National Service Training Program (NSTP) 1
CHAPTER 1: Organizing Students
Through Course Orientation
National Service Training Program (NSTP)
 The National Service Training Program
(NSTP) is a mandated program in the
curricula of all baccalaureate programs and
in at least two (2) years of technical-
vocational or associate courses in all state
universities and colleges (SUCs), and
private higher and technical-vocational
education institutions
 All incoming male and female students,
starting school year (SY) 2002-2003 have
been required to complete one (1) NSTP
component of their choice for graduation in
compliance with Section 4 of Republic Act
No. 9163, otherwise known as the National
Service Training Program Act of 2001 and
Section 4, Rule III of the Implementing
Rules and Regulations. This law started to
be implemented in all colleges and
universities in 2002.
 The NSTP Act of 2001 was conceptualized
by the former CHED Secretary Ester A.
Garcia, now the president of the University
of the East, and it is better known as
Republic Act 9163 that has been signed into
law by Her Excellency, President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo in response to the public
clamor of reform in the Reserve Officers‟
Training Corps (ROTC).
 NSTP Law is geared toward enhancing civic
consciousness and defense preparedness in
the youth by developing in them the ethics
of service and patriotism while undergoing
training in any of its three (3) program
components, especially designed to inspire
the youth to actively participate and
contribute to the general welfare
Proponents of NSTP:
1. Reserve Officers’ Training Corps
(ROTC), which is designed to provide
military training to tertiary-level students to
motivate, train, organize, and mobilize them
for national defense preparedness.
2. Literacy Training Service (LTS), which
serves to train students to teach literacy and
numeracy skills to school children, out-of-
school youths, and any other segments of
society in need of this service.
3. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS),
which designs activities that will contribute
to the general welfare and betterment of life
for the community, as well as enhance its
facilities and improve the health condition of
its members. This can be done by focusing
on providing the community members with
basic skills on health, environmental
sanitation, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation, and enhancing their moral values
As stipulated in the law, each of the
components shall be undertaken for an
academic period of two (2) semesters
and shall be credited for three (3) units
per semester with fifty-four (54) to
ninety (90) training hours a semester
NSTP program coordinator or director
will supervise the design, formulation,
adoption, and implementation of the
different NSTP components in their
respective schools
The NSTP program is designed to
recover the youth‟s sense of patriotism
and national pride, values and habits of
discipline and hard work, integrity, and
accountability for nation-building. To
achieve this vision, the NSTP through
its capability enhancement activities
seeks to promote values education,
transformational leadership,
volunteerism, and virtuous social
entrepreneurship not only to the
students but also to the community
members they will serve.
Rule I: Guiding Principles
Section 1: Guiding Principle
- While it is the prime duty of the government
to serve and protect its citizens, in turn it shall be the
responsibility of all citizens to defend the security
and promote the general welfare of the State, and in
fulfillment thereof, the government may require each
citizen to render personal, military, or civil service
Section 2: Role of the Youth
- State shall promote civic consciousness
among them and shall develop their physical, moral,
spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall
inculcate the ideals of patriotism, nationalism, and
advance their involvement in public and civic affairs
Rule IV: Fees and Incentives
Section 9: Fees
Section 10: Incentive, Insurance, and Protection
Rule V: Organization of NSTP Graduates
Section 11: Organization of NSTP Graduates
Rule VI: Miscellaneous Provisions
Section 12: Certificate of Completion
Section 13: Information Dissemination

Rule II: Definitions of Terms Section 14: Amendatory Clause

Section 3: As used in the Implementing Rules and Section 15: Separability Clause
Regulations (IRR), the following terms shall mean
Section 16: Effectivity
a) “Clustering” – grouping of students enrolled
to different schools into taking up the same
NSTP component into one (1) group under
the management and supervision of a
designated school;
b) “Cross-Enrollment” – refers to a system of
enrollment where a student is officially
enrolled in an academic program of an
origin school but is allowed to enroll in the The Minimum Standards for NSTP
NSTP component of another accepting Implementation
school;
c) “Non-Government Organization” (NGO) –  The revised NSTP-IRR mandates the
refers to any private organization duly implementation of the 25-hour common
