Classified CHEMISTRY Paper 4 Part I 2010 - 2015 All variants in one paper For 0620 and 0971 syllabus Mostafa Barakat 0100 165 44 62Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 Topic 6 Topic 7 i | contents ‘Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) Contents States of matter States of matter Kinetic theory Diffusion of gases Separation Technique Laboratory apparatus Separation of mixtures Chromatography Atoms, elements and bonding Atomic structure Radioactive isotopes Electron distribution tonic bonds Covalent bonds Macromolecular (giant) structure Metallic Bond Formula, Chemical equation and calculations Chemical formula Naming of ionic and covalent compounds Chemical equations Percent composition of elements Chemical equation and calculations Electrochemistry Oxidation and reduction Electrolysis Application of electrolysis Energy Change Endothermic and exothermic reactions Energy from fuel Nuclear fuel Electricity from chemical reactions (Cell) Rates of Reactions Speed of chemical reactions Paper_4 10 45 41 67 88 101 ; > d d d y ) y ) d d ) ) ) ) ) J d ) > ) ) y ) y 7Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Topic 8 Topic 9 Topic 10 Topic 11 Topic 12 Topic 13 Topic 14 Contents Reversible Reactions Reversible reactions Chemical equilibrium Acids, Bases, Salts and Test of ions Acids and Bases The p" scale Oxides Making salts Test for cations and anions The periodic table Group 1 elements Group 7 elements Noble gases Transition elements Trends in period 3 Reactivity series and Metals Reactivity series of metals Extraction of zinc Extraction of iron Making steel Alloys Air and Water Non-metals Nitrogen and ammonia Sulfur and sulfuric acid Carbon and carbonates Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols Carboxylic acids and Esters Condensation polymerisation Paper_4 124 141 163 174 213 225 ‘Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Data Sheet 1, Reactivity Series of Metals Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbon zine iron Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Gold Platinum 2, Formulae of Some Common Ions Most reactive Least reactive (elements in italics, though non-metals, have been included for comparison) Positive fons Negativeions | Common Acids Name Formula |Name__| Formula | hydrochloric acid Hydrogen | H* Chloride | C= nitric acid Sodium Bromide | By= sulfuric acid ; phosphoric acid Silver Fluoride | F~ Potassium [Iodide L Common Bases Lithium Oxide sodium hydroxide Calcium Sulfide iste reser — - hydroxide Barium Hydroxide | OH calcium hydroxide Magnesium Sulfate | SO} aqueous ammonia Zine Zn® Carbonate | CO; lead Pb* Nitrate NOS Aluminium | 47° nitrite NO; tron(il) Fe™ tron(itl) Fe Copper(i) | Cu" Ammonium | NH; HCI HNOs H,SO, HPO: NaOH KOH CaOH)y NHyayCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1 Topic 7 STATES OF MATTER 1 | 4-States of Matter | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1 4) May 2010 [31] Q (2_i) 2) Ozone is a form of oxygen. Ozone is present in the upper atmosphere and it prevents dangerous solar radiation from reaching the Earth's surface. Some of the chemicals that diffuse into the upper atmosphere decompose ozone. Chemicals that have this effect are methane (CH.), chloromethane (CHCl) and an oxide of nitrogen (NO). (i) Which of these three chemicals diffuses the most slowly? Give a reason for your choice. 7 7 (2) 2) Nov 2040 [33] Q (6_a, ii, b) 6 The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and movement of particles. (a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, Nz, which are spread far apart move in a random manner at high speed. (ii) How does the movement and arrangement of the molecules in a crystal of nitrogen differ from those in gaseous nitrogen? BI (b) Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain the following (i) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of a gas is due to the molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container. Explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the temperature is increased. ac ath [2 (ii) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas. constant re preseure—e [U LI applied = J} metat toi f gas escapes gas syringe os Srough small hhole in fol 2 [4~States of Matter | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462) pu ee ee eee be Se ewsCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1 The following results were obtained gos | ‘erveratue | rats of duson nitrogen 25 1.00 chiorine 26 0.53 nitrogen 50 4.05) Explain why nitrogen diffuses faster than chlorine. 2] Explain why the nitrogen diffuses faster at the higher temperature. [] 3) May 2012 [31] Q (1_a) 1) The diagram below shows part of the Water Cycle. _ Hoo se) 1.019) Me (a) (i) State the name of each of the following changes of state. 1:0) —> HO name H.0g —> 1,09 name (2) ii) Which one of the above changes of state is exothermic? Explain your choice, -[t] 1 States of Matter “Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1 eee 4) May 2012 [32] Q (1_¢) (c) When liquid nitrogen boils the following change occurs. Nog ——> Naig The boiling point of nitrogen is very low even though the bond between the atoms in a nitrogen molecule is very strong. Suggest an explanation. (2) 5) Nov 2012 [32] Q(2) 2 The diagram shows a heating curve for a sample of compound X. 80; temperature /°C 15 time (a) Is X a solid, a liquid or a gas at room temperature, 20°C? M (b) Write an equation for the equilibrium which exists in region BC. (2) {c) Name the change of state which occurs in region DE. “(1 (d) Explain how the curve shows that a pure sample of compound X was used. [2 4 | 4~States of matter ‘Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1 ——— 6) Nov 2012 [33] @ (3) 3 (a) A small amount of liquid bromine is added to a container which is then sealed, Bry —> Bragg Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain why, after about an hour, the bromine molecules have spread uniformly to occupy the whole container. - . eteteae eee 7 sveemneneernees [3] {b} The diagrams below show simple experiments on the speed of diffusion of gases. porous pot allows gas hydrogen, »molecules porous pot / to dittuse fo air alr. air. _-higher level large “J beaker diagram 1 air. carbon dioxide ~ large beaker iagram 3 ‘Complete the following explanations. Diagram 1 has been done for you! — = 5 | 1-States of Matter [Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1 Diagram 1 ‘There is air inside and outside the porous pot so the rate of diffusion of air into the pot is the same as the rate of diffusion of air out of the pot. The pressure inside and outside the pot is the same so the coloured liquid is at the same level on each side of the tube. Diagram 2 1} Diagram 3 7) May 2014 [31] Q (3_a, b, ¢, iii) 3 (a) Different gases diffuse at different speeds. (i) What is meant by the term diffusion? (ii) What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses? [1] (b) Helium is a gas used to fill balloons. It is present in the air in very small quantities. Diffusion can be used to separate it from the air. Air at 1000 °C is on one side of a porous barrier. The air which passes through the barrier has a larger amount of helium in it. (i) Why does the air on the other side of the barrier contain more helium? aa) (ii) Why is it an advantage to have the air at a high temperature? Rctisatiistttintestse tat a eae ( (c) Most helium is obtained from natural gas found in the USA. Natural gas contains methane and 7% helium. One possible way to obtain the helium would be to bum the methane. i) Suggest another method, other than diffusion, by which helium could be separated from the mixture of gases in natural gas. [NY 6 | 1~States of matter [> Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1 8) May 2014 [33] Q (2) 2 Explain each of the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory, {a) The rate of most reactions increases at higher temperatures 3 (b) A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas takes up the shape of the container but it does not have a fixed volume. liquid gas 13) 7 | 1~—States of Matter |” Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1 —— 9) Nov 2014 [33] Q (2_a) 2. Compound X is a colourless liquid at room temperature. (a) A sample of pure X was slowly heated from -5.0 °C, which is below its melting point, to 90 °C, which is above its boiling point. Its temperature is measured every minute and the results are represented on the graph. F 90°C; temperature time (i) Compiete the equation for the equilibrium present in the region BC. [1] X_ == (ii) What is the significance of temperature t °C? .-{] (iii) What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF? (1) (iv) What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X had been used? {i} 8 | 1-States of Matter [Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_é 10) May 2015 [31] Q (6_c) (c) Gases diffuse, which means that they move to occupy the total available volume, (i) Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why gases diffuse. : ee Elie gee : a (ii) When the colourless gases hydrogen bromide and ethylamine come into contact, a white solid is formed. CH,CH,NH, + HBr —> CH,CH,NH,Br,, white solid The following apparatus can be used to compare the rates of diffusion of the, two gases ethyiamine and hydrogen bromide. bo gives off gives off CH,CH.NH,(g} H8r(g) Ugo» 2: keV \ cotton woo! soaked in cotton woo! soaked in ethylamine(aq) ‘cone. hydrobromic acid Predict at which position, A, B or C, the white solid will form. Explain your choice. [3] 44) Nov 2015 [33] Q (1_b) {b) How could you show that a sample of water is pure? (1) 9 | 1-States of Matter | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Paper_4_Topic 2 Cambridge JGCSE Chemistry Classified Topie 2 Separation Technique 10 |2~Separation Technique | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) wee eee ee ee we weewwe wet www COS wee Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_é Topic 2 1) May 2010 [31] Q (4_b, iii) (iii) A protein can be hydrolysed to a mixture of amino acids which are colourless. Individual amino acids can be identified by chromatography, The Rf value of the amino acid glycine is 0.5. Describe how you could show that glycine was present on a chromatogram, Bateatneef sae ctestestsenseced 3 2) May 2011 [34] Q (1) 41) The following techniques are used to separate mixtures A simple distillation B fractional distillation evapouration D chromatography filtration F diffusion From this list, chose the most suitable techniques to separate the following (a) methane from a mixture of the gases, methane and ethane .... tt] (b) water from aqueous magnesium sulphate .. . i) (0) glycine from a mixture of the amino acids, glycine and lycine . tt} (6) iron filings from a mixture of iron filings and water t (e) zinc sulfate crystals from aqueous zine sulfate . (1) () hexane from a mixture of the liquid, hexane and octane... EY 3) Nov 2042 [31] @ (1) 1 Allst of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below. filtration diffusion fractional distillation simple distillation crystallisation chromatography From this list, choose the most suitable technique to separate the following mixtures. A technique may be used once, more than once or not at all (a) butane from a mixture of propane and butane a) (b) oxygen from liquid air fh oe [1] Oy a (f) glucose from a mixture of glucose and maltOS€ «ens a (c) water from aqueous magnesium sulfate ..... (d) potassium chloride from aqueous potassium chloride .... {e) silver chloride from a mixture of silver chloride and water 11 | 2—Separation Technique [Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge JGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 2 4) May 2013 [32] Q (7_c) (c) Esters can be used as solvents in chromatography. The following shows a chromatogram of plant acids. _--- solvent front the cross represents the centre of the spot --- baseline ‘An ester was used as the solvent and the chromatogram was sprayed with bromothymol blue. (i) Suggest why it was necessary to spray the chromatogram. (ii) Explain what is meant by the Rf value of a sample. 