11

CLASS

Basic
Mathematics

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
Basic Mathematics
Basic Mathematics

ARISTOTLE GALILEO
Why Mathematics?
At a very early stage in the Evolution of Physics, there were 2 kinds
of Scientists

ARISTOTLE GALILEO

One who described things quantitatively
& whose explanation of the laws of
nature, were dependent on mere
speculations
One who assembled the observations
into a coherent pattern, and carried out
systematic quantitative (numerical)
measurements to explain the laws of
nature.
 Who is Right?

Two important scientists came up with different ideas about how fast objects fall
towards the earth. Your job is to plan an experiment to find out who wa right.
 ARISTOTLE
A falling object has a definite
‘natural falling speed’ proportional to
its weight i.e. a heavier object will
fall at a faster rate than a lighter
object
GALILEO
I say that the speed just keeps on
increasing, and weight is irrelevant as
long as air friction is negligible.
And I will prove you wrong!
Galileo proved Aristotle WRONG by using Mathematics.

ARISTOTLE GALILEO
How did Galileo use Mathematics to prove
Aristotle WRONG?
For a freely falling body, he had to show that for equal time intervals,
the distance travelled by the body kept on increasing.

It was very difficult to make sufficiently accurate time measurements

with primitive clocks. So how did Galileo perform the experiment?
He let a ball roll down a slope instead of dropping it vertically.
Velocity increases more gradually on the gentle slope, but the motion
is otherwise the same as the motion of a falling object
 x
3x
REST
t
5x
t
t

Galileo observed that the distance travelled by the object on the incline
plane in fixed interval of time is in the ratio of odd numbers.
REST
Even when he increased the steepness of the incline plane, the
ratio remained the same.
 REST

REST
 REST

So he concluded that even for the

free fall, the result would be same
GALILEO
REST REST
Distance travelled by a freely falling
body, in fixed interval of time, is in
the ratio of odd numbers Total distance travelled in time;
t=x
2t = x + 3x = 4x
3t = x + 3x + 5x = 9x

t →x
2t→4x
3t→9x
 Distance ∝ (time)2
x ∝ t2
x = 5t2

The constant was experimentally found out to be ∼5

 x = 5t2

Galileo found a formula of the distance travelled by a freely falling

body in any time t, if its released from rest
When he proved that for an object falling freely under
gravity, the speed increases continuously, the defined
average speed

Total distance covered

Average Speed =
Total time taken
What if we consider a time interval Δt. How will you
write average speed if the distance covered is Δx?

Δx Δt
 Now lets us say in further time Δt
the object travels a further distance Δx
Formula to find average speed between time t & t + Δt.

Δx
x= 5t2 x + Δx = 5(t + Δt)2 vavg =
Δt
 Formula to find average speed between time t & t+Δt

x = 5t2 x = 5t2

x + Δx = 5(t + Δt)2
x t
x + Δx = 5t2 + 5(Δt)2 + 5(2tΔt)
A

Δx Δt Δx = 5(Δt)2 + 10t Δt

B Δx = Δt(5Δt + 10t)

Δx
= (5Δt + 10t)
Δt

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

 Formula to find average speed between time t & t+Δt

x = 5t2 vavg = Δx
Δt
x t

A
vavg = 5Δt + 10t
Δx Δt

B
What will be the average speed between

(i) time t = 2s & t = 3s ?

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

t = 2s and Δt = 1s

vavg= 5(1) + 10(2)

vavg = 25
What will be the average speed between

(i) time t = 2s & t = 2.5s ?

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

t = 2s and Δt = 0.5s

vavg= 5(0.5) + 10(2)

vavg= 22.5
What will be the average speed between

(i) time t = 2s & t = 2.1s ?

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

t = 2s and Δt = 0.1s

vavg = 5(0.1) + 10(2)

vavg = 20.5
What will be the average speed between

(i) time t = 2s & t = 2.001s ?

vavg = 5Δt + 10t

t = 2s and Δt = 0.001s

vavg= 5(0.001) + 10(2)

vavg= 20.005
What will be the value if we decrease the interval further?