accredited by CHED or recognized by module and 83-hour specific module or a
TESDA; andi. total of 108 hours for two (2) semesters as
d) “Student Cadet” – refers to a student minimum standards for NSTP
enrolled in the ROTC component implementation focusing on the following
main topics:
Rule III: Program Implementation
1. Common Module
Section 4: Coverage
a. Physical Organization and Course
Section 5: Program Components Orientation

Section 6: Duration and Equivalent Course Unit b. NSTP Program (RA 9163)

Section 7: Clustering and Cross-Enrollment c. Citizenship Training

Section 8: Monitoring and Evaluation d. Drug Education

e. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Awareness
 f. Environmental Protection
g. Other National Security Concerns
2. Specific Module for Civic Welfare Training
Service (CWTS)
a. Self-Awareness and Values Development
b. Leadership Training
c. Dimensions of Development
d. Community Exposure/Agency Visits
e. Community Needs Assessment
f. Community Service
g. Program Evaluation
3. Specific Module for Literacy Training Service
(LTS)
a. Self-Awareness and Values Development
b. Leadership Training
c. Literacy and Numeracy Skills
d. Community Exposure / Agency Visits
e. Community Needs Assessment
f. Community Service
4. Program Evaluation
a. Specific Module for Reserve Officers‟
Training Corps (ROTC)
b. Physical Organization/Orientation
c. Military Orientation
d. Combat Training of individual Soldier
e. Civil Affairs
f. Drills and Ceremonies
g. Test and Evaluation
h. Commander‟s Time
The Republic Act No. 7077
 This act known as the “Citizen Armed
Forces of the Philippines Reservists Act”
aims to organize, train, develop and
maintain a support unit to the Armed Forces
of the Philippines to help protect our country
and citizens in the event of war, invasion or
rebellion; assist in relief and rescue during
disaster or calamities; in socioeconomic
development; and in the operation and
maintenance of essential government or
private utilities in the furtherance of overall
mission
THE PHILIPPINE PREAMBLE
 The above Preamble serves as an
introduction to our 1987 Philippine
Constitution. It is stated that we, the Filipino
people, must live morally upright and value
our existence as one family under God in
order to develop and uphold a just and
humane society. Each of us must envision
and mutually exert efforts to preserve a
peaceful, independent, and democratic
nation toward continuing growth
economically, politically, culturally, and
spiritually
 The NSTP shall abide by the National Motto
„MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO,
MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA”
as stipulated in Section 40 of Republic Act
8497, known as the “Flag Heraldic Code of
the Philippines.
CHAPTER 2: Citizenship and Good
Governance
Good Governance
 Good governance is an indeterminate term
used in the international development
literature to describe how public institutions
conduct public affairs and manage public
resources.
 Governance is “the process of decision-
making and the process by which decisions
 are implemented (or not implemented).” The
term governance can apply to corporate,
international, national, local governance or
to interactions between other sectors of
society.
 The concept of “good governance” often
emerges as a model to compare ineffective
economies or political bodies with viable
economies and political bodies. The concept
centers on the responsibility of governments
and governing bodies to meet the needs of
the masses as opposed to select groups in
society.
Good Governance in National Government
 Good governance is the responsible conduct
of public affairs and management of public
resources. It cover issues such as ethical
conduct, rule of law, efficiency and
effectiveness, transparency, sound financial
management and accountability.
Good Governance in Local Government
 Good governance is argued to be most
important in local governments. It tries to
promote more relationships between
government and
1. Empowered citizens
2. Neighborhood councils
3. Community councils.
 Good Governance in local government aims
to increase civil engagement with more
members of the community to get the best
options that serve the people
1987 Constitution – Article III
Approved: February 2, 1987
Concept of Bill of Rights
 Bill of rights may be defined as a declaration
and enumeration of a person‟s rights and
privileges that the Constitution is designed
to protect against violation by the
government or by an individual or groups of
individuals. It is a charter of liberties for the
individual and a limitation upon the power
of the State
Classes of Rights:
1. Natural Rights
 Are the rights possessed by every
citizen without being granted by the
state, for they are given to man by
God as a human being in His image
so that he may live a happy life
 Examples: the right to life, the
right to liberty, the right to
property, and the right to love
2. Constitutional Rights
 Are rights that are conferred and
protected by the Constitution. Since
they are part of the fundamental
law, they cannot be modified or
taken away by any law-making
body.
