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An enhanced collision-avoidance MAC protocol for IEEE 802.15.4

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 An Enhanced Collision-Avoidance MAC Protocol
for IEEE 802.15.4
Feng Wang, Dou Li, and Yuping Zhao
Abstract—When an IEEE 802.15.4 network has many nodes
and is almost saturated, the probability of collision is large, and
the throughput is small. The main reasons are the adoption of
slotted CSMA/CA and the mechanism that if a data transmission
cannot be completed before the end of contention access period
(CAP), it has to wait until the start of the CAP in the next
superframe. This paper proposes an enhanced collision-avoidance
MAC protocol for IEEE 802.15.4, and establishes a simulation
model to analyze and compare the enhanced collision-avoidance
MAC and the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC. The proposed protocol, com-
patible with the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, has less probability of
collision (almost 0), higher probability of successful transmission
(close to 1), and larger network throughput (more than two times
of that of IEEE 802.15.4).
I. I NTRODUCTION
The IEEE 802.15.4 protocol has been proposed as a wireless
communication standard for low-rate, short-range, low-power,
and low-cost wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs)
[1] [2]. There are two kinds of modes in the protocol: non
beacon-enable mode and beacon-enable mode. The former
is suitable for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and the
latter with synchronization and contention free period (CFP)
can provide services with different QoS. In IEEE 802.15.4,
CSMA/CA is used to access channels. There are two kinds
of CSMA/CA mechanisms, the slotted and the unslotted,
working in the beacon-enable and non beacon-enable modes
respectively. Furthermore, the definition of CSMA/CA in the
IEEE 802.15.4 protocol is a kind of non-persistent CSMA.
IEEE 802.15.4 is being considered as a promising technol-
ogy for WSNs, and a great deal of research has been carried
out. In [3] and [4], the authors analyzed the slotted CSMA/CA
mechanism of IEEE 802.15.4 using Markov chain models.
Meanwhile, [5] paid attention to the throughput and the end-
to-end delay of the IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA mechanism,
and [6] studied the guaranteed time slot (GTS) mechanism of
the protocol, and [7] conducted a study on a beacon frame
schedule of the ZigBee WSNs in the cluster tree topology.
By studying the performance of CSMA/CA in a star-network
with hidden nodes, [8] pointed out that there exits an optimum
transmission power that minimizes the impact of hidden nodes.
In [9], the authors proposed a simple and efficient grouping
strategy to solve the IEEE 802.15.4 hidden-node problem
without extra control overheads in data transmissions. More-
over, [10] comprehensively studied the performance of IEEE
Feng Wang, Dou Li, and Yuping Zhao are with the State Key Laboratory of
Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks, Peking University,
Beijing 100871, China (email: fengwangpku@gmail.com, lidou@pku.edu.cn,
yuping.zhao@pku.edu.cn).
978-1-4244-3574-6/10/$25.00 ©2010 IEEE
802.15.4 WSNs. Recently some researchers have proposed to
achieve better performance by modifying backoff mechanisms
[11] [12] [13].
To improve the capability of IEEE 802.15.4, this paper
makes an in-depth analysis of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer,
and proposes an enhanced collision-avoidance MAC protocol
for IEEE 802.15.4.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section II
carries out a theoretical analysis of slotted CSMA/CA and
the mechanism of data transmission at the start of the CAP.
Section III proposes the enhanced collision-avoidance MAC
protocol. In section IV, a simulation model is established to
analyze and compare the performance of the proposed protocol
and that of IEEE 802.15.4. Conclusions are given in section
IV.
II. P ROTOCOL A NALYSIS
It is well known that the maximum throughput of pure
ALOHA is 1/(2e), whereas the maximum throughput of
slotted ALOHA is 1/e, twice of the former [14]. This result
is obtained only when the basic time period (BT P ) in slotted
ALOHA is equal to the data transmission delay. However, the
relationship between slotted and unslotted CSMA is different
from that of pure and slotted ALOHA. The former is more
complicated because CSMA uses a clear channel assessment
(CCA) mechanism and the BT P in slotted CSMA should be
the maximum propagation delay [15].
To analyze the channel capacity of the CSMA mechanism,
we define the following important variables: S (throughput), G
(offered channel traffic rate), T (packet transmission delay), τ
(propagation delay), and α = τ /T (normalized propagation
delay). Then the basic equation for the throughput S1 of
unslotted non-persistent CSMA is formulated by means of α
and G as described in (1) [15], and the throughput S2 for the
slotted CSMA is given by (2). Here the analysis of the basic
CSMA mechanism is used to explain the variation trend of the
performance and can interpret the problem well. Other kinds
of the CSMA strategies have the same tendency despite the
fact of that they may have different performances.
Ge−αG
S1 = (1)
G(1 + 2α) + e−αG
− BT P ∗
BT P
T Ge
T G α∗ Ge−α G
S2 = = (2)
BT P BT P
+ (1 − e− T G ) α + (1 − e−α∗ G )
∗
T
G
lim S1 = lim S2 = (3)
α=α∗ →0 α→0 1+G

