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Specification Of Infrared Optical

Materials For Laser Applications

Raymond L. Taylor, Jitendra S. Goela

Raymond L. Taylor, Jitendra S. Goela, "Specification Of Infrared Optical

Materials For Laser Applications," Proc. SPIE 0607, Optical Component
Specifications for Laser-based Systems and Other Modern Optical Systems,
(14 July 1986); doi: 10.1117/12.956359

Event: O-E/LASE'86 Symposium, 1986, Los Angeles, CA, United States

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 Specification of optical materials
of infrared optical materials for laser applications

S. Goela
L. Taylor and Jitendra S.
Raymond L.
CVD Incorporated, Research Center
Incorporated, Research Center
Street, Woburn,
185 New Boston Street,
185 Massachusetts
Woburn, Massachusetts 01801

Abstract

The problem of
The problem selecting an
of selecting infrared optical
an infrared laser is
for aa laser
material for
optical material complicated by
is complicated by the
the
many types of laser
types of and the
devices and
laser devices number of
large number
the large of potential materials available.
optical materials
potential optical available.
authors have described aa methodology
The authors methodology to design an
to design optical window
an optical for an
window for laser,
infrared laser,
an infrared
examples and
specific examples
and illustrate this method by specific and analyses. trans-
considers trans-
analyses. This paper considers
over the
infrared materials over
missive infrared range of
wavelength range
the wavelength -14 ym
of 22-14 pm which encompasses the most
which encompasses
infrared lasers
widely used infrared HF, DF,
lasers -- HF, C0 2 and
CO, CO2
DF, CO, and N20. The physical data for
N20. The (16)
sixteen (16)
for sixteen
potential infrared transmissive materials are provided for reference.
potential reference. TheThe methodology
considers the
considers thermal and
the important mechanical, thermal and optical issues. Although each laser
optical issues. appli-
laser appli-
problem is
cation problem
cation unique, the
is unique, described can
techniques described
the techniques can be applied to
be applied wide range
to aa wide of devices
range of devices
and
and laser characteristics.
Introduction
Recently, authors compiled a list of
the authors
Recently, the of 33 materials with useful optical transmission at
33 materials
ym.*
10.6 um.l These were all
materials were
These materials for CO
candidates for
potential candidates
all potential CO22 laser windows. There are
laser windows.
an equally
an equally large number of
large number of materials transmission limits
whose transmission
materials whose at shorter wavelengths
occur at
limits occur wavelengths
(< 10.6
(<_ ym). It
10.6 um). is clear
It is that an
clear that engineer is
an engineer faced with
is faced considerable problem in
with aa considerable selecting
in selecting
specifying optical
aid /or specifying
and/or materials for
optical materials use in
for use paper, we will
in laser applications. In this paper,
attempt to
attempt to provide logic in
some logic
provide some the selection
in the of materials
selection of laser applications.
for laser
materials for applications. Because
of the
of the large variety of
large variety lasers, their
of lasers, modes of
different modes
their different operation and
of operation many uses,
and many uses, it is not
it is not
possible to
possible to develop generalized specifications. there are
However, there
specifications. However, issues generic to most
are issues most
types. We
laser types. We will discuss these issues and how they impact the selection of optical
materials. The reader can then make use of this
The this logic for his
as a tool to select materials for
logic as
specific
specific laser device.

We will
We limit this
will limit analysis to infrared optical
this analysis materials which exhibit useful transmis-
optical materials
interval of
wavelength interval
sion over the wavelength of 2 2-14 ym. Optical materials with
-14 um. with transmission ym,
transmission <<_ 22 um,
glasses, are
primarily glasses,
primarily discussed in
are discussed in another paper of
another paper of this Review. The wavelength
Critical Review.
this Critical
region of
region 2-14
of 2 covers the
pmcovers
-14ym most widely
the most such as
lasers, such
infrared lasers,
used infrared
widely used as the HF and
the HF DF chemical
and DF chemical
lasers and
lasers CO, CO
the CO,
and the 2 and N20
CO2 electric discharge
N 2 O electric lasers that
devices. Although there are lasers
discharge devices.
operate at longer
operate at these devices
wavelengths, these
longer wavelengths, are not
devices are widely used,
not widely furthermore, the
and, furthermore,
used, and, the
number of useable
number of transmissive materials
infrared transmissive
useable infrared quite small
becomes quite
materials becomes the wavelength
as the
small as wavelength
than 20
becomes larger than Therefore, the process of specifying a material is
ym. Therefore,
20 um. inherently
is inherently
at longer wavelengths,
simpler at
simpler although no
wavelengths, although less challenging
no less technically.
challenging technically.
that arises
A major problem that arises in selecting optical material for anything but
an infrared optical
selecting an
the most trivial
the most application, is
trivial application, is the physical and
the physical optical properties
and optical that material.
of that
properties of material. Un-
fortunately, compendium of
fortunately, there is no modern compendium properties. In
of properties. In addition, infrared
addition, certain infrared
manufactured by
transmissive materials can be manufactured
transmissive number of
by aa number processes -- hot
different processes
of different pressed,
hot pressed,
sintered, chemical vapor deposition or
sintered, crystal. The mechanical
single crystal.
or single and/or
mechanical and optical proper-
/or optical
ties may
ties process. Therefore,
may depend upon the manufacturing process. Therefore, it is imperative that the
it is user
the user
establish that the
establish that properties that
the properties he has
that he used in
has used specification are
his specification
in his similar to
are similar the
to the
commercially. To
available commercially.
product available keep this
To keep tractable, the
paper tractable,
this paper authors have
the authors limited their
have limited their
commercially.
discussions to a set of representative materials that are available commercially.
This paper
This is further limited to the specification
paper is windows.
of materials for laser cavity windows.
specification of
Most infrared lasers are of the molecular gas type and require a window to separate the
to separate the
cavity the environment.
cavity from the environment. Although infrared are also
infrared transmissive materials are em-
alsp widely em-
ployed in lenses
ployed in and other
lenses and optical components
other optical lasers, we
with lasers,
used with
components used will not discuss
we will their
discuss their
in nature.
optical in
specification which is primarily optical Finally, we will consider only trans-
nature. Finally,
missive materials,
missive reflecting optics
since reflecting
materials, since also the
are also
optics are of another review paper.
subject of
the subject paper.

types, configurations
the many types,
Although the sizes of infrared lasers make it
configurations and sizes it difficult to
be completely
be there are
general, there
completely general, characteristics and
certain characteristics
are certain properties of
and properties laser devices
of laser devices
which do influence the choice
influence the of optical
choice of optical material. obvious parameter is
most obvious
The most
material. The the wave-
is the wave-
length of
length of the lasing transition(s). The optical material must transmit
lasing transition(s). at the
transmit at wavelength(s)
the wavelength(s)
of standard infrared
of interest. Although a standard (Figure 11 is
infrared transmission curve for the material (Figure is
an example
an example for ZnSe), is
for ZnSe), is useful, quantitative specification
more quantitative
useful, aa more of the
specification of the transmission (or(or
absorption)
absorption) is The transmission of
is necessary. The specified by the
optical materials is usually specified
of optical
surface and bulk absorption coefficients.
surface and are combined
these are
Sometimes these
coefficients. Sometimes into an overall
combined into overall

/ SPIEVoi
22 / SP/E 607
Vol.607 Optical
Optical ComponentSpecifications
Component aser-Based Systems and
forLLaser-Based
Specif/cationsfor andOther Optical Systems (1986)
Other Modern Optical' (1986)

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 coefficient. It
extinction coefficient. It must
must be that many useful
Le emphasized that useful infrared
infrared materials,
materials, e.g.,
e.g.,
ZnS,
ZnS, ZnSe,
ZnSe, Ge,
Ge, Si,
Si, have
have large
large indices
indices of
of refraction
refraction (> (_> 2) , and,
2), and, therefore,
therefore, significant
significant trans-
trans-
mission losses occur with these
these materials
materials because
because ofof surface
surface reflections,
reflections, unless
unless anti
anti--
reflective (AR)
(AR) coatings are
are used.
used. This
This phenomenon is is illustrated in Fig. Fig. 11 where it is seenseen
that
that ZnSe
ZnSe appears
appears to transmit only about
about 75%
75% in
in the
the vicinity
vicinity of of 10.6
10.6 pm.
ym. How
However, the
ver, the
-1
measured bulk absorption coefficient
coefficient of
of ZnSe
ZnSe at
at 10.6
10.6 pmym is
is about
about 55 xx 10
10~-4
4 cm""
cm 1 . The losses
seen in Fig. 11 are
are due
due to
to surface
surface reflections
reflections because
because of of the
the high
high refractive index of ZnSe.
of ZnSe.