3. Statutory Rights
 Are rights that are provided by laws
promulgated by a law-making
body; consequently they may be
abolished by the same body. These
rights can be used as authority to
govern resolving the disputes they
address.
 Examples: the right to receive a
minimum wage and the right to
adopt a child by an unrelated
person
Classification of Constitutional Rights
 A constitutional right is a privilege to do
something or protection from governmental
interference of doing something which is
guaranteed by the Constitution.
 Constitutions are widely classified into four
categories and human rights can also be
classified under individual, collective, civil,
political, economic and social, and cultural.
1. Political rights
o They are such rights of the
citizens that give them the
power to participate, directly
or indirectly, in the
 establishment or administration
of the government.
o Examples: the right of
suffrage and the right to
information on matters of
public concern
2. Civil Rights
o They are the rights that the law
will enforce at the instance of
private individuals for the
purpose of securing for them
the enjoyment of their means
of happiness.
o Examples: the rights to due
process and equal protection of
the law; the rights against
involuntary servitude and
imprisonment for nonpayment
of debts or a poll tax; the
constitutional rights of the
accused
3. Socio and Economic Rights
o They refer to the rights that are
intended to insure the well-
being and economic security of
the individual.
o Examples: just compensation
for private property taken for
public use; promotion of social
justice; the conservation and
utilization of natural resources;
the promotion of education,
science and technology, and
the arts and culture
4. Rights of the Accused
o They are the (civil) rights
intended for the protection of a
person accused of any crime.
o Examples: the right against
unreasonable search and
seizure; the right to
presumption of innocence; the
right to a speedy, impartial,
and public trial; the right
against cruel, degrading, or
inhuman punishmen
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
property without due process of law, nor shall any
person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Meaning of due process of law
 Any deprivation of life, liberty, or property
by the State is with due process if it is done
(a) under the authority of a law that is valid
or of the Constitution itself, and (b) after
compliance with fair reasonable methods of
procedure prescribed by law
Aspects of due process of law
1. Procedural due process
o refers to the method or manner
by which the law is enforced.
It requires, to paraphrase
Daniel Webster‟s famous
definition, a procedure “which
hears before it condemns,
which proceeds upon inquiry,
and renders judgment only
after trials.” An indispensable
requisite of this aspect of due
process is the requirement of
notice and hearing.
2. Substantive due process
o requires that the law itself, not
merely the procedures by
which the law would be
enforced, is fair, reasonable,
and just. In other words, no
person shall be deprived of his
life, liberty, or property, for
arbitrary reasons or on flimsy
grounds.
Procedural due process
1. In judicial proceedings - For the most
part, procedural due process has its
application in judicial proceedings, civil
or criminal. It requires:
a) An impartial court clothed by
law with authority to hear and
determine the matter before it;
 b) Jurisdiction lawfully acquired
over the person of the
defendant or property, which is
the subject matter of the
proceedings;
c) Opportunity to be heard given
the defendant; and
d) Judgment to be rendered after
lawful hearing
2. Substantive due process - Due process,
however, is not always a judicial
process. In certain proceedings of an
administrative character, notice and
hearing may be dispensed with, where
because of public need or for practical
reasons, the same is not feasible. Thus,
the offender may be arrested pending
the filing of charges, or an officer or
employee may be suspended pending an
investigation for violation of civil
service rules and regulations
Flag Code – Republic Act 8491
 RA 8491 refers to “An act prescribing the
code of the national Flag, Anthem, Motto,
Coat-of-Arms and any other heraldic items
and devices of the Philippines.”
 The act declares that “reverence and respect
shall at all times be accorded to the flag, the
anthem, and all other national symbols
which embody the national ideals and
traditions and which express the principles
of sovereignty and national solidarity.
Important Definitions in the Code:
1. “Military” shall mean all branches of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, including
the Philippine National Police, the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology, and the
Bureau of Fire Protection;
2. “Festoon” shall mean to hang in a curved
shape between two points as a decoration;
3. “Flag” shall mean the Philippine National
Flag, unless stated otherwise;
4. “Fly” shall mean the part of the flag outside
the hoist or length;
5. “Symbol” shall mean any conventional sign
that reveals man‟s achievement and heroism
(for orders and decorations), identification,
authority, and a sign of dignity (for coat-of-
arms, logo and insignia);
6. “Half-Mast” shall mean lowering the flag to
one-half the distance between the top and
bottom of the staff;
7. “Hoist” shall mean the part of the flag
nearest the staff or the canvass to which the
halyard is attached;
8. “Inclement Weather” shall mean that a
typhoon signal is raised in the locality;
9. “National Anthem” shall mean the
Philippine National Anthem.