Fig. 1. Throughputs of nonpersistent CSMA
We can get (3) when the BT P in slotted CSMA is equal to
the maximum propagation delay τ (then α = α∗ ). From (3)
we can see that, when the parameter α = α∗ approaches to 0,
the throughputs S1 and S2 are both close to the same value,
and a throughput of 1 can theoretically be attained when G
equal to infinity. The maximum throughput of slotted CSMA is
much bigger than that of unslotted CSMA when α = α∗ = 1
(Fig. 1). When α = α∗ is becoming smaller, the differences of
throughputs are becoming slighter. When α = α∗ = 0.01 and
α = α∗ = 0.00033, the throughputs of slotted and unslotted
CSMA are almost the same.
IEEE 802.15.4 is one of the LR-WPAN protocols. Its
transmission range is tens of meters. Assume that the largest
single-hop transmission distance is 100 m, transmission speed
is 250 kbps, and data packet length is 256 bits, then, τ =
3.3 × 10−7 s, T = 0.001 s, α = 0.00033. These parameters
satisfy the requirement that the normalized propagation delay
is much less than 1. If α = 0.00033 and BT P = τ ,
the throughputs of slotted and unslotted CSMA are almost
identical, as shown in Fig. 1.
However, the BT P is 20 symbols = 80 bits in the slotted
CSMA mechanism of IEEE 802.15.4 [2]. Under this condition,
the BT P is about 937τ , and α∗ is equal to 937α in (2).
We can conclude that the performance of the unslotted with
α = 0.00033 is much better than that of the slotted with
α∗ = 973 × α = 0.3092 from (1), (2) and Fig. 1. In the
IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, the inappropriate BT P , which is
much longer than the maximum propagation delay τ , greatly
decreases the number of time points for transmitting data
packets in the time axis, and increases the probability of
sending data packets at the same time point.
For instance, in the superframe structure
shown in Fig. 2, if BO = SO = 0, then
SD = aBaseSuperf rameDurarion = 48 ×
aU nitBackof f P eriod. That is to say, there are 48
time points in maximum to be used to send data. If more
than one node sends data at the same time, collision is
inevitably to be caused. Therefore, if the network has many
nodes and large load, it will cause a mass of collision
Fig. 2. The composition of the superframe under IEEE Standard 802.15.4
(adopted from [1])
and retransmissions, sharp decline in throughput, and even
network congestion. As for unslotted CSMA/CA, a node
theoretically has infinite time points to send packets and can
start data transmission at any time. For that reason, if and
only if more than one node transmits data during a τ period,
the network will bear collision. Therefore we conclude that,
in the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, the collision probability of
unslotted CSMA/CA with less complexity is much smaller
than that of slotted CSMA/CA.
In [1], in a slotted CSMA system, if the number of backoff
periods is greater than the remaining number of backoff
periods in the CAP, the MAC sublayer shall pause the backoff
countdown at the end of the CAP and resume it at the start of
the CAP in the next superframe. If the number of backoff
periods is less than or equal to the remaining number of
backoff periods in the CAP, the MAC sublayer shall apply
its backoff delay and then evaluate whether it can proceed.
The MAC sublayer shall proceed if the remaining CSMA-
CA algorithm steps (i.e. two CCA analyses), the frame trans-
mission, and any acknowledgment can be completed before
the end of the CAP. If the MAC sublayer can proceed, it
shall request that the PHY perform the CCA in the current
superframe. If the MAC sublayer cannot proceed, it shall
wait until the start of the CAP in the next superframe and
repeat the evaluation. Because of this, if the remaining of the
frame transmission cannot be completed in more than one
node, they will be deferred to the start of the next CAP in
the next superframe and then be transmitted immediately. Of
course, the collision will happen at that time unavoidably, and
will cause retransmissions, increase network load and decrease
network throughput. Although [2] has changed the mechanism
into a new mechanism that frame transmission shall wait until
the start of the CAP in the next superframe and apply a further
random backoff delay before evaluating whether it can proceed
again, this new mechanism has decreased the probability of
collision at the beginning of the superframe, but collision is
still unavoidable under given situations.
Additionally, the value of minimum backoff exponent
(minBE) has a certain effect on the performance of the
network. Small minBE implies short contention window,
little average transmission delay, and many collisions for heavy
network load, and vice versa. Then dynamic value of minBE
can achieve better capability of the network [11] [12] [13].
 III. E NHANCED C OLLISION -AVOIDANCE P ROTOCOL
This paper proposes an improved MAC protocols for