1.0 S, I I

as
0.9

0.8

0.7 - 7

0.6

z
0 0.5-
0.5

ÿ2 0.4-
0.4
Q
¢ 0.3
0.3-

0.2 -
0.1 -

00 1 i
03 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3"3
1.3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
21 24

WAVELENGTH
WAVELENGTH (/im)
(gm)

Figure 1.
1. Transmission trace
trace of
of aa CVD ZnSe sample,
CVD ZnSe sample, thickness: 0.635 cm
thickness: 0.635
The
The bulk
bulk absorption
absorption coefficient for
for infrared
infrared materials
materials asas aa function
function of
of wavelength is
is
generally not known.
known. For
For materials
materials with
with low
low values
values (and
(and therefore
therefore ofof particular
particular interest
inte°st
for
for laser
laser windows), the bulk absorption coefficient
windows), the coefficient is
is difficult
difficult toto measure.
measure. One accepted
method is
is to
to use
use aa calorimetric technique with a laser as the energy source.
as the source. Thus,
Thus, if bulk
absorption data
absorption data are
are available,
available, it will
will be at specific wavelengths of of interest for laser
applications.
The
The surface
surface absorption
absorption isis more
more difficult
difficult toto quantify, since it
quantify, since it depends
depends upon surface
surface fab-
fab-
rication and
rication and polish,
polish, adsorbed materials such as as water
water vapor
vapor or
or polishing compounds and the
the
coating process if
coating if AR or
or other
other coatings
coatings are
are used.
used. A typical value for for surface
surface absorption in
for aa well
the infrared for well prepared,
prepared, bare
bare surface
surface isis 1010~
-33 per surface.
surface. Smaller values are
are
attainable, but require specific,
attainable, specific, high
high purity
purity handling
handling procedures.
procedures. Since much of the surface
surface
loss
loss is
is probably
probably due scattering, the
due to scattering, the surface
surface polish
polish is is important.
important. Many optical fabrica-
fabrica-
can prepare
tion companies can prepare "low
"low scatter"
scatter" polished
polished surfaces
surfaces for
for laser
laser applications.
applications.
Other important laser parameters for
Other for a specification
specification of the window are
are the
the size
size and
and shape
shape
(cylindrical,
(cylindrical, square,
square, rectangular) of the cavity and the
rectangular) of the mounting mechanism
mechanism of
of the
the window.
window.
Frequently,
Frequently, the
the shape
shape and
and dimensions of a laser cavity are
dimensions of are dictated by the excitation tech-
tech-
nique the window.
nique and not the window. While this
this is
is understandable,
understandable, the use of aa large
large or
or odd
odd shaped
shaped
window will the number
will likely reduce the number of
of materials available
available and
and certainly
certainly increase
increase the
the cost.
cost.
The
The mounting
mounting mechanism
mechanism will
will determine the
the ability
ability and
and rate
rate at which energy absorbed by thethe
window can be dissipated. The existance of a temperature
temperature profile across
across the
the window may be
aa serious
serious source beam distortion.
source of laser beam distortion.
Since most
Since most molecular gas lasers operate at pressures below one atmosphere,
atmosphere, there
there will be
aa pressure
pressure differential across
across the
the window.
window. This is important
This is important not only specification
only for a specification
of
of window
window integrity,
integrity, but
but also
also because a small
because even a small deflection of
of the window can produce
optical distortion.
significant and undesirable optical distortion.
The
The laser
laser parameters, such as
parameters, such as beam diameter
diameter and
and profile,
profile, operating
operating mode (CW,
(CW, pulsed,
pulsed, re-
petitively
petitively pulsed)
pulsed) and time
time of
of operation
operation must
must be
be known.
known. Since most gas lasers operate with
the cavity
the cavity windows inside the
windows inside the cavity,
cavity, it is necessary to know the beam intensity
intensity or fluence
fluence
at
at the window.
Finally,
Finally, after
after resolving
resolving all the optical
all the issues, there
optical issues, is always the question of window
there is
reliability and operational life.
reliability life. While this issue is frequently handled by applying
applying
standard
standard factors
factors of
of safety
safety into
into mechanical
mechanical engineering
engineering formulae,
formulae, for
for brittle
brittle crystalline
crystalline
materials
materials which
which make
make up aa large
large class of
of infrared transmissive materials,
materials, the failure mode
mode
may be slow crack
be dominated by slow crack growth.
growth. There are quantitative methods to handle this
this

SPIE Vol.
SPIE Vol.607
607Optical
OpticalComponent
ComponentSpecifications
Specificationsfor
forLaser-Based
Laser-BasedSystems and
Systems and Other
Other Modern
Modern Optical
Optical Systems
Systems (1986)/
(1986) / 23

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 phenomenon, but,
phenomenon, but, unfortunately, statistical data are not readily
unfortunately, the required statistical readily available
available for
for
all
all useful materials.

Laser window material

material selection
Once
Once the important data describing the
the important the laser
laser cavity
cavity are
are known,
known, a methodology (described
(described
below) is followed to
below) to select
select an
an optimum
optimum laser
laser window
window material.
material. The first step
step is
is to
to make aa
list
list of
of the
the potential
potential window
window materials
materials based
based upon
upon the
the material
material transmission in the
the wave-
wave-
length
length of
of interest,
interest, environment
environment stability
stability and
and availability
availability in
in the sizes and shapes
the sizes shapes of
of inter-
inter-
est.
est. materials, such
There are certain materials, such as the
the salts
salts (NaCl,
(NaCl, KC1)
KC1) which possess
possess attractive
attractive
optical
optical properties,
properties, but
but are
are also
also hygroscopic
hygroscopic and
and soft
soft and
and may
may not
not be except in
be suitable except in aa
environment. The
controlled environment. The requirement ofof availability
availability becomes
becomes critical
critical when unique shapes
shapes
or
or .unusually large diameter windows are
unusually large are required.
required. InIn recent years,
years, as a consequence of
defense programs,
defense there has been considerable interest in large monolithic infrared
programs, there infrared windows
of
of diameters
diameters inin the one meter range.
range. Scanning
Scanning the
the list
list of
of available
available infrared materials,
finds that ZnSe,
one finds ZnSe, ZnS and Cleartran are the only materials which can be fabricated
fabricated in
in
such
such large
large sizes
sizes by existing production technology.
technology.
The
The next
next step
step in
in selecting an optimum laser window material
selecting an material is to determine window thick-
loads for
ness from pressure loads for all
all materials
materials under
under consideration.
consideration. The pressure differential
differential
across the
across the window can
can cause a mechanical failure
failure of the window as well as introduce
introduce curvature
curvature
which produces distortion in in the
the laser
laser beam.
beam. One
One consequence
consequence of this optical distortion is
the laser intensity
that the intensity at
at the
the focus
focus is
is reduced.
reduced. Usually, the window thickness is
Usually, the is calcu-
lated by
lated by allowing
allowing aa 50%
50% reduction in the laser intensity at the focus due to to distortion,
distortion, and
and
comparing that
comparing that with the thickness calculated from the
with the the mechanical failure criterion.
criterion. The
larger
larger value
value of
of window thickness is is then
then used.
used. It It is
is important
important to
to again
again check the availa-
check the availa-
bility
bility of
of materials
materials at this
this point,
point, particularly when the window is designed for for aa high
pressure laser.
laser. For low
low strength
strength materials such
such as
as salts,
salts, the
the required
required thickness
thickness may
may become
become
very large even
very large even when the
the window diameter is small,
small, and such thick windows may notnot be commer-
commer-
otherwise not
cially available or otherwise not practical.
practical.
The
The window
window dimensions
dimensions as
as determined above
above must also provide
provide the required mechanical re-
liability and
liability and life
life under operational pressure loads and projected peak pressures.
pressures. One should
should
check for
check for window reliability under fast fracture as
as well criteria. The
well as slow crack growth criteria.
latter
latter criterion
criterion is
is particularly
particularly important
important when
when the
the potential
potential window
window material is susceptible
material is susceptible
slow crack
to slow crack growth
growth or if water vapor is present in the operating envirnoment.
or if envirnoment.
After the window geometrical dimensions are are determined,
determined, thermal
thermal loads
loads are
are considered.
considered.
Due
Due to
to the
the window cooling
cooling mechanism, the laser beam spatial
mechanism, the spatial profile and beam absorption
absorption at
at
the window surface
the surface and the bulk material,
and in the material, temperature gradients are generated thatthat can
can
produce
produce mechanical stresses
stresses in
in the
the material.
material. The stress distribution due to thermal
The stress thermal loads
loads
is
is first
first determined
determined and
and then
then superimposed
superimposed onto
onto the
the stress
stress distribution
distribution due pressure loads.
due to pressure loads.
In
In this
this manner,
manner, the
the maximum
maximum stress
stress is
is determined,
determined, and
and the
the window
window is
is checked for failure
failure under
under
load. For brittle materials,
this load. materials, however,
however, the
the maximum tensile
tensile stress
stress is
is computed,
computed, since
since
these materials usually fail
these fail in
in tension.
tension.
Temperature gradients in in the material also
also produce optical distortion
distortion inin the
the laser
laser beam.
beam.
Therefore, it
Therefore, it is
is necessary to determine
necessary to determine this
this distortion for thethe window thickness established
criteria. It
from the mechanical criteria. It is
is to
to be
be noted
noted that
that the
the optical
optical distortion increases
increases with
with
the window thickness.
the thickness. Therefore,
Therefore, there
there is
is aa trade
trade-off
-off between
between the
the window
window reliability
reliability and
and
optical distortion. If
If more
more than
than one
one optical
optical material
material qualifies
qualifies up to this
up to this stage,
stage, the
the
optimum window
optimum window material
material can be on the
be selected On the basis of cost or weight (especially
basis of (especially for
for space
space
applications). However, if no one material
However, if qualifies, the usual procedure is
material qualifies, is to
to reduce
reduce the
the
window thickness
thickness to
to reduce
reduce optical distortion but simultaneously reducing window reliability.
optical distortion reliability.
improve the
To improve the chances
chances of
of window survival,
survival, overstress
overstress proof tests can be performed.
performed. InIn these
tests the
tests the window is
is subjected to loads
loads larger than the operational loads.
loads. Although,
Although, the
the
proof tests
proof tests may
may result inin the
the loss
loss of a window during testing,
testing, they provide data
data on
on the
the upper
size
size limit
limit of
of defects
defects in
in the
the material
material which
which survive
survive the
the test
test and
and can
can be
be used to estimate
estimate aa
lifetime.
window lifetime.

