
5 Plot
Plot Of
of CH4
N 2 0trlans31utiiltce
tranismitance
- 6 Plot of N20 transmiittance
6
8 Plot of NO transmittance
- 9 Plot uf NO 2 t ýIransllittallce
= 10 Plot of SO 2 trllislllitjil
tace
NOTE: Thc plot progriamo does nlot handle Tape B type output not created by a transmittance run.
126
A5. LOWTRAN PLOT: PROGRAM STRUCTURE
The plot program for LOWTrtN 7 is a separate program package available with LOWT'RAN 7. The
plot code structure is shown in Figure Al. Descriptions of each subroutine are shown in Table Al.
LOWPLT
PLTDTA AXISL AXLOG
[DRAW
DASH2 DOT r5HDOT DSHDT2
Figure Al. Plot Pr-grain Structure
127
Table Al. Descriptions of Plot Prograrri Subroutines
IOWP1LT Main driver program. Reads 4 control cards.
AXISL Plots a labeled linear axis.

AXLOG Plots a labeled logarithmic axis.
PLTDTA Reads LOWTRAN data from TAPE 7. Determines which
variable to plot.
DRAW Sets up data to be plotted. Determines which type of line

to plot.
DAS112 Plots a dashed line.

DOT Plots a dotted line.
DSHDOT Plots a line with alternating dashes and (lots.
DSHDT2 Plots line with alternating dash and two dots.
12
128
3m
Appendix B
LOWTRAN 7 Filter Function Program, LOWFIL
B1. INTRODUCTION
The LOWTRAN 7 Filter Function Program, LOWFIL, is primarily designed to calculate the
effective atmospheric transmittance that would be measured by a filtered transmissometer. It can
also be used to calculate the effective radiance seen by a radiometer measuring the radiance emitted or
scattered by the atmosphere.
This program is written as an independent program package for use with the LOWMT1AN 7 code. It
assumes that the basic mass storage file, TAPE7, written by LOWTRAN, is available. It was written to
be fairly flexible in its use, although it is recognized that users may wish to modify the code to tailor it
more specifically for their own applications.
"The effective average atmospheric transmittance measured by a transmissometer looking at a
blackbody source Is given by:
- _ f(Oh)F(') B(i',T 1313) d(B

(B1)
JF(o) B(x,T 13 3)d-u
where
T (u) Is the spectral transmittance of the atmosphere,
F (') is the total combined response function of the sensor, including the transmittance of ariy
filters, the effect of the optical components and the detector response,
B('u, 'rnB) is the spectral emissivity of the blackbody source,
Ti13 is the temperature of the blackbody, and
129
i) is the frequency and the range of integration includes all the rnnn-zero values of F(u).
The atmospheric or scattered solar radiance measured by a rad, maeter is proportional to:
R = I('u)F(-)di, (B2)
where I (A) Is the spectral radiance. In general, when using Eq. (B2) to determine the radiance
measured by a radiometer it would be necessary to include in F (u). the radiometer angular field-of -
view, calibration constants, and all other frequency independent quantities that can be neglected for
Eq. (B1), since they cancel out. The effective normalized radiance is given by:
R f I (-u) F (-u))dv-o
IEff Fmax - F ma (13)
where Fmax = the maximum value of F(u). When used with radiance output, LOWFIL will calculate both
R and IEff. The units of R will depend on the units of F(u), the sensor response function; IFff will be in
W/Cm 2-ster.
The effective filter weighted average transmittances for the different atmospheric components
used in LOWTRAN are also computed, (for example, the transmittance due to ozone, the water vapor
continuum, aerosol, etc.). It should be recognized, that while:
"T(o) = T11 2 0 () "CO2.. "IlNO3(U) , (14)
in general:
" i 2 0IC•o2 .. iNO 3 ([35)
where the average transmittance for each of the atmospheric components is found by evaluating an
expression analogous to Eq. (B1).
In addition to the eight average component transmittances, the water continuum and band-type
absorption are combined into a total water transmittance.
'CWater(v)) t 1II20 I3and(U) t20 onnt. (0) (B6)
Also the ot.her gaseous transmittances are combined:

TGs(t) = tC0 2 (U)) ' 't1,
0 oC(1)) ' 'CN2 (1)) ' Tniol, scat(v) • t'IINO3 ( ) (137)
These combined transmittance components have proved useful in developing simple analytic
expressions for the effective transmittance measured by a system.
_ ý i Water • "1
Gas •_ýAerosol - (138)
where analytic expressions are derived separately for twater , cGcas, and tAerosol
130
B2. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS OF THE PROGRAM
The program starts by reading in a set of filter functions, or systems response functions. There
can be up to 15 different filters each specified at up to 80 different wavelengths (these limits can be
modified by adjusting the dimension statements) in each set.
Thc. program is written so that the systems response functions or filter function F(u), can be
input either as a function of wavelength (rim) or as function of wavenumber (cm-1 ). If they are input as
a function of wavelength, the wavelengths are converted to wavenumbers and the order of the points is
reversed to be in ascending order In wavenumber.
Next, a specified number of LOWTRAN cases are read in from TAPE7 one at a time. For each
LOWTRAN case, the different filters are cycled over one-by-one. The subset of the LOWTRAN
wavenumbers, which bracket the values for which the filter is defined, are found for each filter In
turn. Then the values of the filter function are interpolated to this subset of the LOWTRAN
wavenumbers.
Finally, the integrals in Eqs. (B1) through (B3) are evaluated using the trapezoidal rule. After a
set of filters is used with the specified number of LOWTRAN cases, the next set of filter functions is read
in, and repeated until the Input is terminated.
B3. USE OF THE FILTER FUNCTION PROGRAM
B3.1 Ge ýral Remarks

The filter function program LOWFIL utilizes TAPE7, the standard mass storage output file as
written by the LOWTRAN 7 computer code. The control cards for the filter are read from TAPE 5,
which in the listing that follows is equated to the INPUT file.
The program is written so that a set of up to 15 filter functions (system response functions) can be
read in at once, and used with one or several consecutive LOW'TRAN calculations. The filter functions
can be input either as a function of wavelength (pm) or as a function of wavenumber (cm- 1). The
wavelengths (waveriumbers) should be in ascending order, but can be at unequal Intervals, An option
is included to rewind the LOW'TRAN TAPE 7 output file, so more than 15 filter functions (system
response functions) can be used or the same filters can be re-used with a different blackbody source
temperature. It should be emphasized that the spectral range of the LOWTRAN calculations should
include the full sensitive range of the systems response functions to be used.
B3.2 Control Cards

There are three (3) basic control cards:
CARD 1 NF, NEW, IFT, TEMP, IPRINT, NLOW
(FORMAT (315, FIC) 2, 215))
Repeat CARD 2 and CARD 3 "NF" times, where NF is specified on CARD 1.
131
CARD 2 IDFIL, KODE, IFWV, NW
(FORMAT (2A10, 315))
CARD 3 (WAVE (1), FF (1). I = 1, NW)
CARD 3 is a free format with as many cards as needed for all the values of WAVE and FF.
B3.2.1 CARD 1 NF, NEW, IK-, TEMP, IPRINT, NLOW

NF indicates number of diflurent filters
NF > 0 Read in NF filters (NF < 15)

= 0 Use preceding filter for next LOWTRAN output
< 0 Stop filter program
NEW is an option to reuse the previous LOWTRAN data set for the next set of filters.
NEW = 0 No, Read next NLOW sets of LOWTRAN data
= 1 Yes, Rewind the LOWTRAN TAPE 7 output file
IFT is an option to enter blackbody temperature of source
IFT = 0 No blackbody
= 1 Fold in blackbody emmissivity
"TEMP= blackbody source temperature in degrees Kelvin
IPRINT controls the information pripted
IPRINT >10, Print LOWTRAN transmittances and results below
> 5. Print filter function with blackbody function folded in
> 0, Only print the filter weighted transmittances
NLOW indicates number of LOWTRAN data sets to use with this set of filters
B3.2.2 CARD 2 IDFIL, KODE, IFWV, NW

If NF is set to zero on CARD 1, a new input set of CARDS 2 and 3 are not read. If NF is > zero then
"NF" input sets of CARD 2 and 3 are read.
IDFIL = 20 Hollerith character identification for the given filter
KODE Filter identification number (5 digits)
IFWV is an option to input the filter function either vs wavelength or vs wavenumber.
IFWV = 0 Wavelength
1 Wavenumber
NW = Number of wavelengths or wavenumbers for the filter (NW < 80)
B3.2.3 CARD 3 (WAVE (I), FF (I), I = 1, NW)