Time Interval Average Speed

2-3 25
2-2.5 22.5
2-2.1 20.5
2-2.001 20.005
 So if we decrease the region AB, by bringing B towards A, instead of average
between A and B, we get the instantaneous speed at A
x = 5t2
Δx
vavg = = 5(Δt) + 10t
Δt

x t

A Δx tends to
0 We write them as dx & dt
tends to
Δt 0

Δx Δt

dx
vinst = = 10t
dt
B
 x = 5t2

gives the distance travelled in time t

x t
dx = 10t
vinst =
dt
A gives the speed at any time t

As we have found speed is proportional to time, this is how Galileo

prove Aristotle WRONG. What we did here is basically differentiation,
which is a very important tool in mathematics
If x = 5t3 What would be
x = 5t3

What would be

x = 5t3

x + Δx = 5(t + Δt)3

x + Δx = 5t3 + 5(Δt)3 + 15(t + Δt)t Δt

Δx/Δt = 5(Δt)2 + 15(t + Δt)t

dx/dt = 15t2 (by putting Δt = 0)

x = 5t3

What would be

x = 5t3

x + Δx = 5(t + Δt)3

x + Δx = 5t3 + 5(Δt)3 + 15(t + Δt)t Δt

Δx/Δt = 5(Δt)2 + 15(t + Δt)t

dx/dt = 15t2 (by putting Δt = 0)

Do you see any relation between them?

When
x= dx
5 ( t2 ) = 10t [5(2t)]
dt

dx
x= 5 ( t3 =15t2 [5(3t2)]
) dt
 If x = tn
dx
= nt
n–1
dt

So instead of doing it by the ‘first principle method’, we can develop a formula

Mathematically,

It is the speed, OR rate of change of distance x, with respect to time t.

dy/dx is the rate of change of y w.r.t. x.

 Differentiate the following. y = x–2
dy/dx = ?
y = x2
dy/dx = ?

If y = xn
dy
= nxn–1
dx
y = x1/2
dy/dx = ? y=x
dy/dx = ?
 y=3
dy/dx = ?
Find if

A.
(a) 2 3x
2 (b) 1
x 4x
3
B. 1

C. 2x 3x(c)
2 4x32 3x2
x 4x3
(d) None of these
D. None of these
 Find if

x2 x3
y= INCORRECT
x4
dy 2x 3x3
dx 4x3

We need to convert the expression in xn format before we can use the formula.
 x2x3 x5
y= = 4 =x
x4 x
y=x
dy
dx = 1x = 1
0 CORRECT

x ax b = x a + b
xa
= xa – b
x b

(xa)b =xab
√ x = x1/2
n
√ x = x1/n
1 = –a
x
xa
Find if

A. 1/2x
B. -2/x3
C. 2x
D. 2/x3
 if y = xn
dy
dx = nx
n–1

Just like the above formula,

There are many other formulas that can be used to differentiate
➔ Trigonometric
➔ Logarithmic
➔ Exponential functions
y = xn y = sin x

Differentiation
y = lnx y = cos x

y = ex
If we differentiate a constant, the result is zero

But, if constant is multiplied to the function, it remains

as it is
If we have an expression where several terms are added or
subtracted, we can differentiate them separately
Differentiate the following y = 3x2 - sinx.

A. 2x – cosx
B. 6x + cosx
C. 6x – cosx
D. 2x+ cosx
Differentiate the following. y = 4ex - ln x/ 4.

A.

B.

C.

D.
Differentiate the following
(i) y = 3x2 – sinx
dy
= 6x – cosx
dx
ln x
(ii) y = 4ex –
4
dy 1
= 4ex – 4x
dx
2 x
(iii) y = x + 2
1
y =2x–1 +
2 x
dy 1
= –2x–2 +
dx 2

If we have to differentiate y = x2x3

we can use identities to get one single term y = x5 ; and then differentiate
 11
CLASS

Basic
Mathematics
Basic Differentiation

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
y = xn y = sin x

Differentiation
y = lnx y = cos x

y = ex
What is the rule for differentiation for addition and subtraction?
Rule 2

If we have an expression where several terms are added or

subtracted, we can differentiate them separately
Differentiate the following y = 3x2 - sinx.

A. 2x – cosx
B. 6x + cosx
C. 6x – cosx
D. 2x+ cosx
Differentiate the following. y = 4ex - ln x/ 4.

A.

B.

C.

D.
 Differentiate the following

A.

B.

C.