In the
In the following
following sections,
sections, we
we will
will explain in in some
some detail select-
detail the above methodology of select-
ing an
ing an optimum laser window material for for specific
specific examples.
examples. Table I listslists important
important optical
optical
materials their potential
materials and their use (based
potential use (based on the transmission data)
data) forfor HF,
HF, DF,
DF, CO and
and CO2
C02
laser windows. This list includes important
important materials representative of of various groups
groups
from
from aa long
long list
list of
of potential optical materials.
materials. It It is
is by
by no means an exhaustive
exhaustive list.
list.
Table I
Table I includes
includes 3 3 fluorides - BaF2,
BaF 2 , CaF2
CaF2 and MgF2, 2 salts - KC1 and NaC1,
MgF2, 2 NaCl, semiconductor
semiconductor
materials
materials - - CdTe,
CdTe, GaAs,
GaAs, Ge Si, CVD materials
Ge and Si, ZnSe, ZnS and Cleartran,
materials - ZnSe, Cleartran, sapphire
sapphire and
and a
few
few new
new materials
materials -- A10N,
AlON, CaLa 2 S 4 and
CaLa2S4 and Spinel
Spinel (a(a total
total of 16 materials).
of 16 materials). Further, this list
Further, this
contains seven
contains seven (7)
(7) materials (CdTe, GaAs,
materials (CdTe, GaAs, KC1,
KC1, NaCl, ZnSe, ZnS,
NaC1, ZnSe, ZnS, Cleartran)
Cleartran) which can
can be
for laser
considered for laser windows
windows over
over the
the entire
entire wavelength
wavelengthrange
rangeofof2 2-12 ym.
-12 pm.

24 /SPIE Vol. 607 Optical Component Specifications for Laser-Based Systems and Other Modern Optical Systems (1986)
/SPIEVo%607OpticalComponentSpecificationsforLaser-BasedSystemsandOtherModernOpticalSystems(1986)

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 Table I . Important optical materials
Table I. materials for infrared laser
for infrared windows
laser windows
HF
HF DF
DF CO C02
CO2
Laser
Laser Laser
Laser Laser
Laser Laser
Laser
s. No.
S. No. Material
Material 2.7 urn
2.7 um 3.8 urn
3.8 um 5.3 urn
um urn
10.6 um

1.
1. Aluminum Oxynitride, A10N
Oxynitride, AlON X
X XX X
22.. Barium Fluoride, BaF2
Fluoride, BaF2 X
X XX X
3.
3. CdTe
Telluride, CdTe
Cadmium Telluride, X XX X X
A4.. Calcium
Calcium Fluoride, CaF2
Fluoride, CaF2 X X X
5.
5. CaLa2S4
Sulphide, CaLa2S4
Calcium Lanthanum Sulphide, X
6.
6. Gallium Arsenide, GaAs
Arsenide, GaAs X X
X X X
X
7.
7. Germanium,
Germanium, GeGe X
X X X
X
8.
8. Magnesium Fluoride,
Magnesium MgF2
Fluoride, MgF2 X X
X
99.. Potassium Chloride, KC1
Potassium Chloride, KC1 X
X X X
X X
10 .
10. Sapphire, A1203
Sapphire, A1203 X X
X
11..
11 Silicon, Si
Silicon, Si X
X X X
X
12 .
12. Chloride, NaCl
Sodium Chloride, NaCl X
X X X
X X
13 .
13. Spinel, MgO.
Spinel, A1203
MgO. A1203 X
X X
14 .
14. CVD Zinc
CVD ZnSe
Selenide, ZnSe
Zinc Selenide, X
X X X
X X
15..
15 CVD Zinc
CVD Sulphide, ZnS
Zinc Sulphide, ZnS X X X
X X
16..
16 CVD Water clear
CVD Water Cleartran
ZnS, Cleartran
clear ZnS, X
X X X
X X

The important
The physical, mechanical,
important physical, mechanical, thermal properties of
optical properties
and optical
thermal and of the 16 materials
the 16 materials
listed in Table
listed in I are given in
Table I Table II.
in Table compiled from
These properties have been compiled
II. These pub-
the pub-
from the
Typically, one
literature. Typically,
data available in the literature.
lished data
lished that different
finds that
one finds investigators
different investigators
different values
have reported quite different of the
values of property. Therefore,
same property.
the same Table II,
in Table
Therefore, in have
we have
II, we
references. Wherever the data were not available for a
corresponding references.
the corresponding
reported data with the a
particular form of
of a material,
material, the corresponding data from the other forms were used, if
used, if
available. Where aa range
range of
of values are reported
values are property, we
for aa particular material property,
reported for have
we have
listed aa single value based on
listed on our judgement.
best judgement.
our best

___________Table II.
Table II. Important properties
Important some infrared
of some
properties of optical materials___________
infrared optical materials
Density
Oensity Poisson's Yang's
Young's Flexural Heat
Meet Thermal Thermal Bilk
Bulk
Material g9 cm-3 Ratio
Ratio «jOy Strength
StrrAth Capacity Conductivity
Carducfivitly ^pansi^ Absorption
Absor^ti^ Refractive
Refractive ^dn/dT^ ^ ^ ^^
Materiel cm-3 Moduluus CeperllÑyl
CCoExee lc i ent Coefficient M-QnFdr19-6 Stress Optic floefflc}Ft References
____ ______ 109_
"x 109 "06
x" 106 ____ ________ K-
M-1 10-6
1 xx 10-6 cm-1 xx
cm-1 IP"3
10-3 (N)
(N) ______ (q u * 81)Pr
(all 1Q-™
q^Pa"1 xx 30- ______

3.71 .24
523
323 300
300 .126
.126 5.8
5.8 40 (2.7)*
40 (2.78): 1.66 (4)
Aluminum oxynitride,
AlON
4824 (5'.-})*
4824 (5.3)

Barium Fluctlde, 8.72 4.87 " 22 26-96

53.22 26.96 -*05
.405 oal
0.11 18-8 0.58(2.7) i::^!
18.8
0.58 (2.1) 1.631(2.8)
0.35 (3.8)
0.35 (3.8) 1.45 (5.3)
1.45 (5.3)
_ 16
(10.6)
0.19 (10.6) 1.396(10.34)
1.396(10.34)
1,4,12
4.5 0.49 2.683(5.3) 107
Telluride,
Cadmium Telluride, 5.85
5.05 0.41
0.41 36.63 22.12 0.22 0.063
Cadmium 0.25 (10.6) 2.61(10.6)
Odre

riuoride,
Calcium Fluoride, 3.18 0.28 96 76
76 0.858
0.858 0.099
0.099 21.3
21.3 1.12(2.7) (2.7)
1.42^(2.7^ 6,12,13
Calcium 3.18 0.28 96
1.39 (2.9) 1.42152.7 )1
L 2
CaP2 0.5 (5.3)
0.5 (5.3) 1.395 (5.3)
1.395 (5.3)

.26 96 106 0.017 14.7 0.17 (10.6)

0.17(10.6)
Calcium Lanthanium
Calcium .26 96 106 14.7 -

Canthanlum
Sulfide, Cal_a2
Sulfide, SA
C8Ca2S4
5.74 9.
9.4 (5.3)
Gallium Arsenide,
Gallium Arsenide, 5.32
5.32 .31
.31 82.94
82.94 138.23 .267
.267 0.48 5.14 (5. J)
Gafls 8 ((1Q.6,
8 10.6) 3.1 (10.6)
3.) (10.6) 149 - 1.32 .,4,12
GaAs

.311 .59 5.7 .8 (5.3)

^-^(5.3) 4.055
4.055 (2.7)
(2.7)
Germanium, Ge
Germanium, Ge 5.33
5.33 .27
.27 103.68
103.68 93.3 .311 .59 ,

12 (10.6) 4.026 (3.8)

