Duration: 130 min Middle School Grades: 6 - 8 CCSS, NGSS

Cell Division

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Review and Recall:

Cytoplasm
Review and Recall:
 THE CELL CYCLE AND
DIVISION
• The production of new cells to bring about growth, the
replacement of damaged cells in the wounded body
parts, and the production of new generations of
individuals among some group of organisms take place
through one of the wonderful processes taking place in
the body of living things called cell division.
As we all grow, why do cells divide instead of just
getting bigger?

X
• Cells gain nutrients from their surroundings and
excrete their waste to their surroundings by the
process of diffusion.

• The rate of diffusion decreases with increase in cell

size making the cell less efficient.

• Therefore, instead of increasing in size, with growth,

the cells reproduce to grow larger in number and
maintain their efficiency.
 CELL DIVISION
• Two kinds of cell division:
➢Mitosis – takes place in our body cells or somatic
cells
➢Meiosis – takes place in the ovaries (female) testes
(male). Responsible for the formation of gametes or
sex cells (sperm and egg cell).

The process of cell division is repeated over and

over in a process called cell cycle.
 INTERPHASE
• Interphase is described as the resting stage, resting because
the cell is not dividing but very active in performing
metabolic activities.
• The metabolic activities are geared towards protein
synthesis that brings about the growth of the cell and DNA
replication.
• 90% of the entire cell cycle is devoted to the interphase.
 INTERPHASE
• What are the three sub phases/stages of
interphase?

• G1 (Gap 1) phase
• S (synthesis) phase
• G2 (Gap 2) phase
 THE CHROMOSOME
The presence of two complete sets of
chromosomes in an organism's cells, with
each parent contributing a chromosome to
each pair.

Haploid refers to the presence of a single

set of chromosomes in an organism's cells.

Haploid (N) Diploid 2(N)

How many chromosomes and
chromatids?
How many chromosomes and
chromatids?
STAGE 1: G1 (GAP 1) PHASE
• This is the longest phase among cells
• The cell at this stage is still young and
undergoes rapid growth until it attains
its normal size.
• Organelles are formed
• Proteins are produced such as the
enzymes needed in S phase.
 STAGE 2: S (SYNTHESIS)
PHASE
• The DNA, the main composition of
the chromosomes inside the nucleus
of the cell, doubles at this stage
through a process called
replication.
STAGE 3: G2 (GAP 2) PHASE

•Preparation for cell division

•Assembly of proteins such as
microtubules that cause the
chromosomes to move during
cell division.
Your output should look like this:
 What phase comes next
after interphase?
MITOSIS OR M PHASE
What is the first stage of
mitosis?
PROPHASE
 STAGE 1: PROPHASE
•The nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to dissolve
•Chromatins undergo changes until they become double
stranded and are called chromatids.
•The double-stranded chromosomes are connected
together at one point by a centromere.
•Spindle fibers later become well developed.
 PROPHASE
CHROMOSOMES

CENTRIOLES

NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
SPINDLE FIBERS
 STAGE 2: METAPHASE
• The double-stranded chromosomes called chromatids
align themselves at the equator of the cell.

• Each chromatid is attached to the spindle by a structure

in the centromere called kinetochore.
METAPHASE
SPINDLE FIBERS

CHROMOSOMES

CENTRIOLES
 STAGE 3: ANAPHASE
• Forces originating from the poles pull the chromatids to move
and consequently, the centromere splits separating the
chromatids into new, single-stranded chromosomes.

• The chromosomes then migrate toward their respective poles.

 ANAPHASE
SINGLE-STRANDED
CHROMOSOMES

SPINDLE FIBERS
CENTRIOLES
 STAGE 4: TELOPHASE
• Cleavage furrow forms
• The chromosomes now have reached the opposite poles and the spindle
disappears.
• At the poles, the chromosomes uncoil and the nucleolus and the nuclear
membrane begin to reform.
• Simultaneously, the cytoplasm divides and a plasma membrane partitions the
cell into two.
• The formation of the new plasma membrane completely divides the cell into
two identical daughter cells.
• At this point, each chromosome in the resulting daughter cell is composed of
only one chromatid.
 STAGE 4: TELOPHASE