The variable NW on input card 2 gives the number of wavelength or (wavenumber) filter function
pairs necessary to CARL) 3 or multiples of CARD 3. These should be in ascending order by wavelength
(or wavenumber).
132
WAVE = Wavelength or wavenumber, depending of IFWV
FF = Corresponding filter function
B4. STRUCTURE OF THE FILTER FUNCTION PROGRAM
The filter function program is an independent program package available for use on LOWMRAN 7
TAPE7 output. The filter function code structure Is shown in Figure Bi. Dcscriptions of each
subroutine are listed in Table B 1.
LOWFIL
WAVEN BRACK FINTLOG BIGFIL INTRAD BKD JGR
COMBT
INTGRT
Figure B1. Filter Program Structure
133
Table Bl. Description of LOWTRAN Filter Program Subroutines
LOWFIL - Main driver program. Reads control cards arid TAPE7 output from
LOWTRAN
WAVEN - Changes a system response function vs wavelength (ýtm) to a response
function vs wavenumber (cm-1)
BRACK - Finds the LOWTRAN wavenumbers, which bracket the system response
function
INTLOG - Interpolates a pair of vectors, F(l) = f(xj), and X(I) = XI, i = 1, 2.... N, to a
new set of coordinates; FNEW PJ) = fAxj) and XNEW (J) = xjiJ = 1, 2 .... M
BIGFIL - Routine to find the maximum value of the system response function
INTRAD - Integrates the emitted or scattered radiance from LOWTRAN times the
systems response function
BLKBDY - Weights the system response function by a blackbody radiance
INTGRT - Finds the average value of the transmittance from LOWTtRAN weighted
by the systems response function
COMBT - Finds the weighted average transmittance due to water vapor (both band-
type and continuum combined) and all the other gases combined
together
134
.1i
Appendix C
LOWTRAN 7 Scanning Function Program
The LOWVTRAN 7 scanning function program is an independent program supplied with the
LOWMRAN 7 package. The program is designed to convolve a triangular slit function with the
transmittance, or radiance available on the TAPE7 output file created by a LOWTMAN 7 runl. The fixed
half width at half maximum can be input as either wavenumbers (cnr 1 ) or wavelength (grm). This
program allows the user to gm~erate spectra with a coarser resolution than the current LOWMRAN
resolution of 20 cnr'. Use of the scanning function preserves the correct integrated intensities or
transmnittances and avoids the errors of undersampling the spectra.
C2. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE SCANNING FUNCTION
Four tape files are initially opened. The scanning function programn extracts the data to be
scanned fromn TAPE7. TAPE5 Is needed to read the control card, TAPE6, is used for printed output
from the program and TAPE9 is used to store the scanned variable and is available for plotting.
C2.1 Input Data and Format

The data necessary to pass a scanning function over the TAPE7 variable is given by the following
card:
135
CARD 1 V10, V20, HWHTM, IHW, NUMFIL, IVAR
FORMAT (3F 10.5, 315)
C3. BASIC INSTRUCTIONS
The various quantities to be specified on the control card are defined in this section.
C3.1 CARD I V1O, V20, HWHM, IHW, NUMFIL, WAR

1
V10 = First output frequency in cm-
1
V20 = Last output frequency in cm-
HWHM = Fixed half width at half max (cn- 1 ) defined at V10 (if I1HW = 0)
Fixed half width at half max (mun)(if II-W = 1)
IHW Flag for scanning function half width (0 or I as explained above)
NUMFIL 0 uses next file of data
> 0 uses file of data specified by NUMFIL
IVAR: The use of the variable WAR depends on the value of the variable IEMSCT as read from
CARD I of TAPE7.
If IEMSCT = 0
IVAR 0 scans total transmittance

= 1 scans H20 transmittance
= 2 scans uniformly mixed gases transmittance
= 3 scans 03 transmittance
= 4 scans trace gases transmittance
= 5 scans N2 continuum transmittance
= 6 scans H20 continuum transmittance
= 7 scans molecular scattering transmittance
= 8 scans aerosol/ hydrometeor transmittance
= 9 scans HNO 3 transmittance
= 10 scans aerosol/hydrometeor absorptance
If IEMSCT = 1
IVAR = 0 scan of total transmIttance
= 1 scan of almosphertc radiance
136
If IEMSCT = 2
WAR = 0 scan of total transmittance
= 1 scan of atmospheric radiance
= 2 scan of path scattered radiance
= 3 scan of single scattered radiance
= 4 scan of total ground reflected radiance
= 5 scan of direct reflected radiance
= 6 scan of total radiance
NOTE: When running without multiple scattering (IMULT = 0). the path scattered radiance is equal to
the single scattered radiance and the ground reflected radiance is equal to the direct radiance.
If IEMSCT = 3
1VAR = 0 scan of total transmittance