(5.3)
4.015 (5.3)
4.015
4.00 (10.6)
4.00 (10.6) 277

Magnesium Pluoride, 3.18 169.35 76.00 0.1(1*0

0.1 (1 to C 13.7(11)
13.1 (11) 0.86(2.7,
0.86 (2.7) 1.36^
1.366 (2.7) 1.9
M gne siam Flua [ide, 3.18 169.35 76.00 12,14
axis) 9.6 (1) 0.47 (3.8) 1,356 (3.8) 0[d. rar
Mg2
M*2 14 (5.3)
14 (5.3) 1.333 (5.3)
1.333 (5.3) at .1 um

Potassium
Potassium Chloride, 1.98
1.98 .216
.216 29.72
29.12 11.06 .68
.68 0.065
0.065 37.1
31.1 4.18 (2.7) 1.474 (2.1) - 33 (2.7)
Bcl 0.20 (3.8) 1.412 (3.8) - 32.6 (3.8)
0.22 (5.3) 1.469 (5.3) - 31.5 (5.3)
- 26.5 (10.6) 6.35
0.14 (10.6) 1.454 (10.6)

Sapphire, 4120, 3.98 .27 400 840 .774 .251 (11) 5.4 1.27 (2.7)
24 (3.8) 1.6837 (3.8) 5,6,12

Silicon, Si
Silicon, Si 2.33
2.33 131.33
131.33 221.20 0.706
0.706 1.5
1.5 2.7
2.7 14.4 (2.7)
14.4 (2.7) 3.436 (2.7)
3.56 (2.7) 4 6 12
11.1 (3.8)
11.1 (3.8) 3.427(3.8)
3.427 (3.8) *' 6 ' 12
13.9 (5.3)
13.9 (5.3) 3.422 (5.3)
3.422 (5.3) 134
134
3.148 (10.6)
3.148 (10.6)

Sodium Chloride,
Sodium Chloride, 2.16
2.16 .25
.25 40.09
40.09 14.79 .857
.857 0.065 39.6
39.6 0.8 (2.7)
0.8 (2.7) 1.525 (2.7)
1.525 (2.7) -- 33 2.3
2.3 15
1,6
NaCl
laC1 0.27 (3.8)
(3.8) 1.522
1.522 (3.8)
0.15 (5.3)
(5.3) (5.3)
1.517 (5.3)
1.4 (10.6)
1.4 (10.6) 1.488 (10.6)
1.488 (10.6) - 3J
- 33

Sp1ne1, ago
Spinel, A1 203
Mgo 41203 3.58 .26 270
270 172 .837
.837 .149
.149 5.6
5.6 98 (2.7)
(2.1)
48 (3.8)
48 (3.8) (4)
1.62 (4) 10,11
10,11
98.3 (5.3)
98.3

CVD
CVO Zinc Selenide,
Zinc Selenide, 5.27
5.27 0.28
0.28 67.4
61.4 51.84 0.3555
0.3555 .18
.18 7.3
7.3 0.7
0.7 (2.77)
(2.11) 2.44 (2.7)
2.44 (2.7) ,lr
ZnSe
ZnSe 0.4 (3.8)
0.4
0.4 (5.25)
(5.25) 2.429 S^)
^ (5.3) 62(3.8)
62 (3.81
0.4 (10.6)
(10.6) 2.403 (10.6)
2.403 (10.6) 6l U0.6)
61 (10.6) ._ K28
1.28

CVD Zinc
CV11 Sulfide,
Zinc Sulfide, 4.08 0.59
0.}9 74.65
74.65 103.67
103.67 0.463
0.463 .17
.11 6.8
6.8 4.5 (2.7)
4.5 (2.7) 2.259
2.259 (2.7)
(2.7)
ZnS
ZnS 21 (3.8)
21 (3.8) 2.253 (3.8)
(3.8) i.
45 (5.25)
45 (5.25) 2.244
2.244 (5.3)
(5.3) (3.8)
42 (3.8)
240 (10.6)
240 (10.6) 2.192 (10.6)
(10.6) 41 (10.6)
41 (10.6) 0.804
0.804

CVU ZnS
Waterclear Zn5
CVD Materclear 4.09 0.28
0.28 74.65
14.65 60.13
60.13 0.27
0.21 0.273
0.273 6.5
6.5 3.9 (2.7).
3.9 (2.1) 2.256 (2.7)
2.256 (2.7)
2.6 (3.8)*
2.6 (3.8) (3.8)
2.249 (3.8)
250 (10.6)*
250 (10.6)5 (10.6)
2.188 (10.6) 0.804
0.804 8

losses
Surface losses
Surface included in data.
this data.
in this

SP/E Vo/.607
SPIE Vol. 607Optical
OpticalComponent
ComponentSpecifications
Specificationsfor
forLaser-Based Systems and
Laser-BasedSystems andOther
OtherModem Optical
Modern Systems
Optical Systems(1986)/ 25
(1986) / 25

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 Determination of window thickness
thickness
The thickness
The thickness of
of a window may be determined from two criteria (i)
(i) mechanical failure
failure and
(ii)
(ii) pressure
pressure induced
induced distortion.
distortion.'1 Mechanical failure of the window occurs when thethe pressure
differential across
differential across the window produces stresses which exceed the strength
strength of
of the
the material.
material.
For a circular window of diameter D, D, having a uniform pressure differential,
differential, Op,
Ap, across
across it,
it,
the
the window
window thickness,
thickness, b,
b, can
can be
be calculated
calculated from
from the
the following
following relation:
relation:

0.5
b (K1 \ (D
(1)
D - ( 41 CF f /SF/
vf/SF)

where K1
K^ = 1.125
1.125 for
for aa simply
simply supported
supported window,
window,
= 0.75,
0.75, for a clamped
clamped window.
window.
SF is
is the
the factor
factor of safety which is
of safety is normally taken equal 4, and of
equal to 4, a^ is the appropriate
material
material strength parameter. The parameters that one may use for of a^ are apparent elastic
elastic
limit,
limit, yield
yield strength,
strength, modulus
modulus of
of rupture
rupture or
or the
the flexural
flexural strength,
strength, depending
depending upon
upon the
the
material. IfIf enough
enough information isis not available,
available, it may be safer to use the
the smaller
smaller of
modulus
modulus of rupture, yield strength
of rupture, strength or
or flexural
flexural strength.
strength.
The window thickness
thickness may also be determined from a pressure induced
induced distortion
distortion criterion.
criterion.
The pressure
The pressure differential
differential across
across the
the window deforms
deforms the
the window,
window, causing it to become a lens
with
with aa finite focal length
length and
and aberration.
aberration. According to the criterion given by SparksSparks and
and
Cottis 15 , the
Cottis15, the window thickness should be
thickness should be that
that thickness
thickness which is required to keep the optical
which is
distortion
distortion from
from reducing
reducing the
the focal
focal intensity
intensity n by
by aa factor
factor of
of two for a Gaussian beam.
two for beam. Thus,
the window thickness may be calculated
the calculated from:15
0.2
2
| =
D
K2
= K2 [(n_l)() 5 I
Ln-llteBV*
111I
(2)
DJ
K 2 = 0.842,
where K2 0.842, for
for aa clamped
clamped window,
window,
1.01, for
= 1.01, for aa simply
simply supported
supported window.
window.
Here n is
Here is the
the refractive index,
index, and XX is
is the laser
laser wavelength.
wavelength.
The
The thickness
thickness of
of large diameter windows of
of strong materials is
is determined by Eq.
Eq. (2)
(2) while
that
that of
of weak
weak materials is
is determined by
by Eq.
Eq. (1). By equating
equating Eq.
Eq. (1)
(1) and (2), one can
and (2),
determine the critical diameter,
diameter, Dcr
D asas follows:
follows:
0 5
/ X \ / Y \2
12
/An
p \°' 5
Dc r - K3 nXl) (afYSF) (fSF) . (3)
(3)
/ \ r /
where K3
K~ = 0.04 for
for aa simply
simply supported
supported window.
window.
= 0.036 for aa clamped
clamped window.
window.
Thus, if
Thus, if the
the window diameter,
diameter, D _>> Dcr,
Dcr , the window thickness should be determined from
from Eq.
Eq. (2)
(2)
Eq. (1)
otherwise Eq. (1) should be used.
Figure
Figure 22 shows
shows the
the critical
critical diameter as as function
function of
of wavelength for 10
10 materials for
for which
the appropriate property data
the data are
are available.
available. For strong materials,
materials, such
such as
as sapphire,
sapphire, silicon,
silicon,
GaAs and
GaAs ZnS, the
and ZnS, the critical
critical diameter is is small,
small, which means thickness from
means that the window thickness from
these materials
these materials should
should be
be calculated from the optical
optical distortion criterion.
criterion. For weak
materials
materials such
such as
as NaCl,
NaCl, KC1 BaF 2 , the mechanical
KC1 and BaF2, mechanical failure criterion yields aa very large
large
thickness, therefore
thickness, therefore for most diameters
diameters of practical interest, the optical distortion cri-
practical interest, cri-
relevant.
terion is not relevant.
Window reliability
The
The above
above formalism does
does not
not specify explicitly the reliability of the window when sub-
explicitly the sub-
jected
jected toto uniform pressure
pressure loads.
loads. A single parameter,
parameter, the factor of safety,
safety, accounts
accounts for
for
the
the statistical
statistical uncertainty
uncertainty in
in the
the determination
determination of
of the
the mechanical
mechanical strength of the material.
strength of material.
While this
this approach
approach is
is good for ductile materials which undergo plastic deformation when aa
load
load is
is applied, it is inadequate for
applied, it for the
the design
design of
of load-
load-bearing
bearing brittle
brittle materials
materials which
which
failure. Since most of
undergo catastrophic failure. of the infrared optical
optical materials are
are brittle
brittle
materials,
materials, itit is
is important to see how the window reliability is related to to its
its size
size and
and
shape.
shape. In
In brittle
brittle materials,
materials, there isis a random distribution of of flaws with a distribution of of
sizes.
sizes. Therefore, large windows
Therefore, large are statistically more
windows are large flaw
more likely to contain a large flaw than
than
smaller windows. The distribution of the material strength as controlled by by flaws
flaws within
within
the
the material
material can
can best
best be
be described
described byby the
the Weibull
Weibull cumulative
cumulative probability
probability distribution
distribution22