12 | 2~Separation Technique | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 2 —— (iii) Calculate the R, values of the two samples and use the data in the table to identify the plant acids. plant acid | R, vatue | tartaric acid sittic acid 0.30 oxalic acid 0.36 malic acid 0.46 succinic acid | 0.60 TIS ccs aid acid 2 sample 1 R= sample 2 Rr = ... Itis 5) May 2014 [31] Q (2_b) (b) In many regions, drinking water is obtained by the distillation of sea-water. Explain how distillation separates the water from sea-water. Ea eed ee att tet ett ated te 7 [2] 6) Nov 2044 [32] Q (1) 1 An important aspect of chemistry is purity and methods of purification. (2) Give an example of substances used in everyday life which must be pure. . [1] (b) A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below. chromatography crystallisation diffusion dissolving evaporation filtration fractional distillation simple distillation (i) From the list, choose the most suitable technique to separate the following water from sea-water ... helium from a mixture of helium and methane .. ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and propanol iron filings from a mixture of iron filings and water ‘a mixture of two amino acids, glycine and alanine 6) 13 | 2—Separation Technique T Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 2 i (ii) Describe how you would obtain a pure sample of copper(I!) sulfate-5-water crystals from a mixture of copper(|!) sulfate-5-water with copper(|l) oxide using some of the techniques listed above. (4 7). Nov 2014 [33] Q (3_b) {b) Fullerenes are soluble in liquid hydrocarbons such as octane. The other solid forms of carbon are insoluble. Describe how you could obtain crystals of fullerenes from soot which is a mixture of fullerenes and other solid forms of carbon. eesnseee ese {3] 8) May 2015 [31] Q (2_b, c) 2 Describe how to separate the following. In each example, give a description of the procedure used and explain why this method works. (b) Nitrogen from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. procedure ..... explanation ....... 1] (c) Glycine from a mixture of the two amino acids glycine and alanine. Glycine has the lower Rf value. procedure ...... explanation 2) 14 | 2—Separation Technique | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) wee ee ee bw ee weeCambridge GCSE Chemistry Classified Topic 3 Elements, Compounds and Bonding “15 [3=étements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 1) May 2010 Q (5_a, bis, ii) 5 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. Both elements have macromolecular structures, {a) Diamond and graphite are two forms of the element carbon (i) Explain why diamond is a very hard substance. (2) (ii) Give one use of diamond. : cae : {1 (iii) Explain why graphite is a soft material tae 7 2) (iv) give one use of graphite. (1) (b) Two of the oxides of these elements are carbon dioxide, CO2, and silicon(IV) oxide, SiO (i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound carbon dioxide. Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from an oxygen atom (3] (ii) A section of the macromolecular structure of silicon(IV) oxide is given below. Use this diagram to explain why the formula is SiOz not SiO. [2] 16 | 3-Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) eee ee eee Lee ee ww weweCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper, 1_Topic 3 2) Nov 2010 [31] Q (1) 1 The table gives the composition of three particles. oaion | tombe! | eumteet | marker (a) What is the evidence in the table for each of the following? (i) Particle A is an atom. (li) They are all particles of the same element. (iii) Particle B is a negative ion i oe ct 2 (iv) Particles A and C are isotopes (b) (i) What is the electronic structure of particle A? (li) What is the valency of the element? 11) (iii) Is the element a metal or a non-metal? Give a reason for your choice. 3} Nov 2010 [31] Q (4_a) 4 Ammonia is an important industrial chemical. {a) (i) Give the electron structure of an atom of nitrogen. peace Prantl ) (ii) Use this electronic structure, rather than the valency of nitrogen, to explain why the formula of ammonia is NH3 not NH. (2) 3 Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 3 4) Nov 2010 [32] Q (1) 1 The following table gives information about six substances. substance | "hing point | boing point | elecrcal conductinty | electrical eonductvity Ke ie asa solid asa liquid A 239 1484 good good 8 =210 2196 poor poor c 76 1497 poor good D a7 78 poor poor E 1607 227 poor poor F 5 102 poor good (a) Which substance could have a macromolecular structure, similar to that of silicon(IV) oxide? (1) (b) Which substances are solids at room temperature? {c) Which substance could be a metal? (1) (d) Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride? {e) Which substance is an ionic compound? (f) Which substances are liquids at room temperature? 5) Nov 2010 [33] Q (1) 1 The diagrams below show the electron arrangement in two compounds sks sth” HsO3H {a) In a water molecule, each hydrogen atom is bonded to the oxygen atom by sharing a pair of electrons. Why does an oxygen atom share two pairs of electrons rather than just one pair? 18 | 3~Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 een (b) Describe how a potassium atom becomes a potassium ion. (c) Why is there a bond between the ions in potassium chloride? Geet cn i (d) Solid potassium chloride is a poor conductor of electricity. When dissolved in water it is a good conductor. Explain 6) Nov 2010 [33] Q (6_a, i) 6 The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and movement of particles. (a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, Nz, which are spread far apart move in a random manner at high speed (i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in a nitrogen molecule. Use * to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom. 2) 7) May 2011 Q (2_b) b) The electronic distribution of a selenium atom is 2+8+18+6. (i) selenium forms an ionic compound, with potassium. Draw a diagram which shows the formula of this ionic compound, the charges on ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion Use 0 to represent an electron from an atom of potassium Use * to represent an electron from an atom of selenium (3) “49° | 3—Elements, compounds and bondi Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 (ii) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valence electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound selenium chioride Use x to represent an electron from an atom of selenium Use 0 to represent an electron from an atom of chlorine 13] (iil) predict two differences in the physical properties of these twocompounds. - (2) 8). May 2011 [31] Q (3_c) (©) Both iron and steel have typical metallic structure a lattice of positive ions and a sea of electrons. (i) suggest an explanation for why they have high melting point ee Eee aed cate 2 (ii) Explain why, when a force is applied to a piece of steel, it does not break but just changes its shape 2] 9) May 2014 [32] Q (7_a) 7 Chlorine reacts with phosphorus to form phosphorus trichloride. (a) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound, phosphorus trichloride. Use x to represent an electron from a phosphorus atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from a chlorine atom, 2) 20 | 3-Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4 Topic 3 10) Nov 2041 [31] Q (4_c li) (ii) Draw a diagram which shows the formula of lithium oxide, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion, Use x to represent an electron from an atom of oxygen. Use o to represent an electron from an atom of lithium. (2) 14) Nov 2011 [32] Q (1) 1 Cobalt is an element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table. {a) Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you complete the table below. Particle Number of Number of Number of Protons Neutron electrons co Co” (b) ©°Co is a cobalt isotope. (i) Explain the term isotope. {ii) Explain why two isotopes of the same element have identical chemical properties. (iii) State one industrial use and one medical use of radioactive isotopes. industrial use (1) (1 medical use 21 | 3~Elements, compounds and bondi 9 | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 ny 12) Nov 2011 [32] Q (4) 4 The structure of an element or compound determines its physical properties. Scandium fluoride and silicon (IV) oxide have giant structures. (a) Scandium fluoride is an ionic compound. {i) The valency of scandium is three, Draw a diagram which shows the formula of the compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion. Use x to represent an electron from a scandium atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from a fiuorine atom, 8 (ii) The melting point of scandium fluoride is 1552 °C, Explain why scandium fluoride has a high melting point. ea - (b) Silicon(IV) oxide has a macromolecular structure. (i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide. You may use a diagram. BI (ii) How does the electrical conductivity of these two compounds differ? a] (ii) Explain the difference in conductivity. i Eee 1 Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) 22 lements, compounds and bon wee eee ee be ee ee we wweCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 3 13) Nov 2011 [32] @(5_c) (c) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound methanol. Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from an oxygen atom. Use ¢ to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom. (3) 14) Nov 2014 [33] Q (7_b, i) (b) The structural formula of propene is drawn below, HOH OH |_| H H (i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of this covatent compound Use x to represent an electron from an atom of carbon. Use 0 to represent an electron from an atom of hydrogen. (3) 23 | 3—Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)‘Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classi Paper_4_Topic 3 15) May 2012 [32] Q(1_d) {d) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer shell (valency) electrons in a molecule of nitrogen. 