IEEE 802.15.4. The proposed protocol, compatible with IEEE
802.15.4, solves t he problem of collisions and low throughput
mentioned in section II.
In beacon-enable mode of IEEE 802.15.4, the superframe Fig. 3. The composition of the superframe under the enhanced collision-
avoidance MAC for IEEE 802.15.4
consists of an active period and an inactive period; in the
active period, the slotted CSMA/CA mechanism is mandatory,
and the guaranteed time slot (GTS) mechanism is optional.
data bandwidth.
These characteristics will make the IEEE 802.15.4 network
3) The MAC sublayer shall proceed if the whole trans-
consume less energy, and provide services with different QoSs.
mission can be completed before the end of the CAP.
But the analysis in section II indicates that the performance
If the MAC sublayer can proceed, it shall request
of unslotted CSMA is better than that of slotted CSMA for
that the PHY perform the CCA in the current super-
BT P  τ , and is similar with that of slotted CSMA for
frame. If the MAC sublayer cannot proceed, it shall
BT P = τ , the best length of BT P . Then the selection of
wait until the start of the CAP in the next super-
unslotted CSMA is better for higher throughput, less collision
frame and apply a further random backoff delay be-
and lower complexity. In this paper, the unslotted CSMA/CA
fore evaluating whether it can proceed again. Here the
mechanism and the beacon-enable mode are integrated to get
Basic Time Period BT P =max(system clock period,
better performance through maintaining the primary advan-
maximum propagation delay), and contention win-
tages.
dow is a large number, whose default value is 1024.
Moreover, in the start of the CAP, if the frame to be
transmitted is deferred from the former superframe, another
backoff is needed, with a different contention window. The IV. S IMULATION A NALYSIS
function of this mechanism is to reduce the chance of collision
at the beginning of the superframe. We developed a simulation model to analyze and compare
The key points of the improved protocol have been men- the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and the improved one using
tioned, and the details are listed as follows: network simulation tool.
1) The format of the superframe is defined by the coor-
dinator.The superframe is bounded by network beacons A. Simulation scenario
sent by the coordinator, and is divided into 16 equally Simulation model is a star topology network in a 100m ×
sized slots. Optionally, the superframe can have an active 100m rectangle, working at 2.4 GHz with a bandwidth of
and an inactive portion (Fig. 3). During the inactive 2 MHz, a physical-layer transmission rate of 250 kbps, and
portion, the coordinator may enter a low-power mode. physical-layer packet of 256 bits. The intervals of packet
The beacon frame is transmitted in the first slot of each generation are subject to an exponential distribution. Detailed
superframe. The beacons are used to synchronize the parameters of the simulation model are shown in Table I. By
attached devices, identify the PAN, and describe the changing normalized network load (N orL) and the number
structure of the superframes. Here the format of the of nodes, normalized sent-packets per second (N orSend),
superframe is the same as that of IEEE 802.15.4 to make collision probability (CP ), throughput (S), ratio of throughput
sure to be compatible and connectable with it. to N orL, and end-to-end delay (ET EDelay) of the network
2) Any device wishing to communicate during the are taken into account. Here N orL means the total quantity
contention access period (CAP) between two bea- of data generated by all the nodes per unit time which is nor-
cons competes with other devices using an unslot- malized to the physical-layer transmission rate. For instance,
ted CSMA-CA mechanism. All transactions are com- if in the unit time all the data generated by the network are
pleted by the time of the next network beacon. 500 kbits, then N orL = 2.
In the random backoff mechanism, minBE can be
For a network, it is always pursuing smaller ET EDelay,
0, 1, 2, and 3, while maxBE is 5 and backoff
bigger S and higher probability of successful transmission
time is aU nitBackof f P eriod × exp(BE), where
though they are interactive and contradictory in theory. In
aU nitBackof f P eriod = 20 symbols. The GTSs form
order to evaluate the performance of the network in a better
the contention-free period (CFP), which always appears
way, a new measure, P erf ormance P , is defined as (4).
at the end of the active superframe starting at a slot
By this measure, the whole capability of the network can be
boundary immediately following the CAP. The PAN
investigated to the specific extent.
coordinator may allocate up to seven of these GTSs,
and a GTS may occupy more than one slot period,