26 /SP
/SPIE
/EVol.
Vol.607 Optical Component Specifications for
607OpticalComponentSpecifications Laser-BasedSystems andOther Modern OpticalSystems(1986)
forLaser-BasedSystemsandOtherModernOpticatSystems(1986)

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 1000r
1000

AP = 1 atm _

100

i 10
o

1 | |4 +6
*6 10|
10 20
HF
HF DF
DF CO
CO CO
CO22

X(µm) -a
\( M m) —— ^

Figure 2.
2. versus wavelength
Critical diameter versus wavelength for
for important
important window materials
materials

a - a y
lnR=
In R ul ds a>
a > au
a. (4)
-JJ(
s
\
a
o /
, (4)

= 0o ' aa 1 au
< au
where R isis the
the reliability
reliability (= (= 11-F,
-F, where
where FF is
is the
the fraction
fraction of
of components fail at the
components that fail the
applied
applied stress
stress a),
a), aau
u is
is the stress at or below which no failure
the stress failure occurs,
occurs, y
y is the shape
shape para-
para-
meter and
and ao
a Q is
is aa scale
scale parameter.
parameter. The The Weibull distribution asas given
given in
in Eq.
Eq. (4)
(4) is
is surface
dependent
dependent because
because failure
failure initiated by flaws is
by surface flaws is dominant in brittle materials.
materials. For
aa given
given stress
stress state,
state, the
the total
total window reliability R is is given by muliplying the reliability
for
for each
each of
of the
the principal
principal stresses
stresses over surface area,
over the surface area, s,
s, of
of the window.
window.22
R -
R = R
Ri
R. (5)
i 1

R-: is the reliability for

where R. for the
the principal stress,
stress, ai.
a^. an<3 au
The parameters y, ao and a u are
statistical
statistical parameters and
and are
are determined
determined experimentally.
experimentally.
When
When aa uniform pressure load,
load, Ap,
Ap, is
is applied to a window,
window, the
the radial
radial and
and tangential
tangential
stresses are
are given
given by
by:^-^
:16
.22 2"
^} f 2 (v)
- f2 (v) rr2
J r = ff 1 (v)
ar (v) AA
Ap \D/
1 (6)
b2

at =
at Ap
= f3(v) OP (7)
(7)
[
where
where the
the functions f (v) depend upon the window mounting,
functions fi(v) v is the Poisson ratio
mounting, v ratio and
and r is
is
the radial
the radial distance from
from the
the window
window center.
center. Substituting Eq.
Eq. (6)
(6) and (7) into Eqs. (4)
and (7) (4) and
(5),
(5), and
and assuming
assuming aan == o,
o, we
we can
can calculate
calculate the
the window
window thickness
thickness due
due to
to fast
fast fracture
fracture as
as aa
function of reliability to to be:
be:

SPIE
SPIE Vol.
Vol 607 Optical Component Specifications
Specifications for LLaser
aser-Based
-BasedSystems
Systemsand
andOther
OtherModern
ModernOptical
OpticalSystems
Systems (1986)
(1986) / / 27
27

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 y+l
Y+l
2
,P
b == ff<V,Y,O O)
(v,Y.ao) D_|_
D 1
(8)
(8)

(- InR) 2Y
(- 1nR) 2y

Equation
Equation (8) that the
shows that
(8) shows does not
thickness does
the window thickness diameter as
increase linearly with the diameter
not increase as
Eg. (1),
in Eq. but at
(I), but rate.
at a faster rate.
(8) does not include the effect of slow crack growth.
Equation (8) growth has
growth. The slow crack growth
been found
been be important
to be
found to important in materials including
optical materials
several optical
in several including ZnSe, A1203. Slow
ZnSe, ZnS and Al2C>3.
crack growth is
crack growth related to
is related the initial
to the crack length
initial crack and the
length and open the
stresses which act to open
the stresses the
crack as follows:3*17
as follows :3,17
dc
|f = A (K
(K aayc)
Va) 11n (9)
(9)
dt

is the
where c is radius, a is the tensile stress,
the crack radius, is a con-
parameter, KK is
stress, nn is a growth parameter,
stant which
stant which is crack shape
the crack
is a function of the is aa proportionality
and AA is
shape and constant. Using
proportionality constant.
Eqs. (4, 5, 9),
(4, 5, one can re73ate
9), one the window
relate the thickness, bbsc,
window thickness, to Tm
cr,, to Tmin, minimum time
^ n/ the minimum to
time to
follows: 3
as follows:
failure as
window failure sc min

i1 fill
[y+1 _ _L
2

VAT
2T-1
D Y nYJ
min )

t
b__ ~ —————————————————————PT———————TTI—————— (10)
sc
bsc r1 1
(10)
"5T ~ ^
1nR) ^2Y
,( - ,...«, Y Yn ]
Yn-

2 «
ZnSe, 2L.
For ZnSe,
1, and,
« 1, and, therefore, in Eq.
b sc dependence on D and R in
therefore, the bsc is same
(10) is
Eq. (10) same as in
Eq. (8). Yn
Yn Y
Y
In Fig.
In 3, we
Fig. 3, thickness as function of diameter for a simply supported
we show thickness supported window with a
atm. pressure
one atm. load. The
pressure load. value under fast fracture has been taken to
reliability value
The desired reliability
0.999. The curves have been drawn for
be 0.999. for four materials, CaF2,
four materials, ZnS, sapphire,
ZnSe, ZnS,
CaFo, ZnSe, for
sapphire, for
parameters are
statistical parameters
which statistical availableininthe
areavailable literature.5
theliterature. various values
55 The various are:
used are:
values used
(i) shape
(i) parameter, y:
shape parameter, ZnS = 9,
3, ZnS
CaF2 == 3,
y: CaF2 9, ZnSe 9.23, sapphire
ZnSe = 9.23, (ii) scale parameters,
15, (ii)
sapphire == 15,
O (MN
Qao m(2- 2y) /y):CaF
(MN m(2-2y)/Y): 2 = =5,5,ZnS
CaF2 29, ZnSe
ZnS= = 29, and sapphire
23.3 and
ZnSe == 23.3 sapphire = 50. seen that
50. It can be seenthat
for aa given
for diameter, aa window
given diameter, made of
window made of CaF 2 will
CaF2 have the
will have thickness, while that made
largest thickness,
the largest made
of sapphire
of will have the smallest.
sapphire will even though the flexural strength of CaF2
Further, even
smallest. Further, CaF 2 is
larger than
larger that of
than that the CaF
ZnSe, the
of ZnSe, 2 window
CaF2 thickness is
window thickness in comparison to that of
larger in
is larger of the
the
ZnSe window for
ZnSe window same diameter
the same
for the because CaF
diameter because CaF22 isis more flaws.
susceptible to surface flaws.
more susceptible
effect of
The effect
The operating life on a ZnSe window thickness for
of reliability and minimum operating for slow
crack growth
crack is shown in Fig.
growth is 4. The window is
Fig. 4. simply supported and th
is simply the following
ollo ing values of
the slow crack
the 40 and
used: nn == 40
crack growth parameters were used: MN~^
and AA == 22 MN (3n+2)/2
-n mm(3n+ )i2 ss ~l.
-i. jt
it can be
from Fig.
seen from
seen Fig. 4 thickness is
4 that the window thickness function of
weak function
is aa weak of Train strong function
but aa strong
Tmin but function
of the reliability, R. instance, for
R. For instance, window of
for aa window diameter 11 m,
of diameter when Train
m, when varied from
is varied
T min is from
1 day to
1 day the window
years, the
to 55 years, increases by
thickness increases
window thickness only about
by only about 10% increases
10% while when R increases
from 0.9 the thickness
0.9 to 0.9999, the increases by
thickness increases about 5050%.
by about %.