2) 416) May 2012 [32] Q (2) 2 Diamond and graphite are different forms of the same element, carbon. Explain the following in terms of their structure. (a) Graphite is a soft material which is used as a lubricant. nn eee oer 12 (b) Diamond is a very hard material which is used for di wo [2] (c) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity and diamond is a poor conductor. [2 17) May 2012 [32] Q (3_e) {e) Describe the bonding in a typical metal ELEC ttsatsei tet ieette 2 18) Nov 2012 [31] Q (2_b) (b) A radioactive isotope of iodine, §3'I , is used to treat cancer. {i) Define the term isotope. ~ [2] 24 [3- Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) Pe eee EV we ee wwwCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classi Paper_4 Topic 3 (ii) How many protons, electrons and neutrons are there in one atom of {31 ? number of protons ..... number of electrons ... number of neutrons ...... 2) (iii) W hen this isotope, !3'1, emits radiation, a different element with a proton number of 54 Is formed. Whats the name of this element? uj 19) Nov 2012 [34] Q (4_a, b) 4 Silicon(IV) oxide, SiOz, and zirconium(IV) oxide, ZrO, are both macromolecules. They have similar physical properties but silicon(IV) oxide is acidic and Zirconium(IV) oxide is amphoteric. (a) Define the term macromolecule, 7 act i esvsesnennnee {1] (b) (i) Predict three physical properties of these two [3] (i) Name an element which has the same physical properties as these two oxides (1) 20) Nov 2012 [31] Q (6_c) (c) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below. cl c=o f cl Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer (valency) electrons in ‘one molecule of this covalent compound. Use 0 to represent an electron from a carbon atom, Use x to represent an electron from a chlorine atom Use # to represent an electron from an oxygen atom 25 | 3—Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 {3] 21) Nov 2012 [34] @ (7_a, i, ji, iv) 7 Both strontium and sulfur have chlorides of the type XCh. The table below compares some of their properties. strontium chloride ‘sulfur chloride | appearance white crystals, ) red liquid formula PoE sich SCI, melting point/°C 7 874 i -120 boiling point/*C 1250 59 : ‘conductivity of fiquid good poor i wataynnan | Seeger | Seen (a) (i) Use the data in the table to explain why sulfur chloride is a liquid at room temperature, 25 °C. : iter ate aera (ii) Strontium is a meta! and sulfur is a non-metal. Explain why both have chlorides of the type XCh The electron distribution of a strontium atom is 2 +8 + 18 + 8 +2. (iv) Explain the difference in the electrical conductivity of liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulfur chloride. .. B] 26 | 3~Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge (GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4 Topic 3 ee 22) Nov 2012 [32] Q (7_a, iii) 7 The alcohols form a homologous series. The first member of this series is methanol, CH,OH, (iii) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer (valency) electrons in one molecule of methanol Use x fo represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom. Use # to represent an electron from an oxygen atom. [3] 23) Nov 2012 [33] Q (6_a, Ili) 6 Until recently, arsenic poisoning, either deliberate or accidental, has been a frequent cause of death. The symptoms of arsenic poisoning are identical with those of a common illness, cholera. A reliable test was needed fo prove the presence of arsenic in a body (ii) Draw a diagram which shows the arrangement of the outer (valency) electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound arsine. The electron distribution of arsenic is 2 +8 + 18 + 5, Use x to represent an electron from an arsenic atom, Use 0 to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom (2) “| Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 24) May 2013 [31] Q (2_a, b, ¢, d) 2.An element, M, has the electron distribution 2 + 8 + 18 +3. (a) Which group in the Periodic Table is element M likely to be in? (b) Predict whether element M is a poor or a good conductor of electricity. Give a reason for your answer a) (c) Binary compounds contain two atoms per molecule, for example HCI. Identify an element which could form a binary compound with element M. et edtidttedetashitntst - {1} {d) Predict the formula of the sulfate of M. The formula of the sulfate ion is SO ~~ [i] 25) May 2043 [31] Q (6_d) (d) The structural formula of hydrazine is given below. H H / NN EEN H H Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound hydrazine. Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom (3] 28 [3~Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classi Paper_4 Topic 3 i 26) May 2013 [31] Q (8_a, b,c) 8 There are three types of giant structure - ionic, metallic and giant covalent. (a) In an ionic compound, the ions are held in a lattice by strong forces. (i) Explain the term lattice. ~ [2] (ii) Explain how the ions are held together by strong forces. {b) Describe the bonding in a typical metal. a a ce fe BI {c) The electrical conductivities of the three types of giant structure are given in the following table. type of stucture conductivity of solid | conductivity of liquid ionic. poor good metallic good good giant covalent poor poor Explain the differences in electrical conductivity between the three types of giant structure and the difference, if any, between the solid and liquid states of the same structure. (5) 29° | 3—Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 27) May 2013 [32] Q (2_a, b, c, d) 2 (a) The table below gives the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms or ions. Complete the table. The first line is given as an example. You will need to use the Periodic Table. See ie 4 ie Be 8 neciirie nitisnasecitt eee c 30 30 3 | ; D 8 10 8 E a ai 39 (6) (b) Using the data in the table, explain how you can determine whether a Particle is an atom, a negative ion or a positive ion. a 28) May 2013 [33] @ (1_a, b,c) 1 Substances can be classified as: elements mixtures compounds Elements can be divided into: metals non-metals (a) Define each of the following terms. {i) element 7 (2) (il) compound a i) (iii) mixture (1) 30 | 3~ Elements, compounds an lostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4 Topic 3 (b) Classify each of the following as either an element, compound or mixture. (i) BASS nee (1) ii) carbon dioxide : piantsdiadt latte) (ili) Copper a pestle cance in oni [1 (c) Which physical property is used to distinguish between metals and non- metals? It is possessed by all metals but by only one non-metal. {1 29) May 2013 [33] Q (4_a, b,c) 4 Germanium is an element in Group IV. The electron distribution of a germanium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 4. It has oxidation states of +2 and +4. (a) Germanium forms a series of saturated hydrides similar to the alkanes. (i) Draw the structural formula of the hydride which contains three germanium atoms per molecule (1) (ii) Predict the general formula of the germanium hydrides. A] (b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one ‘molecule of the covalent compound germanium(IV) chloride, GeCis. Use 0 to represent an electron from a chlorine atom. Use x to represent an electron from a germanium atom. (2 31 | 3-Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 ——— (c) Describe the structure of the giant covalent compound germanium(IV) oxide, GeOz. It has a similar structure to that of silicon(IV) oxide. 8) 30) Nov 2013 [34] Q (1) 1 For each of the following, name an element which matches the description. (a) It is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. itis ibe epee i (b) Itis the only non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity. ee Beas 1 (c) Inert electrodes are made from this metal. : in oe ati eH Sear a {1 (d) This gaseous element is used to fil balloons in preference to hydrogen. Eiichi ee i (e) An element which can form an ion of the type X*. uae ee fy (A Ithas the same electron distribution as the calcium ion, Ca’, oe lease soot 1] (g) The element is in Period 5 and Group VI. {t] 34) Nov 2013 [34] @ (6_a, b) 6 Lead is an excellent roofing material. It is malleable and resistant to corrosion. Lead rapidly becomes coated with basic lead carbonate which protects it from further corrosion. (a) Lead has a typical metallic structure which is a lattice of lead ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of mobile electrons. This structure is held together by attractive forces called a metallic bond. (i) Explain why there are attractive forces in a metallic structure. Scr aareverceecceenticae [2] (ii) Explain why a metal, such as lead, is malleable. 2 32 | 3—Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 3 32) Nov 2013 [32] Q (1) 1 The table gives the melting points, the boiling points and the electrical properties of six substances A to F. substance | meting pont Paling pont eletica cenucaty | let conductvty A =210 =196 [does not conduct | does nat conduct 5 17 w27 oes noi conduct | good conductor c 962 212 | good conductor good conductor o =o 6 Goes not conduct | does nat conduct E 1410 2365 oes not conduet_| does not conduct F 1064) 2807 «good conductor ‘900d conductor (a) Which two substances could be metals? ett f 1) {b) Which substance could be nitrogen? es 5 tt) (c} Which substance is an ionic s 7 : ee [1 (d) Which substance is a liquid at room temperature? a Eta ceieadde tated FA {e) Which substance has a giant covalent structure similar to that of diamond? a Seat ee 1) (f) Which two substances could exist as simple covalent molecules? on 1 33) Nov 2013 [33] Q (1_a, bi, ji) 1 Zirconium (2) is a metal in Period 6. Its main oxidation state is +4. (a) The foliowing are all zirconium atoms: %2Zr, $!Zrand %Zr In terms of numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons, how are these three atoms the same and how are they different? They are the same because They are different beCAUSe o.......cccncssnstessesneeetesntnei eso etieearianee B] 33 | 3~Flements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 (b) Containers for fuel rods in nuclear reactors are made of zirconium Nuclear reactors are used to produce energy and to make radioactive isotopes. (i) Which isotope of a different element is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors? eet na + [1] (ii) State one medical and one industrial use of radioactive isotopes. : : aratneet 2) Above 900 °C, zirconium reacts with water to form zirconium(IV) oxide, ZrOz, and hydrogen. Write an equation for this reaction, 2) 34) Nov 2043 [33] Q(2_a, b) 2 (a) The diagram shows the lattice of a typical ionic compound. (i) Explain the term ionic lattice. Pea atta a (2) {ii) In this lattice, the ratio of positive ions to negative ions is 1:1 In the lattice of a different ionic compound, the ratio of positive ions to negative ions is 1:2. ‘Suggest why this ratio varies in different ionic compounds. as f {1 Give three physical properties of ionic compounds. esse 13] 34 | 3~Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44.62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Pap fopic 3 (b) Strontium oxide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion, The electron distribution of a strontium atom is 2+8+18+8 +2 Use 0 to represent an electron from a strontium atom. Use x to represent an electron from an oxygen atom, [3] 35) May 2014 [31] Q (1) 1 The table below gives the composition of six particles which are either atoms or ions. Particle number of protons | number of neutrons | number of electrons A a3 40 33 B 9 20 18 ce 34 49 36 BD 33. 