10. “Official Residences” shall mean
Malacañang, and any other government-
owned structures where the President
resides, and any other structures occupied by
the Philippine Consulate or Embassies
abroad;
11. “Places of Frivolty” shall mean places of
hilarity marked by or providing boisterous
merriment or recreation; and
12. “Institute” shall mean the National
Historical Institute
Understanding Our National Flag
 The flag of the Philippines shall be blue,
white, and red with an eight-rayed
golden-yellow sun and three five-
pointed stars, as consecrated and
honored by the people. The flag shall be
displayed in all public buildings, official
residences, public plazas, and
institutions of learning every day
throughout the year
 The flag shall be permanently hoisted,
day and night throughout the year, in
front of the following: Malacanang
Palace; the Congress of the Philippines
building; Supreme Court building; the
Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila;
Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite;
Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan;
the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier,
Libingan ng mga Bayani; Mausoleo de
los Veteranos dela Revolucion; all
 International Ports of Entry and all other Act, on the day of official announcement of
places as maybe designated by the the death of any of the following officials:
Institute 1. The President or a former
President, for ten (10) days;
Where can our Philippine Flag be displayed? 2. The Vice-President, the Chief
Justice, the President of the Senate,
1. Inside or outside a building or on a
and the Speaker of the House of
stationary flagpole. If the flag is displayed
Representatives, for seven (7) days;
indoors on a flagpole, it shall be placed at
and
the left of the observer as one enters the
3. Other persons to be determined by
room;
the Institute, for any period less
2. From the top of a flagpole, this shall be at a
than seven (7) days. The flag shall
prominent place or a commanding position
be flown at half-mast on all the
in relation to the surrounding buildings;
buildings and places where the
3. From a staff projecting upward from the
decedent was holding office, on the
window sill, canopy, balcony or facade of a
day of death until the day of
building;
interment of an incumbent member
4. In a suspended position from a rope
of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet,
extending from a building to pole erected
the Senate or the House of
away from the building;
Representatives, and such other
5. Flat against the wall vertically with the sun
persons as may be determined by
and stars on top; and
the Institute.
6. Hanging in a vertical position across a street,
 The flag when flown at half-mast shall be
with the blue field pointing east, if the road
first hoisted to the peak for a moment then
is heading south or north, or pointing north
lowered to the half-mast position. The flag
if the road is heading east or west. The flag
shall again be raised briskly to the peak
shall not be raised when the weather is
before it is lowered for the day
inclement. If already raised, the flag shall
not be lowered Prohibited Acts in the Flag Code:
How is flag raising conducted? 1. To mutilate, deface, defile, trample on,
cast contempt or commit on the flag or
 All government offices and educational flag-
any act or omission that casts dishonor
raising ceremony every Monday morning
or ridicule upon the flag over its surface
and the flag-lowering ceremony every
2. To dip the flag to any person or object
Friday afternoon. The ceremony shall be
by way of compliment or salute
simple and dignified and shall include the
3. To use the flag:
playing or singing of the Philippine National
a. As a drapery, festoon,
Anthem. The office of the President upon
tablecloth;
the recommendation of the Institute shall
b. As covering for ceilings, walls,
issue rules and regulations for the proper
statues, or other objects;
conduct of the flag ceremony institutions
c. As a pennant in the hood, side,
shall henceforth observe the
back, and top of motor
When was the Philippine Flag flown at half-mast? vehicles;
d. As a staff or whip;e. For
 The flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign unveiling monuments or
of mourning on all buildings and places statues; andf. As trademarks or
where it is displayed, as provided for in this for industrial, commercial, or
agricultural labels or designs
 4. 4. Display the flag:
a. Under any painting or picture;
b. Horizontally face-up. It shall
always be hoisted aloft and be
allowed to fall freely;
c. Below any platform; or
d. In discotheques, cockpits,
night and day clubs, casinos,
gambling joints, and places of
vice or where frivolity
prevails.
