Assignment 1 (RP)

1. Deriving the temperature of an object

dE UP
a) Fr (S sm
-

Hz] dAddr =

where dE dP
=
= Fr =

dAd

We get the 'real' power of

the source by substracting the power from
the source and power from the 'background' (empty sky additional contributions):

4.2.10 s-
P P source
Pbuckyround= b.572.10" 3. 143.10
=
= - -

- I

~mu = 2.
=
(350 -
0.7 mm)
Integrate
over
frequency range:Vow S de
- (350
2.340.108
-
0.7).106- 3353-6 3.23-103H2 =

~min 2.
=

(350 0.7
+
mm)
s2(D/2)"
As thetelescope
A
collecting area, so where D e
=

- 12
4.24.10
- 1.11.10-23 WmRHE
(E)3. 33-103 =

b) The
efficiency is
y E
=
e to correct for the too low measured flux, apply y'correction Factor

Fr. true Fr. y

=
Fr E, 23
6.65.1043
-

- =
1.11.10
= =
Wm2Hz

2) Note:I
"

as angular size is
confusing, so I set y=2 as the
size ofthe source

Note:We assume here thatthe

angular resolution 0:1.22 is the same as the ungular diameter
ofthe telescope

So in this case, y:A, hence In oft hsource

e comes from solid
the
angle ofthe source

in(2)"Crad] 1(91) Ronce" (13000100"rad=7.2.10 tree he

-"
e e sr
Fr,
=

F =
~ Fr= (Incos de Assume small s.t.cos021 e Fr Ir) de Ir,ursource
=

7.4.10.
2.23.10-13 WaMESa
=

d) In this cuse,
e<8, so the total diameter the source
of be
cannot
completely be seen by the telescope

With
t hsame
e assumptions as in (C).
350.
⑦ (rud) 1.22. =

12
=3.56.105 rud
-
23
e
telescope in(2) a
=
=

(3.50105) 3.y.10-10s =

Fr 1.65.10
Wm- HE's
Iv.2>0=
-

then 1.66.10
=

&telescope G.G.,0
-> =
- 10

3 mirtns)
e) Ist hsource
e is bluckbody. Iv Bu
=

2h23/c2
Use Planckspectrum Br(T)= exp(hr/byT) -
1

In observed at 350mm, so v
Y
=

YB 8.57.10"HE
= =

e cuse():
Tyco
=

h2/((n(22,0+1)-b)
=6.6261032.9.57.10"/((n(2.6.626.032.(.57.10/(2.540-1082 1)- 1.38.10-43) 2.24.10-13
+

= 10135

ecuse (d):Teso h2 =

/(in(220+1)-b)
=6.6261032.9.57.10"/((n(2.6.626.032.(.57.10/(2.540-1082 1)- 1.38.10-43) 1.66.10-14
+

y2.75
=

5) We colour temperature, is BB thathas the hower spectrum,

can
find the which temperature
the ofa a max at same as observed
the with

Wien's displacementlaw:hmaxt 0.290 cm

=

- T, 0.240cmb
=

↳mux

From Fig", hmax 0.3yMm 0.34.10-4cm = =

0.240cmE
Tc =

2 7436
=

0.39
-
-
10

Hence, For 20. Tc Ta

9) Ez. ofradiative transfer: - Inte

IFSo is constant, we have Ez. 1.30:If(iz) 3r er(Ir(0)
=
+ -

Su

Ift hsource
e we re a
blackbody, its optical depth is would have to go as into

IrLizeo)=SiPer(Iro)
-O

In this cuse, -

Su

Ir(trez) Bv =

However, we don't truly know whether this is the

case and ifthe source is a blackbody

broadband looks like BB spectrum, but differentspectral distribution

may actually
The spectrum a have a than a true BB spectrum, which would lead to

an inaccurate color temperature, which as we see is

very differentto the
physical temperature
So we don'tknow if assumption of
the the being BB is
entirely accurate, and cause discrepancy
the between to and Thin
s ou rce a
may
 2. Emission, absorption and scattering
a) In LTE, relative
the
populations are described by the Boltzmann distribution: Benwat
As stated in Tex
the question, even out
ofLTEone can
define to characterise t wo
the
populations as

ehr/Tex
M
=
n

-> h2/wTex
In) =

- Tex =hr (b. In (?3- where he planet's const., V

Frequency. 6 Boltzmann const., n, population ground state, he population excited state
excited state
3, degeneracy ground state, ye degeneracy