42 33 E 13 _ 14 13, FE aeeead| 28 21 (a) Which particles are atoms? Explain your choice. secs : ae ; a 2] {b) Which particle is a negative ion and why has this particle got a negative charge? eee . : i 12} (c) Which particles are positive ions? (d) Explain why particle A and particle D are isotopes. 2) sstafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified 36) May 2014 [31] Q (4_a) 4 in the Periodic Table, the elements are arranged in columns called Groups and in rows called Periods. (a) (i) Complete the table for some of the elements in Period 3. group number ' ue]om | ow yov yj ow f vi symbol Na | Mo | a | si | P | Ss j cl “number of i valency electrons valency 2 (ii) What is the relationship between the group number and the number of valency electrons? (iii) Explain the relationship between the number of valency electrons and the valency for the elements Na to Al, for the elements P to Cl (4) 36 | 3—Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic3 37) May 2014 [32] Q (1_a) 1 The table below gives the electron distributions of atoms of different elements, element electron distribution A 2+7 in B 2+8+4 c 2+8+8+1 eee 2+8+18+5 E 2+8+18+7 F 2+8+18 +1848 For each of the following, select an element or elements from the table that matches the description Each element may be selected once, more than once or not at all. (a) These two elements are in the same group. (b) This element forms a fluoride with a formula of the type XF, U1] (a) This element has a macromolecular structure similar to that of diamond 1] {e) The only oxidation state of this element is 0. i sath {] (f) This element is bromine. Eland ttt oe : t) (g) This clement is a good conductor of electricity [1] 37 | 3—Eetements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Cher Paper_4_Topic 3 38) May 2044 [32] Q (5_c) (c) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below cr \ c=—=o 4 ci Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons around the atoms in one molecule of this covalent compound Use 0 to represent an electron from an oxygen atom. Use x to represent an electron from a chlorine atom. Use ¢ to represent an electron from a carbon atom. G1 39) May 2014 [32] Q (6_b) (b) Scandium fluoride is an ionic compound. The valency of scandium in scandium fluoride is three. Draw a diagram which shows the formula of this compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ions. Use to x represent an electron from a fluorine atom. Use o to represent an electron from a scandium atom. {3] 38 [3-Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper. Topic 3 40) May 2014 [33] Q (4_b, i, (b) (i) Desoribe the structure of a typical metal such as iron. You may include a diagram, (2) (ii) Explain why pure iron is malleable. (21 41) Nov 2014 [31] Q (2) 2.Two macromolecular forms of carbon are graphite and diamond. The structures of graphite and diamond are given below. graphite diamond (a) Explain in terms of its structure why graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity. 3} eee 39 | 3-Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 (b) State two uses of graphite which depend on the above properties. Itis soft It is a good conductor of electricity 2 {c) Silicon(IV) oxide also has a macromolecular structure. (i) Describe the macromolecular structure of silicon(IV) oxide. rtitaetie i ee F ff] (li) Predict two physical properties which diamond and silicon(IV) oxide have in common (2) 42) Nov 2014 [31] Q (7) 7 Nitrogen can form ionic compounds with reactive metals and covalent compounds with non-metals. (a) Nitrogen reacts with lithium to form the ionic compound lithium nitride, Lig (8) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen. [2 (ii) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound, Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion Use x for an electron from a lithium atom. Use 0 for an electron from a nitrogen atom. (2) 40 [2~élements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry Classified {b) Nitrogen fluoride is a covalent compound, {i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound nitrogen trifluoride, NF. Use x for an electron from a nitrogen atom. Use 0 for an electron from a fluorine atom. 2] (ii) Lithium nitride has a high melting point, 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride has a low melting point, -207 °C. Explain why the melting points are different. (2) 43) Nov 2014 [33] Q (3_a, i, ¢, i, ii) 3 In 1985 the fullerenes were discovered. They are solid forms of the element carbon. The structure of the Cgo fullerene is given below, se DS er Ay 4 (c) A mixture of a fullerene and potassium is an excellent conductor of electricity, (i) Which other form of solid carbon is a good conductor of electricity? [1] (ii) Explain why metals, such as potassium, are good conductors of electricity. 2) Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4 Topic 3 nnn 44) May 2015 [32] Q (1) 1 Complete the following table which gives the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in each of the five particles. - Hee numberof | numberof | number of ee protons electrons nouttons 19 19 20 Fe 3 2 4 Rca : 34 36 45 [8] 45) May 2015 [32] @ (2) 2 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of five substances, A to E. melting point | boiling point | _elesttical electrical substance ore gPomt | conductivity | conductivity of solid of liquid a al 59 oor poor B 1083 an good | ¢ 155, 1387 poor good 7 43 101 poor poor E | __1007 a ___poor poor Choose a substance from the table above to match each of the following descriptions. A substance may be used once, more than once or not at all Justify each choice with evidence from the table. ‘One has been completed as an example, This substance is covalent and is a solid at room temperature (25°C), ....P ‘evidence HS. melting point is above room temperature, It has.a low. melting point and it does not conduct as a liquid. s9 itis covalent 42 | 3—Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 3 {a) This substance has a giant covalent structure. evidence . [3] (b) This substance is a metal. evidence fl {c) This substance is a liquid at room temperature (25 °C), OVIENCE oa srsesstsser (d) This substance is an ionic solid evidence 46) May 2015 [32] Q (3_a, b) 3 Calcium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound calcium nitride, CasNo. : (a) Draw a diagram, based on the correct formula, which shows the charges ‘on the ions and the arrangement of the electrons around the negative ion Use 0 to represent an electron from a calcium atom. Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom. 8) (b) In the lattice of calcium nitride, the ratio of calcium ions to nitride ions is 3 : 2. (i) What is meant by the term /attice? 43 | 3-Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Paper_4_Topic 3 47) May 2015 [33] Q (1) 1 Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you answer these questions. (a) Predict the formula of each of the following compounds. -] {t] (1) (i) aluminium fluoride ....... (ii) arsenic oxide ...... (iil) silicon bromide ci (b) Deduce the formula of each of the following ions. (i) phosphide (ii) barium .. [1] (ili) francium A (c) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound carbon dioxide. Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from an oxygen atom. .{H] 8) 48) Nov 2045 [31] Q (1) 4 (a) The symbols of six particles are shown below. Na* Ca Kr Pp Si oF Select from the list of particles to answer the following questions. A particle may be selected once, more than once or not at all, (i) Which two ions have the same electronic Structure? «nr ..n ne (i) (ii) Which ion has the same electronic structure as an atom of argon? ....... [1] {ili) Which atom can form an ion of the type X*? . oa a {iv Which atom can form a hydride which has a formula of the type XH4? ..... [1] (b) (i) How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in one copper(I) ion Cu"? number of protons number of neutrons ...... number of electrons ...... (2) G4 |3~Elements, compounds and bonding Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry Classified Topic 3 7 (ii) $Sc represents an atom of scandium. How many nucleons and how many charged particles are there in one atom of scandium? number of nucleons ...... number of charged particles 2) (c) Two different atoms of sodium are #!Na and “Na (i) Explain why these two atoms are isotopes. Ea Pesaran eee see eet pobieseti tase etecisett 2] (ii) {Na is radioactive, It changes into an atom of a different element which has one more proton. Identity this element State two uses of radioactive isotopes. eb eee eee (2) 49) Nov 2015 [31] Q (6_a) 6 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XOz. (a) Silican(IV) oxide, SiOz, has a macromolecular structure. (i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide. , Se 8] (ii) State three properties which silicon(IV) oxide and diamond have in common. (3) (b) Expiain why the physical properties of carbon dioxide are different from those of diamond and silicon(IV) oxide. 3-Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)‘Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4 Topic 3 ny 50) Nov 2015 [32] Q (2) 1 Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you answer some of these questions, (a) Predict the formulae of the following compounds. (i) nitrogen fluoride (i) phosphorus sulfide [2] (b) Deduce the formulae of the following ions. {i) selenide (ii) gallium 2) {c) Use the following ions to determine the formulae of the compounds. ions OH” Cr* Ba” soe compounds {i) chromium(ti) sulfate .... {ii) barium hydroxide ie} 51) Nov 2015 [33] Q (3_a) 3 Lithium bromide is an ionic compound. It can be electrolysed when it is molten or in aqueous solution. It cannot be electrolysed as a solid. (a) Solid lithium bromide is a poor conductor of electricity. The ions cannot move to the electrodes, they are held in an ionic lattice by strong forces. (i) Describe the motion of the ions in the solid state. Eaiopaata eensesssee [1] (ii) Define the term ionic bonding. i What is méant by the term ionic lattice? 