5. 5. To wear the flag in whole or in part
as a costume or uniform;
a. To add any word, figure, mark,
picture, design, drawings,
advertisements, or imprint of
any nature on the flag;
b. To print, paint, or attach
representation of the flag on
handkerchiefs, napkins,
cushions, and other articles of
merchandise;
c. To display in public any
foreign flag, except in
embassies and other diplomatic
establishments, and in offices
of international organizations;
d. To use, display, or be part of
any advertisement of
infomercial; and
e. To display the flag in front of
buildings or offices occupied
by aliens
National Anthem
 The National Anthem, known as “Lupang
Hinirang,” shall always be sung in the
national language within or without the
country.
 The rendition of the National Anthem,
whether played or sung, shall be in
accordance with the musical arrangement
and composition of Julian Felipe.
 As a sign of respect, all persons shall stand
at attention and face the Philippine flag, if
there is one displayed, and if there is none,
they shall face the band or the conductor.
 When the National Anthem is played at a
public gathering, whether by a band or by
singing or both, or reproduced by any
means, the attending public shall sing the
anthem. The singing must be done with
fervor.
 The anthem shall not be played and sung for
mere recreation, amusement, or
entertainment purposes except on the
following occasions:
1. International competitions where
the Philippines is the host or has a
representative;
2. Local competitions;
3. During “signing off ” and “signing
on” of radio broadcasting and
television stations;
4. Before the initial and last
screening of films or before the
opening of theater performances;
and
5. Other occasions as may be allowed
by the Institute.
National Motto
 national Motto shall be “MAKA-DIYOS,
MAKA-TAO, MAKAKALIKASAN AT
MAKABANSA.”
National Coat of Arms
 shall have: Paleways of two (2) pieces, azure
and gules; a chief argent studded with three
(3) mullets equidistant from each other; and,
in point of honor, ovoid argent over all the
sun rayonnant with eight minor lesser rays.
Beneath shall be the scroll with the words
“REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,” inscribed
thereon
Great Seal, Official Seal, and other Heraldic Items
and Devices
 The Great Seal shall be circular in form,
with the arms as described in the preceding
section, but without the scroll and the
inscription thereon. Surrounding the whole
shall be a double marginal circle within
which shall appear the words “Republika ng
 Pilipinas.” For the purpose of placing The
Great Seal, the color of the arms shall not be
deemed essential but tincture representation
must be used. The Great Seal shall bear the
National Motto
 President shall have custody of the Great
Seal
Penalties in Violating RA 8491
 Failure or refusal to observe the provisions
of this Act; and any violation of the
corresponding rules and regulations issued
by the Office of the President shall:
1. After proper notice and hearing, be
penalized by public censure, which
shall be published at least once in a
newspaper of general circulation
2. Cancellation of the recognition of
permit of any private educational
institution, which fails or refuses to
observe the provisions of this Act
for the second time.
 Any person or judicial entity, which violates
any of the provisions of this Act shall:
1. Upon conviction, be punished by a
fine of not less than five thousand
pesos (5,000.00), not more than
twenty thousand pesos
(P20,000.00),
2. Imprisonment for not more than
one (1) year,
3. Or both such fine and
imprisonment, at the discretion of
the court: Provided, that for any
second and additional offenses,
both fine and imprisonment shall
always be imposed.
4. In case the violation is committed
by a juridical person, its President
or Chief Executive Officer thereof
shall be liable.
Electoral System
 Electoral systems refer to the detailed
constitutional arrangements and voting
systems that convert the vote into a
determination of which individuals and
political parties are elected to positions of
power.
1. Periodic election of officials by
single-ballot plurality vote
2. Executive and senators elected at
large
3. Existence of legislative districts
and local government units
4. Electorate: duly registered citizens
18 years of age and above
Pre-Colonial Philippines
1. No elections for ruling authorities
2. Government was based more on intangibles
a. Kinship
b. Customs/Traditions
c. Favors
d. Unwritten laws
Colonial Government
1. In colonizing the Philippines, Spain
effectively formalized and modernized
government rule.
2. To be able to administer the colony
effectively, the colonial government created
pockets of local authority across the country.
Americal Colonial Rule
1. American colonial rule set the foundation
for elections in the Philippines.
2. Government institutions and the electoral
system were patterned after the American
system.
3. Filipinos could run for public office in a
limited capacity
Commonwealth
1. A more accommodating electoral system
was introduced.