which is the same with that of IEEE 802.15.4 for low- S× S
× N orSend
S
P = N orL
(4)
latency applications or applications requiring specific ET EDelay
 TABLE I
PARAMETER OF THE SIMULATION MODEL
Parameter Value
Topology Star
Range 100m × 100m
Nodes 3, 10, 20, 50, 100
Bandwidth 2 MHz (2.4 GHz)
Data rate 250 kbps
Packet length 256 bits
Normalized network load 0-10
minBE 3
BO = SO 0 Fig. 6.
Buffer 256 Bytes
B. Result analysis
Fig. 4 shows the simulation results of the IEEE 802.15.4
network and the improved one with 100 nodes. It can be
observed in Fig. 4(a) that N orSend in IEEE 802.15.4 has
increased with the increase of N orL, and it is more than 1
when N orL is large enough. This indicates there must be a
lot of collision in the network then. The CP in IEEE 802.15.4
is also shown in Fig. 4(a), which increases with the increase
of N orL. For N orSend more than 2, the CP is almost 1,
which means that almost all the data transmission has failed
because of collision and the network has been congested. In
contrast, the N orSend in the enhanced collision-avoidance
MAC protocol is always less than 1. Although N orSend is
smaller, the CP is always a value close to 0, so a higher
throughput can be ensured. As Fig. 4(b) shows that, with
the N orL increasing, the throughput of IEEE 802.15.4 first
increases and then decreases, and reaches its peak, just around
25%, when N orL is about 0.5. However, for the enhanced
collision-avoidance protocol, the throughput first increases,
then maintains a certain value which is more than twice of
that in IEEE 802.15.4, reaching more than 65%. No matter
how heavy the load is, a part of data can be successfully
transmitted. Fig. 4(c) and Fig. 4(d) plot the ratio of successful
transmitted data to generated data in the network. We can see
that the improved protocol can almost send all the data gener-
ated timely and successfully for N orL less than 0.5, while the
IEEE 802.15.4 protocol can only send part of the data because
of collisions. From the comparison of ET EDelay in the two
networks in Fig. 4(e), we can know that both of them increase
with the increase of N orL. In addition, when N orL is more
than 0.25, the ET EDelay of the enhanced collision-avoidance
protocol is bigger than that of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. The
main reason is that the throughput of the improved protocol
is much higher at that time. For a comprehensive analysis, the
parameter defined in this paper, P , is plotted in Fig. 4(f), which
shows us that the value in the improved protocol is bigger than
that in IEEE 802.15.4. It implies the improvements proposed
by us have significantly upgraded the capability of the original
IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.
Through the analysis of the simulation results of the network
Throughput
0.6
0.5
Maximum Throughput
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 Collision-Avoidance Protocol
IEEE 802.15.4
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of nodes
70 80 90 100
Maximum throughputs of networks
with 100 nodes, it is obvious that the enhanced collision-
avoidance MAC protocol significantly reduces collision, in-
creases the throughout, and upgrades the capability of the net-
work. Other simulation results for the networks with different
number of nodes support the above conclusion very well. Fig.
5 plots the results under the situation of 3 nodes, and the
maximum throughputs under varied situations with different
nodes are plotted in Fig. 6, from which we can see that the
more the number of nodes, the more prominent the upgrade
of the throughput.
V. C ONCLUSIONS
It is known from the analysis that we cannot make a
good thing of the adoption of slotted CSMA in LR-WPAN.
Furthermore, a selection of BT P in slotted CSMA with-
out caution may cause many collisions to downgrade the
capability of the network with large number of nodes or a
heavy load. Meanwhile, in IEEE 802.15.4, the mechanism
to deal with the data transmission which is deferred from
the previous superframe causes collisions at the start of the
superframe. The enhanced collision-avoidance MAC protocol
for IEEE 802.15.4 proposed in this paper solves these prob-
lems satisfactorily, and the protocol is compatible with the
original, and has less probability of collision, higher proba-
bility of successful transmission and larger network through-
put. Moreover, considering ET EDelay, throughput, and
probability of successf ul transmission, a new measure,
P erf ormance, is defined to evaluate the whole capability of
the network. Finally, the simulation results show the upgrade
of the performance in the improved protocol.
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 7 0.7
NorSend in IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4
1
6 Collision Probability in IEEE 802.15.4 Collision-Avoidance Protocol
0.6
NorSend in Collision-Avoidance Protocol IEEE 802.14.5