1 46 _[3-Elements, compounds and bonding | Mostafa Barakat (0100165 44 62) wee ee ee bee ee www eenCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 4 Topic 4 Formula, Chemical equation and Calculations Ofeeté That's not what I meant by one mole of carbon. 47 [4 Formuta, Chemico/ equation and eateulations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 4 cnn 4) May 2010 [34] Q(7_e) (e) The titanium ore contains 36.8% iron, 31.6% titanium and the remainder is oxygen. (i) Determine the percentage of oxygen in this titanium compound. percentage of oxygen =...... wa % [1] (ii) Calculate the number of moles of atoms for each element. The number of moles of Fe is shown as an example. number of moles of Fe = 36.8 / 56 = 0.66 number of moles of Ti= number of moles Of © = ....usssnsnnetnnnansene (iii) What is the simplest ratio for the moles of atoms? 1} ae eee ° a {iv) what is the formula of this titanium compound? (1) 2) May 2010 [32] Q (8_c) (c) A 5.00 g sample of impure lead (Il) nitrate was heated. The volume of oxygen formed was 0.16 dm® measured at rtp. The impurities did not decompose, Calculate the percentage of lead (|!) nitrate in the sample. 2PbINO,), —+ 2PbO + 4NO, + O, Number of moles of O» formed = : Number of moles of Pb(NO;)2in the sample = Mass of one mole of Pb(NOs)2 = 331 g Mass of lead(II) nitrate in the sample = ... Percentage of lead) nitrate in sample = {4] 8 | 4 Formula, chemical equotion and calculations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)Cambridge IGCSE Chemis Paper_4_Topic4 3) Nov 2010 [31] Q (8_b) (b) 6.0 g of cobalt (II) carbonate was added to 40 cm* of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2,0 mol/dm?. Calculate the maximum yield of cobalt(!l) chloride-6-water and show that the cobalt(|l) carbonate was in excess. CoCO, + 2HCI + CoCr, + CO, + HO Coci, + 6H,O + CoCt,GH,O Maximum yield Number of moles of HC/ used =... Number of moles of CoC, formed Number of moles of CoC/ 2.6H20 formed = Mass of one mole of CoCh.6H,0 = 238 g Maximum yield of CoCh.6H70 =... a To show thaf cobalti{I) carbonate is in excess Number of moles of HC/ used = nnn {uSe Value from above) Mass of one mole of CoC, = 119g Number of moles of CoCOs in 6.0 g of cobalt(!I) carbonate = Explain why cobait(l) carbonate is in excess .... 9 4 [1] seseecnne vs delete seen (1) 4) Nov 2010 [32] Q (7_d) (4) 20.0 om? of sulfuric acid, concentration 0.30 mol / dm*, was added fo 40 om! of sodium hydroxide, concentration 0.20 mol idm? 2NaOH +H,SO, —> Na,SO, +2H,O (i) How many moles of H2SO, were added?...... ti o (ii) How many moles of NaOH were Used? ns seo (iii) Which reagent is in excess? Give a reason for your choice. reagent in excess reason ..... (1) a) {iv) Is the p" of the final mixture less than 7, equal to 7 or more than 7? ~{] ] 4~ Formula, Chemical equation and clcuations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified 5) Nov 2010 [33] Q (5_b, i, ii, iii) (b) Maleic acid is an unsaturated acid. 5.8 g of this acid contained 2.4 g of carbon, 0.2 g of hydrogen and 3.2 g of oxygen. (i) How do you know that the acid contained only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen? ‘ pata -{1] (ii) Calculate the empirical formula of maleic acid Number of moles of carbon aloms = Number of moles of hydrogen atoms = Number of moles of oxygen atoms = o...nc The empirical formula is fediieciteeciaette (9) (iii) The mass of one mole of maleic acid is 116 g. What is its molecular formula? 2) 6) May 2011 [31] Q (8_d, iil) (d) 20.0 cm of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.00 mol/dm’, was Placed ina beaker. The temperature of the alkali was measured and 1.0 ‘cm? portions of hydroiodic were added. After each addition the temperature of the mixture was measured. Typical results as shown on the graph temperature 18.0em volume of acid added NaOH + Hlag ——> Nalag + HO (ii) tn another experiment, it was shown that 15.0 em® of the acid neutralized 20.0 cm® of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 1.00 mol/dm®, Calculate the concentration of the acid -lZ)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 4 7) June 2011 [31] Q (6_c ii) (c) Butanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form a liquid, X which has the sweet smell of bananas. Its empirical formula is CsHe0 and its Mr is 116 (ii) Give the molecular formula of liquid X (21 8) May 2014 [32] Q (7_bi) (b) Phosphorus trichloride reacts with water to form two acids. (i) Balance the equation for this reaction. Pcl + HO —> uu..HCl + HPO, (1) 9) May 2011 [32] Q (8_a ili, iv) 8 Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen (a) 20 cm* of a gaseous hydrocarbon was burned in 120 cm® of oxygen, which is in excess. After cooling, the volume of the gases remaining was 90 cm*. Aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to remove carbon dioxide, 30 om’ of oxygen remained. All volumes were measured at r. (ii) Complete the following, volume of gaseous hydrocarbon = volume of oxygen used = ... volume of carbon dioxide formed ora cA) (iv) Use the above volume ratio to find the mole ratio in the equation below and hence find the formula of the hydrocarbon. CHyg + °, Ay) Mig) wee COag Hee Og, hydrocarbon formula = 10) Nov 2011 [34] Q(7_c) (c) There are three possible equations for the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate. 2NaHCOxs) > NaOje) + 2COr4q) + HzO) equation 1 NaHCOge, > NaOH + COzeq equation 2 2NaHCOxs > NazCOs) + COaiq) + Hz0%) equation 3 The following experiment was carried out to determine which one of the above is the correct equation. (2) A known mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate was heated for ten minutes. It was then allowed to cool and weighed, 51 | 4~Formula, Chemical equation ond calewlations | Mostafa Barckat (0100 165 44.62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 4 a Results Mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate = 3.36 g Mass of the residue = 2.12 9 Calculation Mr for NaHCOa = 84 g; Mr for Na2O = 62 g; Mr for NaOH = 40 g Mr for NaxCOs = 106 g (i) Number of moles of NaHCO; used = ...... i] (ii) If residue is Na,O, number of moles of NazO {f residue is NaOH, number of moles of NaQH = If residue is NazCOs, number of moles of NazCO3 @ (iii) Use the number of moles calculated in (i) and (ii) to decide which one of the three equations is correct. Explain your choice. {2 14) Nov 2041 [32] Q(6_c) (c) Insoluble salts are made by precipitation. An equation for the preparation of barium sulfate is given below. BaCl,q, + M9SO,y) —> BASO yg; + MCh a0) This reaction can be used to find x in the formula for hydrated magnesium sulfate MgSO,.xH0. ‘A known mass of hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO..xH20, was dissolved in water. Excess aqueous barium chloride was added. The precipitate of barium sulfate was filtered, washed and dried. Finally it was weighed. Mass of hydrated magnesium sulfate = 1.476 g Mass of barium sulfate formed = 1.398 g ‘The mass of one mole of BaSO, = 233 g The number of moles of BaSO, formed ‘The number of moles of MgSOq.xH20 = The mass of one mole of MgSOx.xHz0 The mass of one mole of MgSO, = 120 9 The mass of xH,O in one mole of MgSO..xH20 = 7 tt) XE css wy (1) (1) a) 52 | 4=Formula, chemical equation and cakulations | Mostafa Barakat (0200 165 43.62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 4 12) Nov 2044 [32] Q(7_c) (c) An analysis of the compound, Pb(C2Hs), , showed that 0.026 moles of Pb was combined with 0.104 moles of CaHs groups What is the value of n? Show how you arrived at your answer. (2) 13) Nov 2011 [33] Q (7_a) 7 The alkenes are a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have the general molecular formula C,Hzn, {a) Deduce the molecular formula of an alkene which has a relative molecular mass of 126. Show your working - [2] 14) May 2012 [31] Q (8_b) b) A sample of rust had the following composition 51.85 g of iron 22.22 g of oxygen 16.67 g of water Calculate the following and then write the formula for this ‘sample of rust number of moles of iron atoms, F number of moles of oxygen atoms, t) (1) u) a formula for this sample of St IS ......cssescsesesseeiseseee i) 18) May 2012 [32] Q (7_e) (e) 0.01 moles of an alkene needed 2.4 g of oxygen for complete combustion. 2.2 g of carbon dioxide were formed. Determine the following mole ratio. number of moles of water molecules, H2O = simplest mole ratio Fe : 0: HO is ..... moles of alkene moles of Oz : moles of CO, From this ratio determine the formula of the alkene 8] Write an equation for the complete combustion of this alkene. [1] 53 | 4—Formuto, Chemical equation and calculations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified ny 16) Nov 2012 [31] Q (2_¢) (c) Fluorine, the most reactive halogen, forms compounds with the other halogens. It forms two compounds with bromine Deduce their formulae from the following information compound 1 The mass of one mole of this compound is 137 g Its fOIMUIA IS sos noteenenenee I] compound 2 0,02 moles of this compound contain 0.02 moles of bromine atoms and 0.1 motes of fluorine atoms. Its formula is ........eessreceseeseeees eee (1) 17) Nov 2012 [31] Q (7_c) Strontium chloride-6-water can be made from the insoluble compound, strontium carbonate, by the following reactions S1COzq) + ZHCheg) —> StChyioq) + CO2q) + HO S1Cleioq) + 6H —> SrCh.BH20 (9 {c) In the above experiment, 50.0 cm’ of hydrochloric acid of concentration 2.0 mol / dm® was used. 6.4 g of SrCly.6H,0 was made. Calculate the percentage yield. number of moles of HC/ used = .......... eee number of moles of SrClp.6H20 which could be formed mass of one mole of SrClz.6H20 is 267 g theoretical yield of SrCo.6H20 = ....... percentage yield = a ay (4) 18) Nov 2042 [32] Q (5_d) 5 The food additive 220 is sulfur dioxide. It is a preservative for a variety of foods and drinks ee dioxide can also be made by the reaction between a sulfite and an acid. NazSO3 + 2HC/ —-> 2NaCI + SQ, + HO. Excess hydrochloric acid was added to 3.18 g of sodium sulfite. Calculate the maximum volume, measured at r.t.p., of sulfur dioxide which could be formed. ‘The mass of one mole of NazSOs is 126 g. (3) 3A | a=Formulo, Chemical equation and cakulotions | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 48 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 4 19) Nov 2012 [32] Q (7_a, i, ji) 7 The alcohols form a homologous series. The first member of this series is methanol, CHsOH. {a) (i) Give the general formula of the alcohols. + (] (ii) The mass of one mole of an alcohol is 116 g. What is its formula? Show your reasoning [2] 20) Nov 2012 [33] Q (5_c) (c) An organic compound has a molecular formula CcHaO,, It is an. unsaturated carboxylic acid. One mole of the compound reacts with two moles of sodium hydroxide. (i) Explain the phrase molecular formula. [2] 21) Nov 2012 [33] Q (6_c) (b) Another hydride of arsenic has the composition below. arsenic 97.4 % hydrogen 2.6 % (i) Calculate the empirical formula of this hydride from the above data. Show your working [2] (ii) The mass of one mole of this hydride is 14 g. What is its molecular formula? : tit i (iii) Deduce the structural formula of this hydride. [1] ‘Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 4 22) May 2013 [31] Q (7_b, c) 7 The hydroxides of the Group | metals are soluble in water. Most other metal hydroxides are insoluble in water. (b) The concentration of the hydrochloric acid was 2.20 mol | dm’. The volume of acid needed to neutralise the 25.0 cm® of lithium hydroxide was 20.0 cm’. Calculate the concentration of the aqueous lithium hydroxide LiOH + HCl —> LiCl + H,0 - ped . . (2) {c) Lithium chloride forms three hydrates. They are LIC/.HzO, LiC/.2H2O and LICL3H,0. Which one of these three hydrates contains 45.9 % of water? ‘Show how you arrived at your answer. 