2. Over time, Philippine elections were
dominated by a single party.
3. The COMELEC was created to oversee the
conduct of elections.
In 1972, President Marcos declared
Martial Law. The period was marked by
the suspension of certain basic rights and
the detention of prominent political
 personalities, including Senator Benigno
S. Aquino.
MARTIAL LAW was imposed in response
to a growing communist insurgency and a
rising Muslim militancy in Mindanao
The 1973 Constitution
1. Consolidation of power under Martial Rule
2. Less electoral safeguards
a. Weakening of the powers of the
COMELEC
b. Lack of checks and balances
within the electoral system
Multiparty Political System
 In political science, a multi-party system is a
political system in which multiple political
parties across the political spectrum run for
national elections, and all have the capacity
to gain control of government offices,
separately or in coalition
 includes representatives from more than
onesocial,cultural,or economicgroup,
especially members of ethnic or religious
minority group
 Political parties do not consist of grassroot
members who espouse and adhere to an
ideological position but rather to a list of
potential clients willing to support their
patriots
 Philippines is the most democratic and
liberal society in Asia with a long history of
western institutions and cultural practices
The 1986 People Power Revolution
 In 1986, the Philippines launched the so-
called people-power movement, inspiring
some other countries in a nonviolent
revolution.
 It was during that year (1986) when
President Marcos was forced to call an
election that resulted in his eventual
overthrow.
 President Corazon Aquino was victorious
but was never confirmed electorally. Instead,
massive public support and the loss of
military leadership placed her into the
Presidency.
 A New CONSTITUTION was enacted, and
the country returned to its normal political
condition.
Election
Suffrage
 is the right to cast a vote in public elections,
and it also includes the right to be voted in
public office.
 Types of Suffrage:
1. Plebiscite refers to the process by
which a certain question is put to a
popular vote for approval or
rejection.
2. Elections refers to the expression
of choice.
3. Initiatives involve a process by
which the electorate directly
proposes or passes needed laws or
programs without going through
the hassles of the legislative
department.
4. Referendum refers to when a
question or law or part of it is
submitted to the electoral body for
its approval or rejection
5. Recall is the process of removing
an incumbent officer from his/her
position before the expiration of
his/her term of office by a vote of
the people.
The Three Instruments that Embody the Human
Rights to Vote
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR)
o Is a historic document which
outlined the rights and freedoms
 everyone is entitled to. It was the Why should we register?
first international agreement on the
basic principles of human rights. It - To have the opportunity to choose
laid the foundation for the human our leaders
rights protections that we have
What’s in it for us?
today.
2. International Covenant on Civil and - Just like in text voting, we get
Political Rights heard and counted.
o Is to take administrative, judicial,
and legislative measures in order to What are the requirements for
protect the rights enshrined in the registration?
treaty and to provide an effective
remedy. The Covenant was adopted 1. A Filipino citizen;
by the U.N. General Assembly in 2. At least eighteen (18) years old;
1966 and came into force in 1976 3. A resident of the Philippines for
3. 1987 Philippine Constitution one year and of the city or
o A representative democracy with municipality wherein he proposes
power divided among three to vote for at least six months
separate and independent branches immediately preceding the election;
of government: the Executive, a and
bicameral Legislature, and the 4. Not otherwise disqualified by law.
Judiciary
What is validation of registration?
Different Kinds of Elections
- This ia a process wherein
1. General Election – Elections are held fingerprints of the voter are captured
simultaneously on the same day for all electronically at no expense to the voter.
national and local offices.
Where should we register?
2. National Elections– Elections for national
officials, like the President, Vice President, - COMELEC Office
and members of Congress.
3. Local Elections – Elections for the offices Where should we validate our
in the provinces, cities, and municipalities. registration?
4. Special Elections – Special elections are
determined by the Congress in the date - Barangay office
different from that of the regular elections,
How do we go about transferring our
like the barangay elections and the SK
registration?
elections, and when there exists a vacancy in
an elective office - We may apply with the Election
officer of new residence for the transfer of
our registration records.
Voter’s Registration
- We will be asked to accomplish
What is registration?
application forms.
- Registration refersto the act of
The Comelec
accomplishing and filing of a sworn
application for registration by a qualified COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
voter. (COMELEC) – Pursuant to Article IX – C Section 1,
paragraph 2, the COMELEC shall have the following
composition.
