11. A stone is projected horizontally from a cliff.

The initial horizontal

velocity of the stone is 3.8m/s. The initial height of the stone is 12m,
as shown.

Calculate the horizontal distance from the bottom of the cliff to

where the stone hits the ground. (3)

12. Machines make work easier by changing the size and direction of a force. A student designed a
simple machine to lift a box of mass 50 kg. The student claimed the efficiency of the machine was
greater than 90%.

The machine used a slope of height 2.0m and length 15m to move the box. The box was connected to an
8.0kg mass by a rope over a pulley as shown. As the 8.0kg mass fell, the box moved up the slope at a
steady speed.

Determine whether the maximum efficiency of the machine was greater than 90%. (4)

13. A coat hook is attached to a smooth door by a screw as shown.

(a) The diagram below shows three of the forces that act on the coat hook when a
coat is hung from it. The weight of the coat hook may be neglected.

Add a labelled arrow to the diagram to show the

additional force required for the coat hook to be in
equilibrium.
(b) If too many coats are hung on the coat hook, the hook
will rotate and pull the screw out of the door. Point P is the
position of the pivot as shown.

The maximum horizontal force from the screw is 150N. The

mass of one coat is 2.6kg.

Deduce whether a person could hang more than two of

these coats from the hook. (4)

14. A student of weight 600N is standing on weighing scales in a lift. The scales are calibrated to give
readings in newtons.

The lift moves upwards at constant velocity, then decelerates to rest.

As the lift moves, the student looks at the readings on the scales.

Explain the readings on the scales. (6)

15. A gymnast bounces on a trampoline. For part of each bounce, the gymnast is in contact with the
trampoline. For the rest of each bounce the gymnast is in the air, as shown.

(a) The trampoline gives the gymnast a maximum

upward acceleration of 14.2 m/s2.

Calculate the maximum upward force of the trampoline

on the gymnast. mass of gymnast = 58 kg (4)

(b) The trampoline is made of a sheet of material attached to a frame by springs.

The vertical components of the tension in the springs provide the upward force on the gymnast.

The vertical component of the tension in one spring is 68N when the spring makes an angle to the
horizontal of 14°, as shown below.
 (i) Show that the tension in the spring is
about 300N. (2)

(ii) The extension of the spring was 4.6×10–2

m. Calculate the stiffness of the spring.
(2)

*(c) The vertical acceleration of the gymnast varies while she is in contact with the trampoline.

Explain how the forces on the gymnast affect the vertical acceleration while she is in contact with the
trampoline.

Your answer should identify the forces acting on the gymnast and the directions of the forces. Ignore air
resistance. (6)

16. A spaceship is used to take astronauts and equipment to the International Space Station. The
spaceship consists of an orbital module, a descent module and a service module, as shown.

The astronauts return to Earth in the descent

module.

Before entering the Earth’s atmosphere, the

modules separate.

The orbital module (O) and service module (S)

move away from the descent module (D) in
opposite directions, as shown below.

mass of O = 1350kg mass of D = 2950kg

mass of S = 2100kg

(a) Determine the velocity v of the descent module after separation. (4)

You should only consider momentum along a horizontal line through the centers of the three modules.

(b) The velocity of the descent module can be changed using a rocket motor. The rocket motor ejects
hot gases at high velocity.

(i) Explain why the velocity of the descent module changes when the rocket motor is used. (3)
 Your answer should refer to Newton’s laws of motion.

(ii) When the rocket motor is operating, the velocity of the descent module changes by 0.58ms –1
during a time of 5.0 seconds.

mass of descent module = 2950 kg

Calculate the average force exerted on the hot gas during this time. (3)

17. A small sphere is moving horizontally through a viscous liquid.

(a) Stokes' law can be used to calculate the drag force on an object.