= 1 scan of transmitted solar irradiance
= 2 scan of incident solar irradiance
C4. SCAN OF TAPE8 VARIABLES
If a scan of any of the TAPE8 variables as created by a transmittance run is required, the only
variable treated differently is IVAR, The changes are as follows:
IVAR = 0 scan of H 2 0 tiansmittancc
= 1 scan of 03 transmittance
= 2 scan of CO 2 transmittance
3 scan of CO transmittance
= 4 scan of CH 4 transmittance
5 scan of N 2 0 transmittance
= 6 scan of 02 transmittance
= 7 scan of NH 3 transmittance
= 8 scan of NO transmittance
9 scan of NO 2 transmittance
= 10 scan of SO 2 transmittance
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989-600-000/0000O
137
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Users guide to LOWTRAN 7

Article · January 1988

Eric Shettle William Gallery

178 PUBLICATIONS 9,273 CITATIONS

Shepard Anthony Clough

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Qualified requestors may obtain additional copies from the Defense

4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)

SDs Avail dild/Ol

2. DISCUSSION OF LOW 'hAN 7 CODE 4

3. INSTRUCTIO14S FOR USING LOWFRAN 7 19

4. EXAMPLES OF PROGRAM OUTPUT 44

1.1 Case 1: Single and Multiple Scattered Solar Radiance 4.1

APPENDIX A: LOWI'RAN 7 PLOT PROGRAM 120

APPENDIX B: LOWTRAN 7 FILTER FUNCTION PROGRAM 129

APPENDIX C: LOWTI'AN 7 SCANNING FUNCTION PROGRAM 135

1. LOWTRAN 7 Main Program Structure 6

3. 'rogram Struciure for lic Air Mass Geomctry Subroutines 8

B1. Filter Program StrUCture 133

1. Description of LOWMRAN 7 Subroutines 11

6. Description of Block Data Subroutines 17

8. LOWT'RAZN CARD 2 Input Parameter: IVULCN 25

10. LOWTPAN CARD 2 Input Parameters: IIIAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, VIS 28

1.1 The LOWTRAN 7 Model

(Received for- I'ublication 15 Aiigusl 19881)

Model, (in preparation).

10. NASA (19763) Ui.S. loihrAiiO))en iIp'iii,19)70. U . S. G'overnmeniii t Il

2. DISCUSSION OF LOWTRAN 7 CODE

2.1 LOWTRAN 7 Code Structure

LWP'RN 7 - Main driver program. Reads control cards.

AERNSM - Defines model atmosphere, aerosol profile and cloud profile.

TRANS Calculates transmittance, atmospheric radiance, and solar/lunar

0311111f 1j\Tr - 03 Htartley band temperatlur dep)endent coefficient: quIadrlatic

M LATMIB - Model atmospheric dat a. Six stored atmnospheric niodel:3.

2.3 Execution Field Length

3. INSTRU ,TIONS FOR USING LOWTRAN 7

3.1 Input Data and Formats

CARD 2C2: (WMOI(J), J=4, 12) (If I.ll 1=1)

CARD 2D: IREG (1 TO 4) (If IIIAZE=7 or iCLD=I 1)

CARD 2D 1: AWCCON, TITLE

Delthitlons of these quantities will be discussed in Section 3.2.

3.2 Basic Instructions

ITYPE = 1 For a horizontal (constant-pressure) path

IEMSCT = 0 Program execution in transmittance mode

IMULT Determines execution with multiple scattering

IMULT = 0 Program executed without multiple scattering

For normal operation of program (MODEL 1 to 6)

If MODEL=0 or 7 and if:

MI=1 to 6 Default temperature and pressure to specified model atmosphere

IM=O For normal operation of program or when subsequent calculations are to

MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, M2, M3,

User- Horizontal Transmittance multiple -. 1 TAPE 8

Radiance with TAPE 6

Table 8. LOWTRAN CARD 2 Input Parameter: IVULCN