13] 23) May 2013 [32] Q (8_a, b, c) 8 (a) Define the following (i) the mole {i} (ii) the Avogadro constant (b) Which two of the following contain the same number of molecules? ‘Show how you arrived at your answer. 2.0.g of methane, CH, 8.09 of oxygen, O 2.0 g of ozone, O3 8.0g of sulfur dioxide, SO, ~ [2] 56 | 4-Formuta, Chemicolequation and cakculations | Mostafa Barakot (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic4 (c) 4.8 g of calcium is added to 3.6 g of water. The following reaction occurs. Ca +2H,O —> Ca(OH), +H, (i) the number of moles of Ca = ...... the number of moles of H2O = ....caceseue (1) (ii) Which reagent is in excess? Explain your choice a pt oi eves 2} Calculate the mass of the reagent named in (ii) which remained at the end of the experiment ~ [1] 24) May 2013 [33] Q(8_d) (4) 20 cm? of a hydrocarbon was bumt in 175 cm? of oxygen. After cooling, the volume of the remaining gases was 125 cm’. The addition of aqueous -sodium hydroxide removed carbon dioxide leaving 25 cm? of unreacted oxygen. (i) volume of oxygen used = om? 1 (ii) volume of carbon dioxide formed =.......... om? i} (ill) Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the balanced equation for the reaction. (2) 57. | 4~Formulo, Chemical equation and atlations | Mostafa Baraka (100165 086)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 4 25) Nov 2013 [31] Q (4_c) 4.20.0 g of small lumps of calcium carbonate and 40 cm* of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2.0 mol / dm’, were placed in a flask on a top pan balance. The mass of the flask and contents was recorded every minute. _~ cation wool to prevent drops of acid spray escaping flask —-abem? of hysrochloric acid, 2.0 mol/dn* 20.09 of small jumps of calckum carbonate ~ balance (d) Calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide given off when 20.0 g of small lumps of calcium carbonate react with 40 om? of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2.0 mol / dm*. CaCOy4, + ZHCh_y) —> CAChgq) +H,Op + COrg) heat number of moles of HC/ used = mass of carbon dioxide = a 9 [4] 26) Nov 2013 [31] Q (6_c) (c) Basic lead(|!) carbonate has a formula of the type xPbCOs.yPb(OH)2 where x and y are whole numbers. Determine x and y from the following information. PbCO, —>+ PbO + CO, Pd(OH), —> n PbO +H,0 When heated, the basic lead(I!) carbonate gave 2.112 g of carbon dioxide and 0.432 g of water. Mass of one mole of CO; Mass of one mole of HzO Number of moles of CO2 formed = .. (i) Number of moles of HO formed = .....cs0ssssse (1 XE ecce and ‘| . Formula of basic lead({!) carbonate is ........ Peseta tt) Se [ifort crams ciaionond casos Ws Baka (0015 4462)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 4 27) Nov 2013 [32] Q (S_¢, ii, iil) 5 me chromate(Vi) is an insoluble salt. It is prepared by precipitation, 20 om? of aqueous silver(|) nitrate, concentration 0.2 molidm’, was mixed with 20 cm® of aqueous potassium chromate(Vi), concentration 0.1 mol / dm°. After stirring, the mixture was fillered. The precipitate was washed several times with distilled water. The precipitate was then left in a warm oven for several hours ZAGNO sia) + KCIOgyg —> AG;CIOy) + 2KNOsaep (ii) What mass of silver()) nitrate is needed to prepare 100 cm® of silver(!) nitrate solution, concentration 0.2 mol / dm?? The mass of one mole of AgNOs is 170 g. C2) (ii) What is the maximum mass of siver) chromate(V) w which could be Obtained from 20 cm? of aqueous silver(!) nitrate, concentration 0.2 mol/dm*? number of moles of AGNOs Used = ....cascesenn tt) number of moles of AgzCrO, formed = : i] mass of one mole of AgoCrO, = 332 g mass of AgzCr0, formed = eg i 28) Nov 2013 [33] Q (6_d, i) (d) Alcohols can be made by fermentation and from petroleum. (i) Ethanol is made from sugars by fermentation C,H,,0, —» 2C,H,OH + 260, ‘The mass of one mole of glucose, CoH120s, is 180 g Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol which could be obtained from 72 g of glucose. ~ 3] 39 [oor eral ction aos [ost ota 10015 98HCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified 29) May 2014 [31] Q (6_d) {(d) In the first experiment, the maximum volume of oxygen produced was 96 cm? measured at r. Lp. Calculate the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm’ 2H,Oruy —? 2H, * Oxo) number of moles of O2 formed = number of moles of HO: in 40 cm’ of solutios concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mo! / dm 30) May 2014 [32] Q(7_b, c) (b) Using 25.0 cm? of aqueous lithium hydroxide, concentration 2.48 mol / dm*, 2.20 g of hydrated lithium sulfate was obtained. Caleulate the percentage yield, giving your answer to one decimal place. 2LIOH + H,SO, —> Li,SO, +2H,O a) (1) 1) Li,SO, +H,0 —> Li,S0,.H,0 Number of moles of LiOH used = - Number of moles of LizSOx.H;0 which could be formed = ... Mass of one mole of LizSO,.H,0 = 128 g Maximum yield of LiSSO¢.Hz0 = nn setennennen G o% Percentage yield 4 (c) An experiment was carried out to show that the formula of the hydrated salt is Li2SO4.H20. ‘A sample of the hydrated salt was weighed and its mass recorded. It was then heated and the anhydrous salt was weighed. This procedure was repeated until two consecutive masses were the same. This procedure is called ‘heating to constant mass’. {i) What is the reason for heating to constant mass? The mass of the hydrated salt is m1 and the mass of the anhydrous salt is, m2. Explain how you could show that the hydrated salt has one mole of water of crystallisation per mole of the anhydrous salt. (3) 60 | 4~Formula, chemical equation and calculations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 4 34) May 2014 [33] Q (6_c) {c) The complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water only. (i) Write the equation for the complete combustion of nonane, Catlao. (ii) 20 om of a gaseous hydrocarbon was mixed with an excess of oxygen, 200 cm’. The mixture was ignited. After cooling, 40 em’ of oxygen and 100 cm* of carbon dioxide remained. Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the equation for its combustion. All volumes were measured at r.t.p.. BI 32) Nov 2014 [31] Q (6_a,li) 6 Esters, polyesters and fats all contain the ester linkage. {a) Esters can be made from alcohols and carboxylic acids. For example, the ester ethyl ethanoate can be made by the following reaction. ‘CH,COOH + CH,CH,OH —> CH,COOCH,CH, +H,0 (ii) 6.0 g of ethanoic acid, Mr = 60, was reacted with 6.5 g of ethanol, Mr = 46 Determine which is the limiting reagent and the maximum yield of ethyl ethanoate, Mr = 88. number of moles of ethanoic acid a number of moles of ethanol = io} the limiting reagentis ....... i) number of moles of ethyl ethanoate formed i) maximum yield of ethyl ethanoate = i ty — 61 | 4Formule, Chemical equation and calculations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 4 33) Nov 2014 [32] Q (6_b, iii) (b) A group of naturally occurring minerals have the formula of the type FeSO,.xH,0 where xis 1, 4, 5, 6 or 7. The most common of these minerals is iron({l) sulfate-7-water. (iii) A mineral of the type FeSO4.xH20 contains 37.2% of water. Complete the calculation to determine x. mass of one mole of HzO = 18g mass of water in 100 g of FeSO..xH20 = 37.2.9 number of moles of HzO in 100 g of FeSOx.xH20 = mass of FeSO, in 100 g of FeSO,.xH20 = mass of one mole of FeSO, = 152 g number of moles of FeSO, in 100 g of FeSOx.xH20 = xe a (4) 34) Nov 2014 [33] Q (2_b) (b) Compound X is a hydrocarbon. It contains 85.7% of carbon. The mass of one mole of X is 84 g. (i) What is the percentage of hydrogen in the compound? no (ii) Calculate the empirical formula of X. Show your working. empirical formula =... (iii) What is the molecular formula of compound X? ‘ormula, Chemical equation and calculations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 4 eel an leet 35) Nov 2014 [33] Q (8_c) (c) 6.31 g of cobalt(|i) chloride-6-water crystals were obtained. Calculate the percentage yield to 1 decimal place, CoCO5, + BHC —> COClyg + COz + H0y umber of moles of HC! in 50 cm* of acid, concentration 2.2 mol/dm’ = . maximum number of moles of CoCk.6H;O which could be formed = mass of 1 mole of CoCh,6H,O = 238 g maximum yield of CoCh.6H20 = «sane percentage Yield = oon 36) May 2015 [31] Q (3_d) (d) Calculate the maximum mass of zine which will react with 50 om? of hydrochloric acid, of concentration 2.0 mol / dm’. Zn + 2HCI —> ZnCl, +H, ‘Show your working, 13] 37) May 2015 [34] Q (5_b) (b) The halogens form intethalogen compounds. These are compounds which contain two different halogens. Deduce the formula of the compound which has the composition 0.013 moles of iodine atoms and 0.065 moles of fluorine atoms, (2) 63 | ¢~ Formula, Chemical equation and calculations | Mostafa Barokat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 4 38) May 2045 [32] Q (6_c, ii, ii (c) The equation for the decomposition of copper(II) nitrate is given below. 2 Cu(NO,}; —> 2 Cu0 +4.NO, +0, (ii) Copper(|i) nitrate forms a series of hydrates with the formula Cu(NOs)2.xH20. All these hydrates decompose to form copper(I!) oxide. 1 mole of Cu(NOs)z2.xHz0 forms 1 mole of CuO. What is meant by 1 mole of a substance? 7.26 g of a hydrate, Cu(NOs)2.xH20, formed 2.4 g copperil) oxide. number of moles of CuO formed = : number of moles of Cu(NOs)2.xHz0 in 7.26 g = mass of 1 mole of Cu(NOs)2.xH20 = mass of 4 mole of Cu(NOs)2 is 188 g the value of x in this hydrate = ... 39) May 2015 [33] Q (3_c) 3 Quicklime, which is calcium oxide, is made by heating limestone in a furnace, [4] CaCO, 2 CaQ, + COx,, Ks The reaction does not come to equilibrium, (c) Calculate the maximum mass of calcium oxide which could be made from 42.5 tonnes of calcium carbonate. 