1. Chairman – for a term of seven (7) years
without reappointment
2. Commissioners – of those first
appointed, three (3) members shall hold
office for seven (7) years, two (2) members
for five (5) years, and the last for three (3)
years without reappointment.
The COMELEC chairman and
commissioners shall be appointed by the President
with the consent of the Commission on Appointment.
In no case shall any member be appointed or
designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
(COMELEC) – Powers and Functions
Judicial
1. To exercise exclusive jurisdictions over all
contests relating to the elections, returns,
and qualifications of all elective regional,
provincial, and city officials and appellate
jurisdiction over all contests involving all
municipal officials decided by trial courts of
general jurisdiction;
2. To decide, except those involving the right
to vote, all questions affecting elections,
including determination of the number and
location of polling places, appointment of
election officials and inspectors, and
registration of voters;
3. To file petitions in court for inclusion or
exclusion of voters; and
4. To investigate and, where appropriate,
prosecute cases of violations of election
laws, including acts or omissions
constituting election fraud, offenses, and
malpractices.
2. To deputize, with the concurrence of the
President of the Philippines, law
enforcement agencies and instrumentalities
of the Government, including the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, for the exclusive
purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest,
peaceful, and credible elections;
3. To register political parties, organizations,
or coalitions and accredit citizens‟ arms of
the Commission.
Reportorial
 To submit to the President and the Congress
a comprehensive report on the conduct of
each election, plebiscite, initiative,
referendum, or recall.
Recommendatory
1. To recommend to Congress the enactment
of effective measures to minimize election
spending, including limitation of places
where propaganda materials shall be posted,
and to prevent and penalize all forms of
election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and
nuisance candidates; and
2. To recommend to the President the
removal of any officer or employee it has
deputized, or the impositions of any other
disciplinary action, for violation or disregard
of, or disobedience to its directive, order, or
decision
The Government
Executive (Action – Oriented)
1. Implements programs and projects
2. 2. Monitors programs and projects
3. 3. Provides basic services
4. 4. Performs ceremonial functions

Ministerial

1. To enforce and administer all laws and

regulations relative to the conduct of
elections, plebiscites, initiatives,
referendums, and recalls.
 Executive Positions c. Able to read and write;

1. National: d. A registered voter;

a. President
b. Vice President e. A resident of the Philippines for
2. Local not less than 2 years immediately
a. Governor preceding the election
b. Mayorc. Barangay Captain
1. Members of the House of
3. Legislative (Analyst)
Representatives
a. Reviews and evaluates proposals,
and position papers a. A natural-born citizen of the
b. Conducts research on proposed Philippines;
bills and position papers
c. Consults experts b.At least 25 years old on the day
d. Defends and analyzes proposed of election;
bills
4. Legislative Positions c. Able to read and write;
a. National:Senator
d. A registered voter in the district
b.Local: Congressman
in which he shall be elected, except
Board Member
party list representatives; and
Vice Governor
Vice Mayor e. A resident of the district for a
City/Municipal Councilors period of no less than one (1) year
Barangay Councilors preceding the date of the election
Qualifications of Elective Officials: 2. Party-List Nominees
1. President a. A natural-born citizen of the
Philippines;
a. A natural-born citizen of the
Philippines; b.A registered voter;
b. A registered voter; c. A resident of the Philippines for
not less than one (1) year
c. Able to read and write;
immediately preceding the election
d. At least 4o years old on the date
d. Able to read and write;
of the election; and
e. At least 25 years old on the day
e. A resident of the Philippines for
of election;
at least ten (10) years immediately
preceding the election. f. A bonafide member of the party
he seeks to represent for at least
a.
ninety (90) days preceding the
2. Vice President election day; and

a. A natural-born citizen of the g. A nominee shall come from the

Philippines; disadvantaged group of citizens,
which are organized and duly
b.At least 35 years of age on the registered to the COMELEC
date of election
Responsibilities:
1. President
a. To faithfully and conscientiously fulfill
his/her duties as president
b. To preserve and defend the Constitution
c. To execute its laws
d. To do justice to every man
2. Congress
a. To make laws and pass resolutions
b. To declare the existence of a state of war
by 2/3 votes of both Houses, voting
independently
c. To grant the President emergency powers
in times of war and national distress
d. To hear and decide cases of impeachment
against high officials
e. To exercise the power to amend or revise
the Constitution
f. The power to tax and levy impositions
g. To cancel or extend martial law
h. To investigate in aid of legislation
i. To approve the annual budget of the
government as prepared by the Executive
Our Voting Practices
1. Voting by popularity
2. Vote-buying
The Politics of Patronage
1. When the candidate of a political party
wins an election, the newly elected official
has the right to appoint certain numbers of
persons to jobs in the government.