D.
(i) y = 3x2 – sinx
dy
= 6x – cosx
dx
ln x
(ii) y = 4ex –
4
dy 1
= 4ex – 4x
dx
2 x
(iii) y = x + 2
1
y =2x–1 +
2 x
dy 1
= –2x–2 +
dx 2

If we have to differentiate y = x2x3

we can use identities to get one single term y = x5 ; and then differentiate
Differentiate w.r.t x
y = x2 sinx
A. 2x ⋅ cosx
B. 2x ⋅ sinx
C. -2x ⋅ cosx
D. None of these
What if y = x2 sinx INCORRECT

y = x2 sinx

dy
= 2x ⋅ cosx
dx
Product Rule
Define the product rule in differentiation ?
We use product rule

y = u.v
y′ = uv′ + u′v
y = x2 sinx
y′ = x2 (cosx) + 2xsinx

The Product Rule

F(x) = f(x).g(X)
F’(x) = f’(x).g(x) + g’(x).f(x)
OR
F(x) = (first).(second)
F’(x) = (first)’.(second) + (second)’.(first)
If y = sin2x =?

A. cos2x
B. 2 cosx sinx
C. cos 2x
D. None of these
y = ex ⋅ sinx y’=?

A. ex + ex (-sinx)
B. ex (-cosx) + ex sinx
C. ex (cosx) + ex sinx

D. None of these
 ln x
y= x

A.

B.

C.

D.
y = cos2x

A. –2 sinx
B. –2 sinx ⋅ cosx
C. 2 sinx ⋅ cosx

D. None of these
Quotient Rule
What is the rules for differentiation for division ?
The quotient rule states that if
 Division rule
v
y = tanx y=
u
dy
= sec2x
dx uv′ – u′v
y′ =
u2
 y = tanx
v
y=
u
A. sec2x
uv′ – u′v
B. -sec2x y′ =
u2
C. cosec2x
D. None of these
 y = cotx
v
y=
A. cosec2x u

B. -cosec2x uv′ – u′v

y′ =
u2
C. sec2x
D. None of these
y = secx (=1/cosx) v
y=
u
A. secx.tanx uv′ – u′v
y′ =
B. -secx.tanx u2

C. cosx.cotx
D. None of these
y = cosec x (= 1/sin x) v
y=
u
A. cosecx.cotx
uv′ – u′v
B. –cosecx.cotx y′ =
u2
C. sec2x
D. None of these
Differentiate the following.
y = tanx
1. y = tanx dy
= sec2x
dx
2. y = cotx
3. y = secx (= 1 / cosx) y = cotx
dy
4. y = cosec x (= 1 / sinx) = –cosec2x
dx

y = secx
dy
= secx.tanx
dx

y = cosec x
dy
= –cosecx.cotx
dx
 Basic Derivative Rules

Constant Rule :

Constant Multiple Rule :

Power Rule :

Sum Rule : [f(x) + g(x)] = f’(x) + g’(x)

 Basic Derivative Rules

Difference Rule : [f(x) - g(x)] = f’(x) - g’(x)

Product Rule : [f(x)g(x)] = f(x)g’(x) + g(x) f’(x)

Quotient Rule : f(x) g(x)f’(x) - f(x)g’(x)

=
g(x) [g(x)]2
Chain Rule
Chain Rule
Chain Rule

Sub in for u
y = sin(3x - 1)
y = sin3(3x - 1)
y = sin2x

A. cos(2x)

B. -cos(2x)
C. 2cos(2x)
D. None of these
 CORRECT METHOD
y = sint Also, t = 2x
y = sin(2x)

Let's take 2x = t ; so that the

expression converts in a form,
where we can directly apply
the formula
 y = sin 2x
Enclose part of the expression in a box, such that the
1. expression as a whole becomes a standard formula
based question

2. Differentiate the expression using basic formula

3. Differentiate the expression in the box and multiply it

to the result in step 2 to get the answer
 11
CLASS

Basic Mathematics
Differentiation
in Physics

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
 (i) y = sin (x2)

A. x2cos x2
B. -2x cos x2
C. 2x cos x2
D. None of these
(i) y = sin (x2)
y′ = cos (x2) ⋅ 2x
y′ = 2x cos(x2)
(ii) y = sin2x

A. 2sinxcosx
B. -2sinxcosx
C. 2sinx
D. None of these
(ii) y = sin2x

y = (sinx) 2

y′ = 2(sinx) ⋅ cosx
y′ = 2sinxcosx
Find the derivative of y = sin(x2 – 4)