1 tonne = 1 « 10°g [2] 64 Formula, Chemical equation and calculations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_ Topic 4 40) May 2015 [33] Q (5_c) (c) The table below shows the results obtained by reducing the copper) oxide produced by different methods to copper. (i) Complete the table. source of mass of mass of percentage copper(II) oxide | copper(II) oxide/g | — copper/g copper/% | cuco, 2.37 1.89 79.7 CulOh), : 2st 1.99 CU(NO,), 2.14 1.68 Cuand 0, 228 1.94 2) (il) One of the samples of copper(I!) oxide is impure. Identify this sample and suggest an explanation why the percentage of copper in this sample is bigger than in the other three samples. [2] 41) Nov 2015 [31] Q (5_a) 5 (a) A compound, X, contains 55.85% carbon, 6.97% hydrogen and 37.18% oxygen. (i) How does this prove that compound X contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen? (ii) Use the above percentages to calculate the empirical formula of compound X. . 7 2] (iil) The Mr of X is 86 What is its molecular formula? Ry] 65 | 4 Formula, Chemical equation and calculations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge GCSE Chemistry Class Paper_4_ Topic 4 42) Nov 2015 [32] Q (4_d) (4) Propano! reacts with methanoic acid to form the ester propyl methanoate. CH3CHCH;OH + HCOOH —> HCOOCH;CH-CHs + HzO 4.0 g of methanoic acid was reacted with 6.0 g of propanol {i) Calculate the Mr of methanoie acid = ve HY (1) {ii) Calculate the Mr of propanol = {ili) Determine which one is the limiting reagent. Show your reasor (2) {iv) Calculate the maximum yield in grams of propyl methanoate, Mt -T] 43) Nov 2015 [33] Q (7_a) 7 Two salts can be made from potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. They are potassium sulfate, KzSO., and the acid salt potassium hydrogen sulfate, KHSO,. They are both made by titration. _burette fled with sulfuric acd _- conical flask _-25.0cm* of potassium hydroxide solution Gas (a) 25.0 cm® of potassium hydroxide, concentration 2.53 mol / dm’, was neutralised by 28.2 cm’ of dilute sulfuric acid. 2KOH eq) + H2SO«iaa) —> K2SO«ieq) + 2H201n Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid. number of moles of KOH used = . number of moles of H~SO, needed to neutralise the KOH concentration of dilute sulfuric acid =... mol / dm? (3] 66 - | 4-Formula, chemical equotion and calculations | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 Electrochemistry Oxidation Compound A loses electrons: Oxidizing {agent 67 | 5~Electrochemistry [Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 4) May 2010 Q [31] (7_c) 7 Titanium is a transition element. It is isolated by the following reactions. titanium ore — titanium(IV)oxide —> titanium(IV)chloride — titanium 7a Tio, TiCl, Ti (c) Explain why the change, titanium(IV) chloride to titanium, is reduction. - BANG thE LS LENE,. 2A aR AR nent ORS, (1) oh ai 1 2) May 2010 @ [32] (3_a, iii) 3 The following are examples of redox reactions. (a) Bromine water was added to aqueous sodium sulfide. Blas * SE 9 > 2Biag * Sy (iii) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why bromine is the oxidant (oxidising agent) in this wer Oe (2) SA hbk oe see BBN Breede OR 3) May 2010 [32] @ (7) 7 Aluminium was first isolated in 1827 using sodium AIC, + 3Na -—» Al + 3NaCl & tae, Aluminium, obtained by this method, was more expensive than gold. {a) Suggest an explanation why aluminium was so expensive. Sitters ee 7 uy {b) The modern method for extracting aluminium is the electrolysis of a molten electrolyte, aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite. The aluminium oxide decomposes. 2A,0, —» 4Al + 30, Both electrodes are made of carbon. (i) Give two reasons why the oxide is dissolved in cryolite, ~ nndeeih BEIM Riess nenenennsssen ie TAA aT. S LS IN 22 UNE rea ae © (ii) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the anode. BOP me On at 7 @) 68 [5~Electrochemistry ‘Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified iii) Why do the carbon anodes need to be replaced frequently? Pieced RE Rete eee (4) {c) The electrolysis of a molten electrolyte is one method of extracting a metal from its ore ‘Other methods are the electrolysis of an aqueous solution and the reduction of the oxide by carbon. Explain why these last two methods cannot be used to extract aluminium. electrolysis of an aqueous solution .. using carbon (2) 4) Nov 2010 [34] Q (2_¢, iii) 2 About 4000 years ago the Bronze Age started in Britain. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin Copper oxide is reduced to copper which is then refined by electrolysis. Label the diagram of the apparatus which could be used to refine copper. power Sippy LS 69 | 5~Electrochemistry ~~" | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 5) Nov 2010 [32] Q (4_b) {b) Chromium is used to electroplate steel objects. The diagram shows how this could be done. 26d more evvomeam( tt) +] sutateaq) Yeod anode __ object to be plated onium) sutte(og) (i) Give two reasons why steel objects are plated with chromium. oR SOK, SASK (2) {i Give the formula of chromium(It!) sulfate. see sats te ee TST fetta (2) (iv) A colourless gas, which relights a glowing splint, is formed at the positive electrode (anode). Name this gas. \) cette OKA aU. es tt (V) During electfalyss, itis necessary to add more chromium(|l) sulfate but during copper-plating using a copper anode, it is not necessary to add more copper({l) sulfate. Explain. (2) 70 [5~Electrochemistry ‘Mostofa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Topic 5 6) Nov 2010 [33] Q (4_a) 4 The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, between inert electrodes, is used to make four important chemicals. hydrogen chlorine sodium hydroxide sodium chlorate(|) (a) The ions present in the electrolyte are Na‘, H’, Ci” and OH (i) Hydrogen ions are discharged at the negative electrode (cathode). Write an equation for this reaction, (2 DEM. PND, the hydrogen ions are from the water. HO == H' + OH ‘Suggest an explanation why the concentration of hydroxide ions increases, (2) (iii) When a dilute solution of sodium chloride is used, chlorine is not formed at the positive electrode (anode), a different gas is produced, Name this gas. 2] OM..9, 840 Gviss 1) (iv) State an example of an inert electrode, Pak Man: CMe ft} 7) May 2011 [34] Q (5_a, b) 5 Hydroiodic acid Hijeq is a strong acid, its salts are iodides a) It has the reactions of a typical strong acid. Complete the following equations Mis HI = + a) (i) zine, hydriogio carbonate * acid iu GI) MQ + vecsoseHl 9 cesrmnnnen + nnn in b) two of the reactions in (a) are acid/base and one is redox. Which one is redox? Explain your choice 2) 71 | 5~Electrochemistry | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 8) May 2011 [32] Q (2_b) (b) Aqueous tin(Il) sulfate is electrolysed using carbon electrodes. This electrolysis is similar to that of aqueous copper(l!) sulfate using carbon electrodes. (j) What is the product at the negative electrode (cathode)? Q Nacsa. vee eet (li) Write the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode) WoW eaten, ADP. [2] (ii) Name the acid formed in this electrolysis. \ E0008. ee ty 9) Nov 2011 [34] Q (3_a,b) uminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of alumina, hich is aluminium oxide, and cryolite. waste gece, ‘oxygon and carbon dioxide from anode carton anode (+) [mixture of aluminiuen oxide and eroite carbon cathode (-) aluminum at cathode (a) (i) Alumina is obtained from the main ore of aluminium. Name this ore. oo (ii) Explain why it is necessary to use a mixture, alumina and cryolite, rather than just alumina. (iii) Copper can be extracted by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution. Suggest why the electrolysis of an aqueous solution cannot be used to extract aluminium, (2) 72 [5~Electrochemistry | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) wee ee ee Se wwe eveCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 (b) The ions which are involved in the electrolysis are AP and O*. The products of this electrolysis are given on the diagram, Explain how they are formed, Use equations where appropriate, [4] 10) Nov 2044 [31] @ (4_b) (b) Iron has two oxidation states +2 and +3. There are two possible equations for the redox reaction between iron and bromine. Fe +Br, ——> Fe" +2 Br 2Fe+3 Br, —> 2Fe* +6 Br (i) Indicate, on the first equation, the change which is oxidation. Give a reason for your choice, et eer . we . [2] YS OM (ii) Which substance in the first equation is the “oo (reducing agent)? Md NINO " Hei 7 a) 11) Nov 2011 [33] Q (6_b, iv) (b) Nickel ores are converted into nickel(ll) oxide, This can be reduced to impure nickel by heating with carbon. The nickel is purified by the following reversible reaction. Nie) + 4COg ——> Ni(CO)ag) nickel carbonyl iv) Suggest another method of refining nickel, Give a brief description of the method which you have suggested. A labelled diagram is acceptable. wn pw’ — 4 le deCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 12) May 2012 [31] Q (4_d) (d) The oxidation states of vanadium in its compounds are V(+5), Vi+4). (+3) and V(+2), The vanadiumi(lil) ion can behave as a reductant or an oxidant, Indicate on the following equation which reactant is the oxidant. oF hl ‘Which change in the following equation is oxi 2V" + Fe* —» 2V" + Fe* ition? Explain your choice SRO Seese den XA AR. 0.2.0 SARS. 2) 2, May 2012 [32] Q (4_a, i, ii, b) e ore of aluminium is bauxite which is impure aluminium oxide. Alumina, — ure aluminium oxide, is obtained from bauxite Aluminium is formed at the cathode when a molten mixture of alumina and cryolite, NasAlFs, is electrolysed (a) () Name two products formed at the anode in this electrolysis. ee OME Tc ieee (ii) All the aluminium formed comes from the alumina not the cryolite. Suggest two reasons why the electrolyte must contain cryolite. (2 {b) The purification of bauxite uses large amounts of sodium hydroxide, (i) Describe the chemistry of how sodium hydroxide is made from concentrated aqueous sodium chloride. The description must include at least oneionicequatin. = (5) “Ja Ts tlectrochemistry ~~~*(|-Mostofa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified (ii) Making sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride produces two other chemicals. Name\these two chemicals and state one use of each chemical. chemical .. USO aan chemical ... (fe arsnaenaeeneeasenenen i Peete (2) 14) Nov 2042 [32] @ (6) 6 During electrolysis, ions move in the electrolyte and electrons move in the external circuit. Reactions occur at the electrodes. {a) The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lithium iodide. -electtode _-maolten lithium iodide heat (i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the electron flow in the external circuit, (1 (ii) Electrons are supplied to the external circuit. How and where is this done? PIM Gas Ne Qn Se PAVIA rs : "OZ (2) (ill) Explain why solid lithium iodide does not conduct electricity but when molten it is a good conductor. enwdt.. WAME... ©. 