In Fig.
In 5, we
Fig. 5, thickness comparison using four different models.
we show a ZnSe window thickness models. First,
by comparing the window thickness as calculated from the mechanical failure that
failure model with that
from the pressure
from the induced distortion
pressure induced model, we
distortion model, see that
we see when DD _<< 80
that when cm, the mechanical
80 cm, fail-
mechanical fail-
80 cm,
dominates while D >> 80
ure dominates thickness
dominates. Comparing thickness
cm, pressure induced distortion dominates.
the mechanical
values from the models, we see
fast fracture models,
mechanical failure and fast see that the mechanical
that the
factor of
failure model with aa factor .oetyofof4 4overpredicts
sp^ety
of sa thickness when
the thickness
overpredicts the the window
when the window
diameter underpreda
is small but underpredi
diameter is it is
; when it ,
Therefore, for
large. Therefore,
is large. for large windows,
diameter windows,
large diameter
the reliability analysis is
the is more useful. comparing the results of slow crack growth
Finally, comparing
useful. Finally,
fast fracture
and fast for the
models for
fracture models the same reliability, we
same reliability, we see the slow crack growth model
that the
see that model
predicts considerably higher
predicts considerably values of
higher values of the for all
thickness for
the thickness values of
all values of the window diameter
diameter
even when the minimum operating lifelife is only 11 day.
is only Therefore, for brittle materials such
day. Therefore, such
as
as ZnSe, one should
ZnSe, one the slow crack
use the
should use growth model
crack growth determine the
to determine
model to thickness.
the window thickness.

28 /SPIEVol. 607
/SPIE Vol. Optical
607 Component
Optical ComponentSpecifications
SpecificationsforLaser -BasedSystems
for Laser-Based SystemsandOther
and OtherModern
ModernOptical Systems (1986)
OpticalSystems

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 lo
1

Ca F2
9

7
AP = 11 atm
FAST
FAST FRACTURE
FRACTURE CASE
CASE
-
WINDOW SIMPLY
SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUPPORTED

- ZnSe

ZnS
3

2
SAPPHIRE -

o 25 50
50 75 100

DIAMETER
DIAMETER (cml
(cm) • --

Figure 3.
3. Window thickness versus diameter for a
fixed value of reliability == 0.999
fixed 0.999

- rm -5 YEARS

- -- rmin`1 DAY
WINDOW SIMPLY SUPPORTED

DIAMETER
DIAMETER (cm)
(cm) - -

Figure 4.
4. Effect of
of reliability and minimum operating life on
ZnSe window thickness
ZnSe thickness for the slow crack growth model
laser beam heating on window
Effect of laser
Consider
Consider a laser cavity with aa circular window mounted at at one end as
as shown
shown in
in Fig.
Fig. 6.
6.
through the
When the laser beam passes through the window, aa part
part ofof it
it gets
gets absorbed
absorbed inin the
the window.
window. IfIf
the laser
the laser beam is
is absorbed uniformly throughout the material surfaces, and if
material including the surfaces, if
the window is insulated, there
the there will
will be
be no
no temperature
temperature gradients.
gradients. However, absorption
However, the absorption
of the
of the beam
beam at
at the
the window surfaces
surfaces is often different (due (due to the presence of a coating or
surface defects) from from that in the
that in the bulk
bulk material
material and
and this
this produces
produces axial
axial temperature gra-
ients
ients as
as shown in Fig. 6.6. For
For optical
optical materials
materials possessing
possessing a low bulk absorption coefficient,
coefficient,
axial gradients
axial gradients produce stress on the window surfaces and a tensile stress
produce a compressive stress stress in
in
the
the window center.
center. Convective
Convective cooling applied at the the window surfaces can reduce the axialaxial
thermal
thermal gradients. The The radial temperature gradients
radial temperature gradients are
are produced due to (i)(i) the laser beam
spatial
spatial intensity profile, and and/or
/or (ii)
(ii) window
window edge
edge cooling.
cooling. If If the laser pulse time,
time, TT ««
TTd,
d , the
the characteristic
characteristic time
time for
for thermal
thermal diffusion,
diffusion, one
one can
can essentially
essentially assume
assume the
the radial
radia
temperature profile is is same
same as
as the
the laser
laser intensity
intensity profile.
profile. However, laser systems
However, for CW laser systems
or
or repetitively
repetitively pulsed
pulsed systems
systems where
where TTL,
L , the
the laser
laser continuous
continuous running
running time
time » T^, or
» Td, or for
for
single pulse
single pulse systems
systems with
with Tp
Tp » T^, the
» Td, the temperature
temperature profile
profile modification
modification due
due to
to thermal
thermal

SPIE Vol.
SPIE Vol.607
607Optical
OpticalComponent
ComponentSpecifications
Specificationsfor
forL aser-Based
Laser-BasedSystems and
Systems and Other
Other Modern
Modern Optical
Optical Systems
Systems (1986)
(1986) / /29
29

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 diffusion should
diffusion should also
also be
be taken
taken into
into account.
account. Figure 6 shows
Figure 6 shows one
one example of a radial
radial temper-
temper-
ature profile
ature profile which
which will
will produce
produce aa tensile
tensile stress
stress at the
the window edges and a compressive
compressive
stress in the window
window center.
center.
5
- - - FAST
• —— FRACTURE, R=R0.9999
FAST FRACTURE, = 0.9999
- - -- — — PRESSURE
PRESSURE INDUCED DISTORTION
INDUCED DISTORTION
MECHANICAL FAILURE,
MECHANICAL FAILURE. SF = 4 X
4 -. -X- SLOW CRACK GROWTH, R=
0.9999 X
rmin =1 DAY
X
WINDOW SIMPLY SUPPORTED /
X
t "

r
/(x7
/X /
/._'i

/ X:

o 25 50 75 100

DIAMETER (nm) -P-

Figure 5.
Figure 5. ZnSe window
ZnSe thickness comparison for four different
window thickness
models. Ap
models. Ap = 11 atm.
atm.

WINDOW

LASER OPTICAL
OPTICAL DISTORTION
DISTORTION
ilio
CAVITY

MIRROR

TEMP.

Tmax

Tmin----

O b b

AXIALTEMPERATURE
AXIAL TEMPERATURE PROFILE
PROFILE

Figure 6.
6.
Effects of laser beam heating on laser window
Figure
In addition
In addition toto producing axial and
producing axial and planar
planar stresses in the window, the temperature
window, the temperature gradi-
ents also produce optical distortion
ents also produce optical distortion inin the
the beam.
beam. Four effects which contribute to optical
distortion are
distortion the rate
are the rate of
of change
change of
of refractive index with temperature,
temperature, the
the optical
optical path
length
length change
change due
due toto expansion,
expansion, the
the stress
stress optic
optic effect
effect and
and the stress birefrigen
the stress ce effect.
birefrigence effect.
One consequenc
One consequence e of the optical
of the optical distortion
distortion isis that a lensing effect isis produced in
in the
the beam.
beam
For salt
For salt windows this lensing
windows this lensing effect
effect causes
causes the
the beam to diverge while for
for materials such
such as
as
ZnSe, ZnS, GaAs the beam will converge. One effect of optical
ZnSe, ZnS, GaAs the beam will converge. optical distortion on the
the laser
laser beam
is to
is to reduce
reduce the
the beam intensity at
beam intensity at the
the Gaussian
Gaussian focus.
focus.
The effects of laser beam
The effects of laser beam heating
heating on IR windows have been considered by several
on IR several investi-
investi-
gators 18-22 A
gators.18-22 comparative assessment
A comparative assessment of different laser window materials is is performed by
defining figures of
defining figures of merit due to
merit due to thermal
thermal effects.
effects. The
The various figures of merit (EOM)
(FOM) are
given below*
belowl
Stress
Axial Stress

(a
(off /SF)
/SF) (1 -v)
(FOM). =
(FOM) a Ka
K
(ID
a a Y (AT) a.
a.