A. cos(x2 – 4)
B. 2x sin(x2 – 4)
C. 2x cos(x2 – 4)

D. 2(x2 – 4) cos(x2 – 4)
Find the derivative of y = sin(x2 – 4)

y = sin(x2 – 4)
As sin(x2 – 4) is not a standard function
Find (sin3 4x)

A. 3(sin4x)2
B. 3(cos4x)(sin4x)2
C. 12(cos4x)(sin4x)2

D. None of these
Solution:
How is Differentiation used in Physics?
v = dx
dt Velocity is the rate of change of displacement w.r.t. time
a = dv
dt
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity w.r.t. time
P = dW
dt

Power is the rate of work done per unit time

There are many expressions in physics where we differentiate a quantity to get another
Position of particle varies with time as
x = 4t3 – 6t2 + 8
Find velocity at t = 1s

A. 0 units
B. 1 units
C. 2 units
D. 3 units
 dy d
Velocity, v = (4t3 – 6t2 + 8)
dt dt
=
∴ v = 12t2 – 12t

at t = 1s

v = 12(1)2 – 12(1)

∴ v = 0 units
Particle moving along a straight line & its position varies as
x = (6t3 – 4t2 + 3t + 6)m
Find the velocity & acceleration at t = 1 s

A. 13 m/s, 28 m/s2
B. 28 m/s, 13 m/s2
C. 17 m/s, 27 m/s2

D. 28 m/s, 28 m/s2
Velocity v(t) = v(t) = 18t2 – 8t + 3
dv d
Acceleration a(t) = = (18t2 – 8t + 3)
dx d dt dt
=
dt dt (6t – 4t + 3t + 6)
3 2

a(t) = 36t – 8
∴ v(t) = 18t2 – 8t + 3
∴ a(t = 1s) = 36(1) – 8
v(t = 1s) = 18(1)2 – 8(1) + 3
a(t = 1s) = 28 m/s2
v(t = 1s) = 13 m/s
Position of a particle performing linear motion varies as
v = sin(2t)
Find acceleration at t = π/4 sec.

A. -1 m/s2
B. 0 m/s2
C. 1 m/s2

D. 2 m/s2
 dv d
Acceleration (a) = = (sin2t)
dt dt

a = cos(2t)⋅(2)

at t = π/4
π
a = 2cos 2 × 4

π
= 2cos 2

a = 0 m/s2
Differentiating Equations !

y = x2
y = x2
dy
= 2x ; we say we differentiated ‘y’ with respect to ‘x’
dx
 y = x2
dy
= 2x
dx
Differentiating y wrt y Differentiating x wrt x
⇓
dy = 2xdx
1dy = 2xdx
dy = 2xdx
sin y = x2
 sin y = x2

cos y dy = 2xdx

This method is sometimes useful, depending on the question.

Differentiate with respect to a third variable.
Differentiate this equation w.r.t time
y = x2
A.

B.

C.

D.
 Differentiate with respect to a third variable
y = x2
dy
= 2x
dx
dy = 2xdx
Differentiating y wrt t Divide by dt on both the Differentiating x wrt t
sides dy dx
dt = 2x
dt
dy dx
= 2x
dt dt
Differentiate with respect to ‘t’

y2 = x3
A.

B.

C.

D.
y2 = x3
 Differentiate with respect to ‘t’.

x = 2v2
A.

B.

C.

D.
x = 2v2
Define Acceleration with the help of Differentiation ?

v = t2

t
Define Acceleration with the help of Differentiation ?

v = x3

x
When we have velocity in terms of time, we can a = dv
differentiate and get the acceleration. dt

If, we have velocity in terms of position, say v = f(x).

How do we find a?
 dv
a= Multiply & divide by dx
dt

dv dx
a= ×
dt dx
v

vdv
a= Another way to get acceleration
dx
If v = x2, find the acceleration when x = 2m.
A. 2xv
B. 2v
C. 2x

D. 16
If v = x2 , find the acceleration when x = 2m.

dv
= 2x
dx a = x2(2x)
a = 2x3
dv a = 2⋅(2)3
Since a = v
dx a = 16m/s2
Alternatively;

v = x2

Differentiating with respect to time

dv
= 2x dx a = 2x(x2)
dt dt a = 2x3
a = 2xv = 2x3 a = 2⋅(2)3
a = 16m/s2
The displacement x of a particle moving in 1D, under the action of a
constant force is related to the time t as:

t = √x + 3
Find the displacement of the particle when its velocity is ZERO ?