22... .EL.Le cee B.D. NOM Goat Hen 40 nel, of 75 | 5~Electrochemistry ~~" T" Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4 Topic S {b) The results of experiments on electrolysis are shown in the following table Complete the table. The first line has been done as an example. as i product at | product at | change to electrolyte ee cathode anode electrolyte mattnithium iodide | carbon | athum — | toane | wsedup aqueous coppentt) sulfate | platinum | Co Gree conygen | sult Wht od & conceniated aqueoKs oc ev potassam chionde, | carton | ya axvonine |e A S 220 + 280, |) Besende nov zine oxides reduced to zinc. 2 zl ete i] (iv) Describe how zinc metal can be obtained from zinc sulfate solution by electrolysis, A labelled diagram is acceptable. Include all the products of this electrolysis. The electrolysis is similar to that of copper(!!) sulfate solution with inert electrodes. gunek (4) 77 | 5~Electrochemistry “"T Mostafa Barakat (0100165 44 62) costY o, coxCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 16) May 2013 [31] Q (4_a, iii, iv, v) 5 The reactivity series shows the metals in order of reactivity. {a) The reactivity series can be established using displacement reactions. A piece of zinc is added to aqueous lead nitrate. The zinc becomes coated with a black deposit of lead. Zn + Pb* —~ Zn? +Pb Zinc is more reactive than lead. The reactivity series can be written as a list of ionic equations. Zn Fe Pb cu Ag ay os Fase Zn* Fe™ Pb ci Ag most reactive metal : the best reductant (reducing agent) a (iii) Explain why the positive ions are likely to be oxidants (oxidising agents). 1) (] (v) Which ion(s) in the list can oxidise lead metal? “78 [5= Electrochemistry (1 [Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_TopicS * May 2013 [32] Q (6) Aluminium is an important metal with a wide range of uses. (a) Aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite. waste gases oxygen given off ‘a carbon anode (+) molten mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolte carbon cathode (-) ~~ aluminium {i) Solid aluminium oxide is a poor conductor of electricity. It conducts either when molten or when dissolved in molten cryolite. Explain why. SLE Sees aan cS An Ca Oe Me PSS : a Bue Eo : peceereseeei | (i Why is a solution of aluminium oxide in molten cryolite used rather than ‘molten aluminium oxide? a (ili) Explain why the carbon anodes need to be replaced periodically. 1) (iv) One reason why graphite is used for the electrodes is that it is a good conductor of electricity. Give another reason. (b) Aluminium is used to make food containers because it resists corrosion. Explain why it is not attacked by the acids in food .. [2] 79 | 5~ ElectrochemistryCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 {c) Aluminium is used for overhead power (electricity) cables which usually have a steel core. aluminium steel core {i) Give two properties of aluminium which make it suitable for this use. Fee Qs BHO 22.28 QTBIE! (li) Explain why the cables have a steel core. Yo Mey tue ob vow 48) Nov 2013 [32] Q (4_b, ill) 4b (iii) A method being developed to produce iron with lower emissions of carbon dioxide is by electrolysis. Hematite, FezOs, is dissolved in molten lithium carbonate and electrolysed. The ore is spilt into its constituent elements. Write an equation f for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode). oF NE emmy TE Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode de (anode). Eee 1) & TrO™ > sin Pastann + Mein 49) Nov 2013 [32] Q (6_b) (b) (i) Define in terms of electron transfer the term oxidation. Nae eee ee eee eee et] (ii) Explain why the positive ions in the above equations are oxidising agents, 20) Nov 2013 [33] Q (3c) 3 (c) The solution of zinc sulfate is electrolysed using inert electrodes. This electrolysis is similar to that of copper(!!) sulfate with inert electrodes. (i) Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode). ZN RE mre TA SSSstsEEsenasERE (ii) Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode) ‘A..OH —> 2H,0+..02..4 (WN The electotte changes from zine suifate to a Sisal tO eepeeeiatnen a 80 | 5— Electrochemistry ~"T iostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) ) ) ) ) ) y d yd ) d ) J ) ) d ) ) d d > d , ) }Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 24) May 2014 [34] Q (7_a, ii, ili) (ii) Displacement reactions are redox reactions. On the following equation, draw a ring around the reducing agent and an arrow fo show the change which is oxidation. > + Ph* 5 Zn + Pb (ili) Complete the following ionic equation. Zn + 2g? —+ Ze, +7h 22) May 2014 [32] Q (5_b) (b) Chlorine is made by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium = chloride. > Describe this electrolysis. Write ionic equations for the reactions at the ( t! electrodes and name the sodium compound formed. Aled e Songs SNORE BLE aaah .. [5] 23) May 2014 [33] @ (7) 7 Aluminium is obtained from purified alumina, A/ 20s, by electrolysis. (a) Alumina is obtained from the main ore of aluminium. State the name of this ore. 1) {b) Describe the extraction of aluminium from alumina, Include the electrolyte, the electrodes and the reactions at the electrodes. ~ (6) | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) 81 | 5~ElectrochemistryCambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 ne (c) Aluminium is resistant to corrosion. It is protected by an oxide layer on its surface. The thickness of this oxide layer can be increased by anodising. (i) State a use of aluminium due to its resistance to corrosion. (ii) Anodising is an electrolytic ps process. Dilute sulfuric acid is slectolysed i an aluminium object as the anode. The thickness of the oxide layer is increased, Complete the equations for the reactions at the aluminium anode. OH —> 0, + 2H,0 +..." Alt. — (4) Nov 2014 [32] Q (2_a, b, ¢, i) /alumminium is obtained by the reduction of aluminium ions to aluminium atoms. (2) Write an ionic equation for the reduction of an aluminium ion to an aluminium atom. AP OE te A rsx 5 (b) The original method of extracting aluminium involved the reduction of aluminium chloride using the reactive metal sodium. Aluminium obtained by this method was very expensive due to the high cost of extracting sodium from sodium chloride. [2 (i) Complete the equation for this reduction. AICI, + ofc tad (2 Opbovid 2 Ui) How can » sodi a be obtained from sodium chloride? BA. SNE fines tn 82 | 5~Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified (c) In the modern method, aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide (alumina) dissolved in molten cryolite, NasA/Fo. waste gases, 0, CO, CO, F, \ 3 ‘carbon anode (+) mixture of aluminium carbon cathode (-) ~ | oxide and cryolite ~ molten aluminium {i) The major ore of aluminium is impure aluminium oxide. What is the name of this ore? (1) (ili) Give two reasons why the electrolyte contains cryolite. ee (i (iv) The mixture of gases evolved at the pos carbon dioxide ive electrode includes: carbon monoxide fluorine oxygen Explain the presence of these gases in the gaseous mixture formed at the positive electrode. Include at least one equation in your explanation. (5) 83 | 5 Electrochemistry “T “Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified 25) Nov 2014 [32] Q (4_c) {c) Zinc can be obtained from zinc oxide in a two step process. Aqueous zinc sulfate is made from zinc oxide and then this solution is electrolysed with inert electrodes. The electrolysis is similar to that of copper(I!) sulfate with inert electrodes. (i) Name the reagent which will react with zinc oxide to form zinc sulfate. (1) (ii) Complete the following for the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate. Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode. Name the product at the positive electrode. The electrolyte changes from zinc sulfate to 8) 26) Nov 2014 [33] Q.(5_b, i) (b) The ions present in aqueous sodium chloride are Naja), Clea: Haq and OF oa). Hee The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride forms three products. They are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide. (i) Explain how these three products are formed. Give ionic equations for the reactions at the electrodes. Lees cea” eed aE hun LE \. Pee ey cies cha. EH MYL ceeded Sain zy May 2015 [31] Q(3_a) 3 (a) The reactions between metals and acids are redox reactions. Zn+2H' —> Zn +H, (i) Which change in the above reaction is oxidation, Zn to Zn®* or 2H" to H2? Give a reason for your choice. _ TE Dee need DR rnd i eee SNE NSE... ENA OXAN Eo wa (2) ii) Which reactant in the above reaction is the oxidising agent? Give a reason for your choice Pee ioc Ne a Bl 84 | 5~ Electrochemistry | Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Cher ry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 @BpMay 2015 [32] (3_c) (c) The reaction between calcium and nitrogen to form calcium nitride is a redox reaction. eat In terms of electron transfer, explain why calcium is the reducing agent. Lake Cah Gwen x in 7 Le. oe eteted LE. (3) 29) May 2015 [33] Q (6_a) 6 Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an energy change. (a) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture which contains aluminium oxide, AlOz. This decomposes to form aluminium at the negative electrode and oxygen at the positive electrode. (i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode. RE oe en oe [2 (i) Complete the ionic equation forthe reaction atthe positive electrode. 20% —+ 024+. he% ¥ © a 30) Nov 2045 [34] Q (7_a) 7 The rate of a photochemical reaction is affected by light. {a) The decomposition of silver bromide is the basis of film photography. This is a redox reaction. tee 2AgBr > 2Ag + Br, cream _ black step 28r- > Br, + 20° step2 Agi + e& + Ag ()) Which step is reduction? Explain your answer. ae EOL aa eee nea See (4 (ii) Which ion is the oxidising agent? Explain your ansi se 2ond OY LOD. BAN NN. Donne AO Jeuense ie oXdahiOn < hake 85 | 5~ Electrochemistry ‘Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 5 34) Nov 2015 [32] Q (3_c) 3 Two of the main uses of zinc are for galvanising and for making alloys. One of the main ores of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS. There are two stages in the extraction of zinc from this ore. (c) The zinc produced by this process is impure. It can be purified by electrolysis using a method which is similar to the purification of copper. Under the conditions used in the process, zinc is the product at the negative electrode (cathode). Complete the following description of this purification. The electrolyte is aqueous 2%! 0.5... ‘The negative electrode (cathode) is made of . 2WA.%...c0 MS 1) ‘The positive electrode (anode) is impure zinc. a, “The equation for the reaction at the cathode is 29°... S Rane {1} The equation for the reaction at the anode is ... Explain why the concentration of the electrolyte does not change. ig ORS AMZ 2c eased Fvow goode is MV BOE PE BOS of BERODE 32) Nov 2015 [33] Q (3_b, c) (b) The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lithium bromide. @ carbon rmoften |_-—-hium bromite (i) Mark on the diagram the direction of electron flow (ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode). La take Ni a = ct "] (iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode), aes ate 86 | 5~Electrochemistry ‘Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62) _enltod © woe I]