30 / SPIEVol.
30 / SPIE Vol. 607
607Optical
Optical Component
Component Specifications
Specifications for
forLaser-Based
Laser-BasedSystems andOther
Systems and Other Modern Systems (1986)
Modem Optical Systems (1986)

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 Radial
Radial Stress

(o./SF)
(af /SF)
FOM >R=
<(FOM) a Y (AT) R (KR
T-Y-TAT) ) (12)
R = (KR)

Optical Distortion
Optical
XpC
apC
(FOM)d = (13)
J av TL
x Iav Kd (1
T L Kd exP (-
(1 -- exp 3b >
( - ßb))

dn 3
x = + (n-1) (l-v) + n Y (q
(n-1) a« (1-v) (14)
dT 4 11 + q1)

Where K's
Where K's are factors, a
temperature profile factors,
the temperature
are the is the thermal
a is (AT) a
coefficient, (AT)a
thermal expansion coefficient,
(AT) R are
and (AT)R the maximum temperature difference
are the axial and radial direction respec-
the axial
difference in the
tively, pp is
tively, material density,
the material
is the density, cp, the specific
c , the heat, x,
specific heat, parameter,
x, the optical distortion parameter,
IIav, the average
av , the laser intensity,
average laser L , the
intensity, TTL, laser continuous
the laser time and
running time
continuous running and a3 is the absorp-
is the absorp-
tion coefficient. The
tion The optical parameter, x,
optical distortion parameter, includes the rate of change of re-
x, includes
index with
fractive index
fractive temperature, the
with temperature, path length
the path change due
length change to expansion
due to and the
expansion and stress-optic
the stress -optic
effect (Eq. stress-birefringence
(Eq. (14)). The stress has been neglected in
effect has
-birefringence effect Eq. (14)
in Eq. but could
(14) but
be
be included following the approach outlined
the approach in Refs.
outlined in 18 and
Refs. 18 19. Note that
and 19. the last
that the terms
two terms
last two
-hand side
right-hand
on the right are always
(14) are
side of Eq. (14) therefore to reduce the value of
positive, therefore
always positive, the
of the
distortion parameter,
optical distortion
optical dn/dT.
material with a negative dn/dT.
parameter, it is desirable to have a material

The thermal
The analysis outlined above
loading analysis
thermal loading above can be illustrated by taking a specific
can be
example for
example pulsed CO2
for a repetitively pulsed laser. Table
C0 2 laser. Table III lists the pertinent parameters for
III lists for
laser. The aim will
CC>2 laser.
pulsed CO2
an arbitrary repetitively pulsed will be to rank different materials for
use
use as this laser.
as windows for this First, it can
laser. First, can be seen from Table
be seen Table III intensity
III that the laser intensity
averaged over
averaged 50 pulses,
over 50 I aV r is smaller than the
pulses, Iav, pulse, Ip . Therefore,
the intensity per pulse, to
Therefore, to .

the temperature
determine the
determine profiles, one must first calculate the temperature increase
temperature profiles, increase due to
IIav applied for
av applied time period
for aa time period (TL-Tp) and then
(T-r-Tp) and add the
then add contribution due
the contribution to the
due to last pulse.
the last pulse.
for the
However, for
However, laser fluence,
the laser there is
fluence, there no need
is no to follow
need to this procedure
follow this because EEav
procedure because Ep .
av »» Ep.
on the
Based on
Based optical
II r we have selected six infrared optical
the criteria outlined in Section II,
ZnS, CdTe,
ZnSe, Cleartran ZnS,
materials: ZnSe, GaAs, KC1
CdTe, GaAs, NaCl for
and NaC1
KC1 and ranking. Although GaAs and
for ranking.
CdTe not currently
are not
CdTe are available in 30 cm diameter size,
currently available included
size, these materials are included
because
because of optical properties
of their good optical at 10.6
properties at ym.
10.6 um.

III.
_____________________Table III. Repetitively pulsed
Repetitively CO2 laser
pulsed C02 data____________________
laser data

per Pulse
Fluence per (Ep):
Pulse (Ep): 14 J/cm2
14 J /cm2

Pulse Width (T P ):
Width (Tp): 20 /xm
20 µm (Triangular base: 20
pulse, base:
(Triangular pulse, sec)
20 µH> sec)
Rate::
Rep Rate
Rep 50 Hz
50 Hz

Profile:
Intensity Profile:
Intensity Flat top
Flat top

Aperture:
Aperture: Round, dia.:
Round, dia.: 30 cm
30 cm

Ap Window:
Across Window:
Ap Across 2 atm.
2 atm.

Laser Continuous Running

Laser Continuous Time:
Running Time: 10 sec.
10 sec.
CTL )
(TL)

Average I av ==
Intensity, Iav
Average Intensity, 700 WW/cm2
700 /cm2

Average Eav ==
Fluence, Eav
Average Fluence, 105 JJ/cm2
77 xx 103 /cm2

Intensity per pulse,

Intensity per I p ==
pulse, Ip 105 WW/cm2
77 xx 105 /cm2

Figure 7 stresses as aa function

for radial stresses
7 shows the figure of merit for of the
function of laser
the laser
intensity.
intensity. refer to
The baseline conditions refer listed in
the data listed
to the III. We see
Table III.
in Table for
that for
see that
baseline conditions,
these baseline
these fail, but the other materials pass
conditions, the salts and Cleartran ZnS fail,
ZnSe performing
with ZnSe the best.
performing the of variation in the average laser intensity on
The effect of
best. The

SPIE 607Optical
Vol.607
SPIE Vol. Specificationsfor
ComponentSpecifications
OpticalComponent forLaser-Based Systems
Laser -Based and
Systems Other
and Modern
Other Optical
Modern Systems
Optical (1 986)
Systems / 31
(1986)/

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 the figure of
the figure for axial
of merit for stresses is
axial stresses shown in
is shown Fig. 8.
in Fig. 8. We see again that the
We see salts are
the salts
poor based on this criterion. All
poor All the other materials considered qualify with GaAs showing showing
the best performance. Finally,
the Finally, in Fig. figure of merit for
9, we show the figure
Fig. 9, for distortion as aa
distortion as
function of the product Iav I av TL. can be
It can
T L . It only the
that only
seen that
be seen the salts distortion
salts satisfy the distortion
criterion. From among the
criterion. the other materials which do not meet this
do not criterion, the
this criterion, performance
the performance
of ZnSe
of is the best,
ZnSe is followed by
best, followed by CdTe, GaAs and
CdTe, GaAs Cleartran ZnS.
and Cleartran comparisons, we
these comparisons,
ZnS. From these
see that
see for the
that for laser baseline
the laser parameters, there
baseline parameters, is no
there is one material
no one which satisfies
material which all the
satisfies all the
failure criteria. Therefore,
failure Therefore, to to select an optimum window material,
material, the outlined in
approach outlined
the approach in
Section II should be
II should followed. That
be followed. is, reduce
That is, reduce the thickness to meet the distortion
the window thickness
(but at
criterion (but
criterion cost of
the cost
at the reliability) and then perform proof tests
reduced window reliability)
of reduced to
tests to
life.
window life.
establish the window

1000
1000 I I ¡ I I I I I I I I
1000
1000 I I I
I I r, r It 1

-' Base Line '

Base Line
Conditions -
Conditions
- - GaAs Base Line
Conditionss
-
ZnSe
Sib,. Cleartran ZnS ~
CdTe
CdTe
100
100
100

,
GaAs

10
`CI
L.. 10 NIL .

f0
LL

_ No
_No
Failure
Failure

Window
-Failure
•Failure Cleartran Zns Ni - Window
Failure

71= 10 Sec

0.1
0.1 11 1 I ,1 I r l.
10 100 1000
1000
lav W/cm2
rc10Sec
r L = 10 Sec

0.01
0.01 I I il I I 11 I I II
10
10 100
100 1000
1000
Iav W/cm 2
Iav W/cm2

7.
Figure 7. Figure of
Figure stress
of merit for radial stress 8.
Figure 8. for axial
Figure of merit for stress
axial stress
as aa function of the average laser
as the average
versus the intensity.
laser intensity.
average laser
intensity. The time, shape
The pulse time,
and repetition rate are kept
and
constant.
An ideal laser window material
It is
It difficult to
is difficult to provide exact specifications of of infrared optical materials for laser
for laser
applications because
applications because generalized specifications applicable to all situations situations and devices do
and devices do
However, we can outline the desirable properties of an ideal
exist. However,
not exist. laser
infrared laser
ideal infrared
window material as follows.follows. The material should possess a low bulk absorption coefficient coefficient^
(~ 1.04 -4
(- 10"~ in in
3- -1
cm"cm wavelength
thethe wavelength interest)and
of ofinterest) anda alow absorption coefficient
surface absorption
lowsurface coefficient (< (<_ 10 3
10~-3
cm"
em-1); optical properties
good optical
1 ); good such as
properties such as refractive index homogeneity
refractive index homogeneity (- (~ a few parts per
million), zero
million), zero or negative dn/dT,dn/dT, excellent polishability (surface (surface roughness RMS) and
10 AA RMS)
roughness <£ 10 and
transmission in
transmission visible and
both visible
in both regions to
infrared regions
and infrared to facilitate
facilitate laser alignment; good
laser alignment;
mechanical properties
mechanical properties such as high flexural strength (> (_> 120 MPa) and high hardness
120 MPa) value
hardness value
250 Kg/mm
(_> 250
(> 2 ) ; good
Kg /mm2); properties such
thermalproperties
goodthermal such as low thermal
as low coefficient, high
expansion coefficient,
thermal expansion high
thermal conductivity and
thermal and high shock resistance.
thermal' shock
high thermal should be
the material should
Further, the
resistance. Further, be
impurity or defect -free so
defect-free excessive laser
that excessive
so that absorption does
laser absorption does not locally, environ-
not occur locally,
mentally stable especially when used in laser cavities containing corrosive gases,
mentally stable conducive
gases, conducive
to coatings such such as anti -reflection and
anti-reflection and metallic sealing of
hermetic sealing
(for hermetic
metallic (for cavity), and
of the cavity),
available in sizes and and shapes interest. The
of interest.
shapes of The material
material should laser damage
should possess high laser
threshold (i.e., damage
threshold (i.e., threshold >_>
damage threshold laser cavity
» laser intensity). Finally,
cavity intensity). Finally, it should be light
weight especially for space applications and
space applications low cost.
of low
and of there is
Currently, there
cost. Currently, one
no one
is no

32 / SPIE
/ SPIEVol
Vol.607
607Optical
OpticalComponent
ComponentSpecifications
Specificationsfor
forLaser-BasedSystems
Laser-Based Systems andOther Modern Optical
and Other Modern Systems (1986)
Optical Systems (1986)

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 optical
optical material all the
material which possesses all the above
above listed
listed properties.
properties.