A. 3
B. √3+3
C. 0
D. Data not sufficient
 t = √x + 3 2t – 6 = 0

√x = t – 3 t = 3 secs
x = (t – 3)2
At t = 3 secs, velocity is 0
dx
= 2(t – 3)1(1) at t = 3 secs
dt

v = 2t – 6 x=0

The displacement is zero,

Let’s find the time when v = 0
when velocity is zero
The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of 1/2 cm/s. At what rate is the
volume of the bubble increasing when its radius is 1 cm?
A. 4π cm3/s
B. 4/3 π cm3/s
C. 2π cm3/s

D. 0 cm3/s
The radius of an air bubble is
increasing at the rate of ½ cm/s.
V = 4/3πr3 R
dV = 4 dr
π 3r2
dt 3 dt

Given dr/dt = ½ cm/sec

dV
= 4 π 3(1)2 1 (Assuming the bubble to
dt r =1 3 2 be a perfect sphere)

dV
dt = 2π cm /s
3
 Sand is pouring from a pipe at a rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a
cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-
sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the sand cone
increasing when the height is 4 cm?
A.

B.

C.

D.
dV Differentiating w.r.t. time
= constant = 12 cm3/s
dt

1 dV
V= πr2h
3 = 12π 3h2 dh
dt dt
(Given h = 1/6 r)
dh
12 = 12π 3(4)2
1 dt
V= π(36h2)h
3
dh = 1
V = 12πh3 cm/sec
dt 48π
A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall, the bottom of the ladder is pulled along
the ground, away from the wall at a rate of 2 m/s. How fast is its height on the wall
decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4m away from the wall?
A. 8/3 m/s

B. 4/3 m/s
C. 0 m/s

D. 3 m/s v

2m/s
370
The length of the ladder Given: vx = 2m/s and when x = 4
is constant i.e. 5 m
y = √ 5 2 – x2
From the triangle
y = √ 25 – 16
x2 + y2 =5
y=3
As the rod slides x and y
changes + 2(3)(vy) = 0
⇒ 2(4)(2)
dx dy
2x +2y dt = 0
dt vy = –8/3;

2x (vx) + 2y (vy) = 0 speed = 8/3 m/s

A man of height 2m walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/h away from a lamp
post which is 6m high.
Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases.

A. 5 Km/hr

B. 5/4 Km/hr
C. 10 Km/hr 5 km/h
D. 5/2 Km/hr
 y → length of the shadow

dy
We have to find
dt

Using similar triangles

y y+x
=
2 6
3y = y + x
2y = x
dy dx
2 =
dt dt
Given dx/dt = 5 km/hr

dy
2 =5
dt

dy
dt = 5/2 km/hr

Rate at which length of

shadow is increasing
 11
CLASS

Basic
Mathematics

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
 Maxima & Minima
y y

x x
Maxima & Minima
y

x
Maxima y

x
At maxima, the slope (y′) is decreasing y
Zero
i.e. rate of change of slope (y″) should be negative slope

y″ < 0, (MAXIMA)
+ve -ve
Slope MAXIMA Slope

x
Minima y

x
At minima, the slope (y′) is increasing
i.e. rate of change of slope (y″) should be positive y

y″ > 0, (MINIMA)
-ve +ve
Slope Slope
MINIMA

Zero
slope x
Maxima & Minima & Inflection Point
y

x
 STEPS TO FIND MAXIMA/MINIMA

1. Differentiate the expression to get y′

2. Find the points where y′ = 0
3. Differentiate y′ to get y′′
4. Put the values of ‘zero slope points’ in y′′, to check if its +ve or –ve
5. If y′′ > 0, the corresponding point is minima. If y′′ < 0, the corresponding point is maxima.