3) IfTexT,, this means t he

that the atomic
gus
has a
higher temperature than the inner
region (were it
in LTE)

In (52) Ioe-ir Sr(1-e )

-

We have =

Sr= BrCT) Ir(in) Ise- r Br(T)(1 -)

-

In LTE. e
=

+
-
e

SetIo BrCT,) =
and Br(Tex) s.t. IrCTr) is the radiation that
propagates through souce and can be observed by us

Ir(i) Br(Ti)e Br(Tex)(1 r)

-
-

>
=
+
-
e

For Tr = 1, Br(T,)e-trc Br(Tex)(l-e-Tr) so the radiation from the

gas dominates

For Ir 100.
=

Be(T.)e-tr 0
=
and Br(Tex)(1-e- tr) = Br(Tex) so the radiation from the
gas dominates greatly
Therefore, resulting spectrum include by within or around Eh'. This photon been
>
expectthe to emission lines emission photon v have excited
by
=

we
of a
may
a photon absorbed
it
from the inner region or
already excited due to the high Tex

For i = 1 emissionlines will show, butfor tie these emission lines will be
stronger
examp L du
~en

= -
~
Stretch:
I -
I

2 Eh -
= 2 - 2 Eh-1
= 2 -

For Texts, or Eh from be absorbed

2) some photons within around v the inner regions to
by the but
o therwise will justsee the
continum BB spectrum
=

we
expect gas, we

For I =
1, absorption lines will be visible and for 5 = 100 these will be even deeper
example
↳example
stetch: stetch:
~>

= =
I
x

"
2 El-
=

- 2 El-
=

d) Isthe observer can still a

detect
spectral line from the inner shell, this indicates the
that
epacity to
scuttering is is low, and
certainly not
dominating over

In High is would lead to

many scattering events, which would likely make itvery hard to still observe the inner shell, so a low is would make this possible

e) Use effective optical depth [a InCin+Is) =

> [R 0.008(0.008 104)

=
+

8.34334
=

so the second shell is

optically thick and thus a spectral line is
very unlikely to be detectable

1) We assume thatno spectral line can be detected in[B>/(i.e. optically thick)

->
[a in(in Ts), I, 100
= + =

1 Ia([n+100

In 20o?.> +
I

In [2 spectral line will be detected

for this,
- - 100.001V >0.001 E no

-
[a in(in [s),I, 0.1
= + =

1 Ia([n+100
+
In 0.152>

detected
-> In> 0.45Efor Mis, no
spectral line will be

3. Radiative diffusion
Ez. ofradiative transfer: - Inte
Since conditions in the medium are considered to be constant, we can
approximate these conditions as isotropic

Moreover, very high SreBu

since I is

In this situation, we can use Rosseland

the
approximation
zx

Here we use plane-parallel geometry:

dz "
SetM cos&
= ds = &
m

-Ir(u,z)
->
transfer ed. becomes
= -(a 0)(Ir
+ -
(1) dz
db
M 0z

a
deep in material
on MFP
scale of
In(z,M) Sr =
-

0 Ir ↑
or
is smalle In" (7,M)=S=Bu (because SreBel ~Picni
m OBr smallanyways
Use this for "new" order approx:Iv(z, m) Br diton
=

0z
& does contribute to
not
flux
 > Use thatFe(z)= In" (z, m) d
cost xt
m cs(0)
=

dm = sin (0) d

=I"(7,m)
-

cost, in Odde

-2) In(z,M) mam 2a).Erlz, mmdm =

In (imram
+

--

OBr(T)
re=-sm
OT
--
or
ot

To the total
get energy flux,
use that
F(z)=(Fe(z) de
0

--
Cartonsdu Soor+ws- de
If that J de=OB!=I desire Rosseland
the dm=
absorption seeps. In:
J O du
we use we can menu

a combine all this to

get F(z)=-'E
Evaluating this expression for the medium is much easier than
solving RTE
the without Roseland
t he approximation

The energy on
weighted ofall opacities, which
fluxi s only dependent the
temperature gradient and the mean a re hard
not to evaluate