1000 I I I l I I I l I I I l

...
_ Base Line
Base Line
- Conditions _

100
-
VNaC, KCI
y
\

10
10
-

No
ZnSe

\
V
_
-

-
..
Failure

1.0

Window
Failure

0.1

- Cleartran ZnS -

0.01 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I I

10 10 2
102 103 104
104

lay rLJ/cm2

Figure 9.
9. Figure
Figure of
of merit for distortion
merit for distortion as
as aa function of
of the product
product
of
of the laser intensity
the laser intensity and
and continuous
continuous running time
running time

New IR optical materials

is a continuing need to
There is to search
search and
and develop new andand improved
improved IR
IR optical materials
which
which possess
possess properties
properties approaching that of of an ideal
ideal optical
optical material. this
material. Currently, this
search is
search is more
more motivated
motivated by infrared imaging
imaging and high speed
speed missile dome
dome applications
applications in
in the
the
window regions
atmospheric window regions of
of 3 3-5 and 88-12
-5 and -12 ym
pm than
than for
for laser window applications.
applications.
The optical
optical transmission of aa material is is determined
determined by its its composition
composition and
and structure.
structure.
On the short
On the short wavelength side,
side, the
the transmission
transmission cut
cut-off
-off is
is due
due toto electronic
electronic transitions
transitions
the long
while on the long wavelength
wavelength side,
side, the
the cut
cut-off
-off is
is due
due toto infrared
infrared excitation of the molecular
lattice
lattice vibrations. Between these
these two
two spectral
spectral cut
cut-offs,
-offs, the
the optical
optical transmission
transmission is
is aa
function of
function of impurities,
impurities, grain boundary absorption,
absorption, voids, inclusions, crystal lattice dis-
voids, inclusions,
tortion, lattice defects and
tortion, lattice and surface
surface quality.
quality. The effects
effects of
of all
all these
these factors on
on optical
optical
transmission
transmission can
can be
be minimized by controlling the
minimized by the process
process for
for synthesis,
synthesis, fabrication and
the material.
polishing of the
Researchers
Researchers searching for an an ideal
ideal optical
optical material have met with somewhat
somewhat conflicting
conflicting
optical
optical and physical requirements.
requirements. Strong,
Strong, high
high melting
melting materials
materials formed
formed by small, tightly
by small, tightly
bound
bound atoms transmit in
atoms do not transmit in the
the infrared
infrared (2
(2-14
-14 ym),
pm), while
while heavy
heavy atoms
atoms with ionic bonding,
with ionic bonding,
though transparent
though in the
transparent in the infrared,
infrared, are usually soft with a low melting temperature.
temperature. There-
fore,
fore, compromise is usually made.
compromise is made. InIn recent
recent years,
years, attention
attention has
has been polyatomic
been focused on polyatomic
molecules
molecules such
such as
as calcium lanthanum sulfide (CaLa2S4),
(Cal^S^, chalcogenide glasses and and phosphides
to
to be
be used
used as
as aa long
long wavelength
wavelength transmissive
transmissive materials
materials and
and aluminum oxynitride, spinel and
oxynitride, spinel arid
yitrium oxide
oxide to
to be
be used as
as windows at shorter wavelengths (< (< 66 pm).
ym).
sulfide has
Calcium lanthanum sulfide has been
been shown
shown to
to have
have potential
potential to
to replace
replace ZnS
ZnS for
for applications
applications
in
in the 88-14
-14 ym
pm wavelength
wavelength band. Recently, absorption of
Recently, an absorption of 0.17
0.17 cm
cm"-1
1 has
has been reported for
been reported for
this material,
this material, and this is comparable to that
and this that of
of ZnS.9
ZnS. 9 It is believed that this
It is this absorption
absorption
could
could be further reduced
be further reduced by
by a better process
process control,
control, because the absorption
absorption ofof CaLa2S4
CaLa2S4 is
is
extrinsic in
in the
the 88-14 ym region.
-14 pm region. Research
Research performed
performed thus far
far has shown
shown that
that CaLa2S4 has
good
good mechanical
mechanical properties hardness, flexural
properties such as hardness, flexural strength and Young's modulus,
modulus, but
but poor
SPIE
SPIE Vol.
Vol.607
607Optical
OpticalComponent
ComponentSpecifications
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Laser-BasedSystems
Systems and
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Other Modern
Modern Optical
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 thermal
thermal properties
properties such
such as
as thermal shock resistance,
thermal shock resistance, thermal
thermal conductivity and thermal
thermal expan-
expan-
chalcogenide glasses
sion coefficient. The chalcogenide glasses belonging
belongingtotothe theAsAs-Ge-Se
-Ge -Se system, with or
system, with or without
without
hafnium,
hafnium, have
have aroused interest because
because ofof their
their high
high transmission
transmission in in the
the 77-12
-12 ym
pm region.23
region.23
However,
However, their thermo
thermo-mechanical
-mechanical properties
properties such
such asas fracture
fracture toughness
toughness andand sag
sag point
point have
have
low values.
quite low values. The non
non-cubic
-cubic phosphides
phosphides such
such asas Zn?2
ZnP2,f ZnSi?2f
ZnSiP2, ZnGe?2,
ZnGeP2, ZnZr?2
ZnZrP2 have
have been
been
identified as
identified as promising materials forfor 88-12
-12 ym
pm range
range inin environments
environments involving
involving severe
severe thermal
thermal
and
and mechanical
mechanical stresses 2 ^ however,
stresses24 however, considerable
considerable effort
effort inin the
the synthesis
synthesis andand characterization
characterization
of these materials isis required
required to
to evaluate
evaluate their
their potential.
potential.
In the
In the 2.7
2.7-5.3
-5.3 ym
pmwavelength
wavelength region,
region, A1ON,
A1ON, spinel
spinel and
and Y2C>3
Y2O3 have
have been
been identified
identified as
as
potential materials. The The A1ON is
is a cubic
cubic material and is
material and is under consideration for replacing
replacing
sapphire
sapphire which
which possesses a hexagonal crystal
crystal structure.
structure. A1ON has the potential of possessing
mechanical
mechanical properties
properties approaching that of of sapphire
sapphire and isis therefore also called the cubic
sapphire. Spinel
Spinel is
is another material with good mechanical and acceptable thermal thermal properties.
properties.
However, there is a need to
However, to reduce
reduce its
its absorption
absorption coefficient
coefficient inin the
the 33-5
-5 ym
pm region to make
make
it
it more attractive. The The ¥263 potential optical
Y2O3 is another potential optical material with a low low absorption
absorption
coefficient in
coefficient in the
the 33-5
-5 ym
pm region. 25 Its
region.25 Its crystal
crystal structure
structure isis cubic,
cubic, and
and it has transmittance
has transmittance
8 pm
up to 8 ym and low emissivity at at high
high temperatures.
temperatures.
Conclusions
Important
Important properties
properties of
of several
several representative
representative infrared
infrared optical
optical materials
materials have been
collected. A methodology to select
select an optimum laser window material has has been
been outlined.
outlined.
Window thickness calculations from fourfour different criteria;
criteria; mechanical failure,
failure, pressure
induced
induced distortion,
distortion, fast
fast fracture
fracture reliability
reliability analysis
analysis and
and slow
slow crack
crack growth
growth have
have been
been com-
com-
pared. ItIt was
was concluded
concluded that
that for
for brittle
brittle materials
materials such
such as
as ZnSe,
ZnSe, the
the slow crack
crack growth
growth
determines the window thickness if
model determines if high reliability is desired.
desired. Optical materials for for
repetitively pulsed high energy CO2CO^ lasers
lasers were
were ranked.
ranked. None of the materials studied
studied sat-
sat-
isfied all the criteria. Salts
Salts failed
failed due
due to
to aa low
low mechanical
mechanical strength while ZnSe, Cleartran
while ZnSe, Cleartran
ZnS, GaAs,
ZnS, GaAs, CdTe
CdTe did not meet the
the optical
optical distortion
distortion criteria.
criteria. There is is aa need
need to
to identify
identify
and
and develop
develop new
new optical
optical materials
materials with
with improved
improved optical,
optical, mechanical, thermal and physical
mechanical, thermal physical
properties.
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forLaser
Laser-Based
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Other Modern
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Optical Systems (1986)
(1986)

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SPIE Vol.
SPIE Vol.607
607Optical
OpticalComponent
ComponentSpecifications
Specificationsfor
forLaser-Based
Laser -Based Systems
Systems and
and Other
Other Modern
Modern Optical
Optical Systems
Systems (1986)
(1986) / / 35
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