We can get the minimum and maximum values by

putting the corresponding points in the expression of y.
Find maxima and minima for y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6

A. x = +2 Local minima
x = –1 Local maxima
B. x = +1 Local minima
x = –2 Local maxima
C. x = -2 Local minima
x = –1 Local maxima
D. None of these
y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6

13

-1

-14
 y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6
y′ = 6x2 – 6x – 12
Slope is zero at x = 2 ; OR x = –1
Differentiating y′ y′′ = 12x – 6

At x = 2 At x = –1
y′′ = 24 – 6 y′′ = 12(–1) – 6
y′′ = 18 > 0 y′′ = –18 < 0
∴ x = +2 local minima ∴ x = –1 Is a local maxima
Find the maximum & minimum values of y = f(x) = x3 – 12x + 100
in the interval [1, 3]
y=f(x)
A.

B.

C.

D.

x
y = f(x) = x3 – 12x + 100 y=f(x)

x
 Find the maximum and minimum values of y = f(x) = x3 – 12x + 100
in the interval [1, 3]

Solution:
y = x3 – 12x + 100
For local maxima and minima y′′ = 6x
dy
y′ = =0
dx for x = +2 for x = –2
3x2 – 12 = 0
y′′ = 12 > 0 y′′ = –12 < 0
x =4
2
∴ x = +2 ∴ x = –2
x = ±2 is local Minima is local Maxima
x = +2
x = –2
 Find the maximum and minimum values of y = f(x) = x3 – 12x + 100
in the interval [1, 3]

Solution: y = x3 – 12x + 100

The minimum will be at x = 2
ymin = (2)3 – 12(2) + 100 ∴ x = +2 y
ymin = 8 – 24 + 100 MAX
is local minima
ymin = 84
∴ x = –2
is local maxima MIN

x
–2 1 +2 3
 Find the maximum and minimum values of y = f(x) = x3 – 12x + 100
in the interval [1, 3]

Solution:

yx=1 = 1 – 12 + 100 = 89
y
yx=3 =(3)3 – 12(3) + 100= 91
MAX
ymax = 91 ∴ x = +2
is local minima 1 3
MIN
∴ x = –2
x
is local maxima
–2 +2
If we have to carve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of radius R, what
should be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that the volume of cylinder
carved out is maximum?
A. r =√1/3 R r
B. r =√3/5 R
R
C. r =√2/3 R
D. r = 0.5 R
r

R
 If we have to carve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of radius R, what
should be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that the volume of cylinder
carved out is maximum?

Solution:

Various possibilities
 If we have to carve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of radius R, what
should be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that the volume of cylinder
carved out is maximum?

Solution:

We have to get a function of volume (V) in terms of a

variable (r or H), and then find the condition for maxima

The variable here are the radius r of the cylinder and the height ‘H’
Two variables (r and H)
V = πr2H

We can write ‘H’ in terms of ‘r’ or ‘r’ in terms of ‘H’ to get only one variable
 If we have to carve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of radius R, what
should be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that the volume of cylinder
carved out is maximum?
Solution:

Two r
V = πr2H variables H
(r and H) 2 R
r
We can write ‘H’ in terms R
(H/2)2 + r2 = R2
of ‘r’ or ‘r’ in terms of ‘H’ to
get only one variable r2 = R2 – H2/4
V = πr2h
V = π(R2– H2/4) H
V = πR2H – πH3/4
 If we have to carve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of radius R,
what should be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that the volume of
cylinder carved out is maximum?

Solution:
r
Note ‘R’ – the radius
H of sphere is constant
2 R r
For V to be maximum/minima
(H/2)2 + = r2 R2 dV R
=0
r2 = R2 – H2/4 dH
V = πr2h dV 3
= - πR2 4 πH2 = 0
V = π(R2– H2/4) H dH
V = πR2H – πH3/4 3H2 = 4R2 ; H = √4/3 R
 If we have to carve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of
radius R, what should be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that
the volume of cylinder carved out is maximum?

Solution:
If we have to curve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of radius R,
what should be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that the volume
of cylinder carved out is maximum?