State the conditions that must apply for Stokes' law to be valid. (2)

(b) There is a constant force of 2.3 × 10 −5 N acting horizontally on the sphere.

 diameter of sphere = 4.5 × 10−3 m

 viscosity of liquid = 7.1 × 10−2 Pa s

(i) At one instant, the speed of the sphere is 5.2 × 10 −3 ms−1. Calculate the resultant horizontal force on
the sphere. (3)

(ii) Calculate the maximum speed of the sphere in the horizontal direction. (2)

(c) A larger diameter sphere in the same liquid is acted upon by the same constant force as in (b).

The liquid is at a lower temperature. Explain the effect these changes have on the maximum speed of
this sphere. (4)

18. When water vapor in the atmosphere cools it condenses, forming tiny drops of water. These drops
increase in size by colliding with each other and fall back to the ground as rain.

(a) As a raindrop falls through the air it eventually reaches its

terminal velocity. The upthrust on the raindrop can be considered to
be negligible.

(i) Explain what is meant by the terminal velocity of the

raindrop. (4)

Your answer should include a free body force diagram for

the raindrop when terminal velocity has been reached.

Free body force diagram

(ii) The air resistance F acting on a raindrop travelling at a velocity v, can be determined using the
expression

Where A is the cross sectional area of the raindrop and p is the density of the air

Density of air = 1.2 kgm-3

Density of rainwater = 1.0 × 10-3 kgm-3

Calculate the terminal velocity of a spherical raindrop of radius 2.0 × 10-3 m. (4)

(b) Some plants have adapted to high rainfall by having a specialized shape and waxy leaves. This allows
rain to slide down a leaf and off the end as a series of drops.

(i) A drop of water slides off a leaf as shown.

Add to the diagram to show the position of the

drop at regular intervals of time.

The first two positions have been drawn for you.

(ii) Water falls from a leaf at a steady rate of five drops per second.

As each drop reaches the ground, there are four drops above it in the air.

Calculate the height of the leaf from the ground. (3)

It can be assumed that the drop at the highest position has just left the leaf.

19. A large parasol has been set up on a windy day.

The center of gravity of the parasol is vertically above the center of

the base.

The bottom of the parasol starts to lift from the ground as shown.

The weight of the parasol is 110N.

 (a) The force of the wind is 14N in a horizontal direction.

Explain why the parasol will topple. Your answer should

include a calculation. (4)

(b) To prevent the parasol from toppling, a rope is

attached to the parasol at 1.50 m from the ground
as shown.

The rope makes an angle of 44° to the vertical.

The horizontal force from the wind is now 25N.

Determine, by taking moments about the centre of the base, the vertical force that the base exerts on
the ground. (5)

Assume that the force which the ground exerts on the base acts through the midpoint of the base.

20. An elastic cord was fixed between the end of an air track and a glider. The glider was pulled to the
right, giving the elastic cord an extension Δ x as shown.

The glider was released, and it moved to the left. A light gate was used to measure the maximum
velocity of the glider. This was repeated for different values of Δ x.
A student obtained the following results.

(a) The principle of conservation of energy predicts

that the graph should be a straight line through the
origin.

For the range of values of Δ x used, the elastic cord

obeyed Hooke’s law.

(i) Explain this prediction. (4)

(ii) Determine the stiffness k of the elastic cord. (3)

mass of glider = 300g

(b) When the glider was moved to the right by more than 0.5 m, the graph began to curve.

Explain why the shape of the graph changed. (2)

21. A student carried out an experiment to determine the Young modulus of copper.

She added a mass m to the free end of a sample of copper in the form of a long thin wire and the
corresponding extension Δ x was measured. This was repeated for increasing masses.

(a) State the meaning of the term Young modulus. (1)

(b) The student repeated the measurement of the diameter of the wire at different positions and
orientations of the wire. She obtained the following results.

Diameter/mm 0.230 0.235 0.230 0.240

(i) Determine the cross-sectional area of the sample of wire used. (3)

(ii) The student plotted a graph of m against Δ x. She measured the gradient and obtained a value of
195kgm−1.

length of sample of copper used = 3.50m

Determine the Young modulus of the copper. (3)

(iii) The experiment was repeated by another student, using a 2.00m length of the copper wire.

Suggest how the values obtained for the gradient and hence the Young modulus will differ between
the students. (2)