Cleavage
furrow
FOR EASY RECALL, USE
THE ACRONYM PMAT
P – prophase
M – metaphase (middle)
A – anaphase (away)
T – telophase
Question 1: The spindle fiber pulls the chromatids
toward their respective poles ANAPHASE

Question 2: A cleavage furrow is formed and cytoplasm

divides. TELOPHASE
Question 3: each chromosome at this stage contains two
identical sister chromatids as a result of DNA replication.
PROPHASE
Questions 4: During this stage chromosomes move and
align themselves at the equator of the cell.
METAPHASE
Question 5: Spindle fiber connect each chromosome in
the kinetochore on its centromere. METAPHASE

Question 6: The nuclear membrane dissolves and

spindle fiber are formed. PROPHASE

Question 7: The nucleolus and nuclear membrane begin

to reform. TELOPHASE
Review and Recall:
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosome. Provide the number
of chromosomes and chromatids inside the table.
Phases of Mitosis No of chromosomes Number of chromatids
PROPHASE 46 92
METAPHASE 46 92
ANAPHASE 92 92
TELOPHASE 92 92
END OF MITOSIS 46 46
(SEPARATED CELLS)
 Let’s Try:
Dogs have 78 TOTAL NUMBER (DIPLOID) of chromosomes. Provide
the number of chromosomes and chromatids in each stage of mitosis.
Phases of Mitosis No of chromosomes Number of chromatids
INTERPHASE 78 78
PROPHASE 78 156
METAPHASE 78 156
ANAPHASE 156 156
TELOPHASE 156 156
END OF MITOSIS 78 78
(SEPARATED CELLS)
MEIOSIS
 PROPHASE I
•each chromosome is composed of two
sister chromatids containing identical
genetic information
•crossing over – happens randomly
 METAPHASE I
•the centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell
with meiotic spindle
•the chromosome pairs line up next to each other
along the center (equator) of the cell.
•The meiotic spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore
of the chromosome
•Independent assortment
 ANAPHASE I
•Each of the homologous chromosomes get
pulled towards opposite poles of the cell

•The sister chromatids of each chromosome

remain attached to one another and don’t
come apart.
 TELOPHASE I
•The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of
the cell.
•Cleavage furrow appears and the cytoplasm
starts to divide
•A nuclear membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
 MEIOSIS II
•Cells move from meiosis 1 to meiosis 2 without
copying their DNA.
•“mitosis for haploid cells”
•Just have one chromosome but still consist of two
sister chromatids
•The sister chromatids separate, making haploid
cells with non-duplicated chromosomes.
 PROPHASE II
• Now, there are two daughter cells, each with 23
chromosomes (23 pairs of chromatids)
• In each daughter cells the chromosomes condense again
into visible X-shaped structures.
• Nuclear membrane around the nucleus dissolves
• The centrioles duplicate
• Spindle forms again
 METAPHASE II
•The chromosomes line up end-to-end
along the equator of the cell.
•The centrioles are now at opposites poles
in each of the daughter cells.
•Meiotic spindle fibers at each pole of the
cell attach to each of the sister chromatids
 ANAPHASE II
•The chromosomes are pulled to
opposite poles

•The separated chromosomes are

now individual.
 TELOPHASE II
• The chromosomes complete their move to the opposite poles of the cell
• A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create four new
cell nuclei
• Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.
• There are four granddaughter cells, each with half a set of
chromosomes (haploid)
• MALES – four cells are all sperm cells
• FEMALES – one of the cells is an egg cell while other three are polar
bodies.
 Meiosis leads to the formation of haploid cells. However, these cells are still
incapable of fertilization until they further mature as gametes in a process
called gametogenesis. Gametogenesis in males is called spermatogenesis and
oogenesis in females. MALES – four cells are all sperm cells. FEMALES – one
of the cells is an egg cell while other three are polar bodies.
These haploid cells will become diploid during the process of fertilization, when
sperm cells unite with the egg cells making into another organism.
This process also shows how the organisms, like us humans are made.

Take note: During the crossing-over of prophase 1, it shows how each of the
offspring of the parents are unique from each other. Say for example, you and
your siblings. You have a unique physical trait and features because of this
event, the crossing over.