H = √4/3 R 2R2 r
r2 =
Also since r2 = R2 – H
2 3
4 R
r = √2/3 R
r 2 = R2 – 4 R
2

3 4

Note we didn’t check whether it’s a maxima or minima, because it was clear
from the question that it has to be maxima
 11
CLASS

Basic
Mathematics
Integration

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
 What is Integration?
y

y = f(x)

a b x
 The Reverse of Differentiation

For example, if we differentiate x2, we get 2x. So if we integrate 2x, we get x2

2. Summation or Addition

dx
Δx

Length = ∑Δx If Δx → 0
Its written as dx and ∑→ ∫
Length = ∫ dx
 It is also equal to the area under the curve
y
y = f(x)
ΔA= yΔx (assuming it to be a rectangle)
A= ∑ yΔx A = ∫ ydx
If Δx → 0
Its written as dx and ∑→ ∫
y

x Δx
a b
x
y

y = f(x)

a b x
Y
y = x2

θ
X
Y
y = x2

0 1 X
What are formulae used for Integration?
1 ∫ xn .dx = xn+1
+c
n+1
2 ∫1/x.dx = ln x + c
3 ∫sin x .dx = - cos x + c
4 ∫cos x .dx = sin x + c
5 ∫sec2x .dx = tan x + c
6 ∫cosec2x.dx = -cot x + c
7 ∫sec x .tan x dx = sec x + c
8 ∫ cosec x .cot x dx = - cosec x +c
9 ∫ ex dx = ex + c
 xn+1
1. ∫ xn .dx = +c
n+1

2. ∫ 1/x. dx = ln x + c

3. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + c

4. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c

5. ∫ sec2x dx = tan x + c

6. ∫ cosec2x dx = –cot x + c

7. ∫ sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c

8. ∫ cosec x. cot x dx = –cosec x + c

9. ∫ ex dx = ex + c
 x5
A.
5 +C
x4
B. 4 + C
6x5
C.
5
D. None of these
Solution:
Solve ∫ (4sinx – 2cosx) dx

A. 4cosx – 2sinx + C
B. –4cosx – 2sinx + C
C. –4cosx + 2sinx + C
D. None of these
∫ 1
x2 + x dx
2

A. x + x + C
–1 3
–1 3
B. x + x + C
–1 3
1 3
C. x - x + C
–1 3
–1 3
D. None of these
Solution:
∫ 12 + x2 dx
x
∫ x–2dx + ∫ x2dx

x–1 x3
+ +C
–1 3
∫ x2 – 1 dx
x

A. x + lnx + C
2
2
B. x – x + C
2
2
C. x – lnx + C
2
2
D. None of these
Solution:
∫ x – 1 dx
2

x
∫ x – 1 dx
x

∫ xdx – ∫ x–1dx
x2 – lnx + C
2
Solve
∫ sinx
cos2x
dx

A. secx + C
B. secx
C. cosecx + C
D. -cosecx + C
Solution:
∫ sinx dx
cos2x
sinx 1 dx
∫ cosx cosx
∫ tanx ⋅ secx dx
= secx + C
ALTERNATIVE
Solution:
= sin2x + C INCORRECT

∫ cos(2x)dx
Substitution method
dt Let 2x = t
∫ cost ⋅
2
1 ∫cost ⋅ dt 2dx = dt
2 dx = dt/2
1 sint + C
2
1
sin2x + C
2
Evaluate ∫ 2x1+ 3 dx
A. log(2x + 3) + C
21
B. 1
2 ln(2x + 3) + C
C. ln(2x + 3) + C
D. log(2x + 3) + C
 1
Evaluate ∫ 2x + 3
dx ALTERNATIVE

A. 1
log(2x + 3) + C
2
B. 1
2 ln(2x + 3) + C
C. ln(2x + 3) + C
D. log(2x + 3) + C
Solution:
∫ 1 dx
2x + 3
1 dx = lnx + C
∫ x
Let 2x + 3 = t
2dx = dt 1
= lnt + C
2
∫ 1 dt
t 2 1
= ln(2x + 3) + C
2
1 ∫ dt
2 t
 x dx
Evaluate ∫√x2 –2

A. √t + C

B. ¼ √x2 – 2 + C

C. √x2 – 2 + C
D. -√x2 – 2 + C
Solution:
xdx dt/2
∫ ∫
√x2 – 2 √t
Let x2 – 2 = t 1
2∫t
–1/2 dt

2xdx = dt
1 t1/2
2 1/2 + C
√t +C
√x2 – 2 + C
 xn+1
1. ∫ xn .dx = +c
n+1

2. ∫ 1/x. dx = ln x + c

3. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + c

4. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c

5. ∫ sec2x dx = tan x + c

6. ∫ cosec2x dx = –cot x + c

7. ∫ sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c

8. ∫ cosec x. cot x dx = –cosec x + c

9. ∫ ex dx = ex + c
 11
CLASS

Basic
Mathematics
Definite Integration

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
 xn+1
1. ∫ xn .dx = +c
n+1

2. ∫ 1/x. dx = ln x + c

3. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + c

4. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c

5. ∫ sec2x dx = tan x + c

6. ∫ cosec2x dx = –cot x + c

7. ∫ sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c

8. ∫ cosec x. cot x dx = –cosec x + c

9. ∫ ex dx = ex + c
What is Definite Integration?
Integration of f(x) w.r.t x between values of x from x = a to x = b
Integration take place for a defined set of values of x
 3
Evaluate
2
∫ x dx = ?
2