Ratio of successful sent to generated

Collision Probability in Collision-Avoidance Protocol Collision-Avoidance Protocol
5 0.8
0.5

4
Ratio ofthroughputto NorL

Throughput
0.4
S (Troughput) 0.6
3
0.3
2 0.4

0.2
1
0.2
0.1
0

-1 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(a) NorL (b) NorL (c) NorL
0.018 50
IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4
1 45
Collision-Avoidance Protocol 0.016 Collision-Avoidance Protocol Collision-Avoidance Protocol
Ratio of successful sent to generated

40
0.014
0.8
35
0.012 ETEDelay 30

Performance
Perform ance

ETEDelay
0.6 Ratio ofthroughputto NorL
0.01 25

20
0.4 0.008
15
0.006
0.2 10
0.004
5

0 0.002 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
(d) NorL (e) NorL (f) NorL

Fig. 4. NorSend, CP, S, Ratio of throughput to NorL, ETEDelay, and Performance of the networks with 100 nodes

0.45
IEEE 802.15.4
0.4
0.4 Collision-Avoidance Protocol
0.35 1
0.35
0.3

Ratio of throughput to NorL

0.3 0.8
0.25
S(Throughput)

NorSend in IEEE 802.15.4 Ratio ofthroughputto NorL

0.2 0.25
Collision Probabality in IEEE 802.15.4
0.6
0.15 NorSend in Collision-Avoidance Protocol
0.2
Collision Probability in Collision-Avoidance Protocol
0.1 Throughput
0.15 0.4
0.05
0.1
0 0.2
-0.05 0.05 IEEE 802.15.4
Collision-Avoidance Protocol
-0.1 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
(a) NorL (b) NorL 2 (c) NorL
0.018 10
IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4
Collision-Avoidance Protocol Collision-Avoidance Protocol Collision-Avoidance Protocol
0.016
1
1
0.014 10
Ratio of throughput to NorL

0.8
0.012
Perform ance
Performance
ETEDelay

ETEDelay
0
0.6 0.01 10

0.008
0.4
-1
Ratio ofthroughputto NorL 0.006 10

0.2
0.004

-2
0 0.002 10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(d) NorL (e) NorL (f) NorL

Fig. 5. NorSend, CP, S, Ratio of throughput to NorL, ETEDelay, and Performance of the networks with 3 nodes

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