MOTION

Quick Revision- Speed, Distance, Time

SPEED DISTANCE TIME 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Distance travelled by an The length covered by an object during Distance travelled by an
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
object per unit time its motion in a given time and given object over a given speed
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
speed 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Unit : m/s Unit : m Unit : s
 Quick Revision - Speed

AVERAGE
SPEED
SPEED

Speed Average Speed

This refers to the speed at any given instant in time. So, it This refers to when a total distance is known, and a total time is known between
gives instantaneous speed. two points. It can be imagined as the average of all instantaneous speeds.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 Quick Revision - Speed

AVERAGE
SPEED
SPEED

Speed Average Speed

Example: Example: (average speed is considered for journeys where
- The speed that a speedometer reads at any the speed changes)
given instant in time - A train making stops at stations
- How fast a car is travelling when caught by a - An athlete accelerating to reach their maximum speed in a
speed camera sprint
 Speed
Velocity
Velocity is speed travelled in a given direction

Formular:
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑚) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑚)
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = /
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑠) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑠)

Unit: m/s Velocity

Speed and Velocity may have the same value, but velocity is a
VECTOR quantity and can have a negative symbol to show
direction
 Acceleration
Acceleration is the change in velocity (speed if
there is no direction) per unit time
𝑚
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( ) 𝑣 −𝑢
Formular: 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑠
=
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑠) 𝑡

Where: v is final velocity, and u is initial velocity

Unit: m/s2

When velocity is increasing – Acceleration (+)

When velocity is decreasing – Deceleration (-)

Remember velocity is speed with a particular direction, so without

direction, we have speed
MOTION GRAPHS
 (i) Distance – Time Graph

Vehicle
travelled a
further 30 km
over the next 30
minutes Vehicle
Vehicle travelled 30 travelled 60 km
km over the first 2 over the 1 hour
hours from starting 30 minutes
point back to its
Vehicle is
starting point
stationary
over the
next hour
Quick Revision – Gradient/Slope
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

y
X2, y2

X1, y1
x
 (i) Distance – Time Graph

Gradient / Slope of Distance – Time

Graph
- Tells us about the vehicle’s SPEED
- The steeper the slope, the greater the speed
30 −0 𝑘𝑚
Speed over A = = 15 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
11.00 −09.00 ℎ𝑟𝑠

0 𝑘𝑚
Speed over B = = 0 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
12.00 −11.00 ℎ𝑟𝑆

60 − 30 𝑘𝑚
Speed over C = = 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
12.30 −12.00 ℎ𝑟𝑠

0 − 60 𝑘𝑚
Speed over D = 14.00 −12.30 ℎ𝑟𝑠
= 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
NOTE: On a straight-line graph, the speed is constant
On a curved-line graph, the speed is changing - accelerating or decelerating
 Let’s try this one ☺
The Distance – Time Graph is for a motorcycle travelling along a
straight road 1. What is the motorcycle doing between points D

and E?

It’s stationary

2. Between which points is it accelerating?

A and B

3. Between which points is it decelerating?

C and D

4. Between which points is its speed steady?

B and C
 Let’s try this one ☺
The Distance – Time Graph is for a motorcycle travelling along a
straight road

5. What is the steady speed?

50 − 10
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 =
15 − 5

= 4𝑚/𝑠

6. What is the distance travelled between A and D?

60 km

7. What is the average speed between A and D?

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 60
𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = = 3𝑚/𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 20
 Try at home☺

C D

B
A E
The Distance – Time Graph is for a car travelling along a straight
road from home (A to C) and returning home (D to E) 1. What is the car doing between points C and D?

It’s stationary

2. Is the speed greater between A and B or between

C D
B and C

B and C

3. Between which points is its speed steady?

B
A and B, B and C, D and E
A E
 4. What is the speed between B and C and between
A and B? Give answer in km/hr

C D 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶

25 − 5
= = 40𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
(17: 45 − 17: 15) ÷ 60

B 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵

A E
5−0
= = 20𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
(17: 15 − 17: 00) ÷ 60
 5. What is the average speed for the trip from home?
6. What is the average speed for the return trip
home?
C D

25
𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐶) =
17: 45 − 17: 00 ÷ 60

= 33.3𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

B
A E 25
𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝐷 𝑡𝑜 𝐸) =
18: 15 − 17: 53 ÷ 60

= 68.2𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
 (ii) Speed– Time Graph

For the next 20

For the next 10 For the next 10
seconds the
seconds the seconds the
vehicle
Vehicle travelled vehicle travelled vehicle
decelerated
over 10 seconds at a constant accelerated from
from 25 to 0
and accelerated speed of 15 m/s 15 to 25 m/s
m/s, coming to a
from 0 to 15 m/s
stop
 (ii) Speed– Time Graph

Gradient / Slope of Speed – Time Graph

- Tells us about the vehicle’s ACCELERATION

- The steeper the slope, the greater the acceleration
15 −0 𝑚/𝑠
Acceleration over A = = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2
10 −0 𝑠

15 −15 𝑚/𝑠
Acceleration over B = = 0 𝑚/𝑠 2
20 −10 𝑠

25 −15 𝑚/𝑠
Acceleration over C = = 1 𝑚/𝑠 2
30 −20 𝑠

0 −25 𝑚/𝑠
Acceleration over D = = − 1.25 𝑚/𝑠 2 (DECELERATION)
50 − 30 𝑠

On a straight-line section, the speed changes at a steady rate, the acceleration is the same at any given point
On a curved-line section, the acceleration will be changing
Quick Revision – Area
Square and Rectangle
= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

Triangle
1
= 𝑥 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2

Trapezium
1
= 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑡
2
(ii) Speed– Time Graph

Area under Speed – Time Graph

- Tells us about the DISTANCE travelled

- This can come in different forms of shapes – square,
rectangle, triangle, trapezium etc.
1
Distance under A = 𝑥 10 𝑠 𝑥 15 𝑚/𝑠 = 75 𝑚
2

Distance under B = 10 𝑠 𝑥 15 𝑚/𝑠 = 150 𝑚

1
Distance under C = 𝑥 15 + 25 𝑚/𝑠 𝑥 10 𝑠 = 200 𝑚
2
1
Distance under D = 𝑥 20 𝑠 𝑥 25 𝑚/𝑠 = 250 𝑚
2
Try this one ☺

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 Try this one ☺
Describe the motion during the sections labeled below A=

B=

C=

D=

E=