5
A.
3
B. 19
3
C. 15
D. 6
Solution:
 ∫ dxx = ?
6
Evaluate
3

A. ln2
B. ln3
C. ln6
D. 1
Solution:
 2
Evaluate ∫ ex dx = ?
0

A. e2
B. e2 – 1
C. e4 – e
D. e
Solution:
 2
Evaluate ∫ 2x dx = ?
0

A. 3/ln2
B. 2/ln2
C. 3 ln2
D. ln2
What are applications of integration in Physics?
 Area under v-t curve

t1 t2 t
 Area under a-t curve

t1 t2 t
v = t + 1 (t in sec, v in m/s).
Find its position at 2s if position at t = 1s is x = –1m ?

A. 2.5 m
B. 3 m
C 1.5 m
.D. None of these
Solution:
a = t2 + 2t (t in sec, a in m/s2)
Find value of velocity at t = 1 sec if initial velocity is 2 m/s.

A.
B.
C.
D.
Solution:
For the v-t graph find the displacement in 4 sec.
v(m/s)
A. 24 m
12
B. 12 m
9

C. 48 m 6

3
D. 36 m
1 2 3 4 t(s)
Solution:

For the v-t graph find the displacement in 4 sec.

Area under the velocity time v(m/s)

graph gives us the displacement
12

Area under graph = 1 × 4 × 12 = 24 m 9

2
6

1 2 3 4 t(s)
If at t = 0 the velocity is 2m/s, find the velocity at t = 8s
A. 8 m/s a(m/s2)
B. 16 m/s
3
C. 24 m/s
D. None of these 2

(0, 0) 2 4 6 8 t(s)
Solution: If at t=0 the velocity is 2m/s, find the velocity at t = 8 secs

Area under the acceleration a(m/s2)

time graph gives us the 3
Area = ½ × 2 × 2 = 2
change in velocity
2

Note : The area has to be 1 2

taken as positive if its above
(0, 0) t(sec)
the horizontal axis, and 2 4 6 8
negative if its below the Area = 6 × 2 = 12
2
horizontal axis Total area under the curve = 14
Change in velocity in 8 secs = +14m/s
You are given a rod of length L. The linear mass density is λ such that
λ = a + bx. Here a and b are constants and the mass of the rod
increases as x increases. Find the mass of the rod .
Y
A. aL+ bL2

aL+ bL
2
B. λ = a + bx
2
C. bL+ aL
2

2 x
O
D. None of these L
 Y

λ = a + bx

O x
L
Solution: You are given a rod of length L. The linear mass density is λ such
that λ = a + bx. Here a and b are constants and the mass of the rod
increases as x increases as x decreases . Find the mass of the rod .
y

λ = a + bx

x
O dx L
Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ is
given by σ = 2 + 2r , where r is the distance from the center.

A.

B.

C.

D.
 dr
r
Solution: Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ is
given by σ = 2 + 2r, where r is the distance from the center.

Finding area of this element

dr
Method 1
r

dA = π(r + dr)2 – πr2

dA = π(r2 + (dr)2 + 2rdr) – πr2
dA = π(dr)2 + 2πrdr dm = σdA
dA = 2πrdr
Very small
neglect
Solution: Finding area of this element
Method 2
Circumference = 2πr dr
r
Thickness = dr
dA = length × width
dA = 2πrdr
dm = σdA

dr
2πr
 Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ
Solution: is given by σ = 2 + 2r, where r is the distance from the center.

Finding area of this element

dr
Method 3 (easiest)
r

A= πr2
dA = π2rdr

dm = σdA
 Find the total mass of this disc (radius R) if mass per unit area σ is
Solution: given by σ = 2 + 2r, where r is the distance from the center.

dr
r

dm = σdA

R2 R3
M = 4π
2+ 3