2. This is the essence of the patronage
system, also known as the spoils system.
3. The winning candidate appoints persons
to government positions on the basis of
political support and work rather than on
merit, as measured by objective criteria.
Political Dynasties
 Dynasty is a line of hereditary rulers of a
country, e.g. Tang dynasty; it is a succession
of people from the same family who plays a
prominent role in politics, business, and so
on.
1. We have about 250 political
dynasties (families) who have
dominated Philippine politics at the
national and local level and who
have monopolized political power
as families for the past 30 years and
more. This is 0.00001667 % of the
country‟s 15 million families
(CENPEG, 2007).
2. Each of the country‟s 81 provinces
has political dynasties competing
with one another for national and
local elective positions. Dynasties
have also expanded to monopolize
many appointive positions.
3. Politics is a family affair so that
from the national to the local level,
there are long family histories of
political rule. Husbands, wives,
sons, daughters, and close relatives
occupy many public offices; during
elections, they all run for public
office.
4. This hits both previous
administration and opposition
officials who ignore the democratic
value of “equal access to
opportunities for public service” at
the national and local levels.
Advocacy Against Political Dynasties
1. Political dynasties are the No. 1 obstacles
to the development of genuine political
parties in the Philippines, which are based
on principles and consistent party platforms.
 2. The current elite parties of families are
money machines, political vehicles, and
feudal formations controlled by patriarchs
that dispense patronage, privilege, and
protection for the oligarchy
Political Families in Congress
1. Political families have dominated the
Congress for more than a century.
2. The family is the main instrument for
contesting elections and amassing wealth.
3. It is the training and recruitment grounds
for public office.
4. This kinship network also acts as the
politician‟s core organization.
5. Temporary alliances between political
parties become the basis of the formation of
political parties. Party alliances are based on
family intermarriages, business partnerships,
and convenience, rather than real platforms,
programs, or principles
The Impact of Political Dynasty Rule on
Philippine National Development
1. Political dynasties distort governance, and
they make a sham of democratic
governance.
2. Public office becomes an exclusive family
franchise, a provider of more benefits to
family interests.
3. When family members from a single clan
dominate political positions in a particular
area, we can expect the weakening of checks
and balances, and the wanton abuse of
power that is detrimental to the community
or national interest
Voters’ Behavior
The top four (4) factors that determine the vote of the
Filipino electorate(based on a study made by the
Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER)
are:
1. Candidate‟s public servant image;
2. Political machinery;
3. Candidate‟s popularity; and
4. Endorsement of traditional networks and
organizations, which include the family, the
church, the ward leaders, formal groups, and
association.
Other Contributory Factors
1. Voter‟s behavior reflects the personalistic
and patronage orientation of traditional
Filipino politicians or “trapo” who win their
seats in the government by applying the
three (3) G‟s (Guns, Goons, and Gold);
2. “Utang na Loob” – a feeling of pressure
to support the political interest of his/her
benefactor;
3. For the poor Filipinos, selling their votes
is considered an investment, so they can
depend on politicians for more donations
(food, school supplies, medicines, money,
and the like.)
What qualities should we look for?
R - Righteous Governance
I – Integrity
G – Giftedness
H – Heart
T - Track Record
What is the value of your vote? (It is Priceless.)
1. Equal chance for a vote, whether rich or
poor
 2. Guaranteed opportunity to participate 2. Be vigilant; protect the integrity
of votes by volunteering in
Your vote will mean: accredited organizations that work
for clean, honest, and peaceful
1. Better services from the executive;
elections.
2. Better policies and laws from the
After elections:
legislative;
1. Be vigilant in the counting and
3. A brighter future for us, Filipinos; and
canvassing of votes;
4. Ultimately, the hope in our political
2. Participate in local governance
system and country lies in education,
through development planning in
national consciousness, civic values,
the barangay level
transparency in governance, and social
awareness and organization at the ;3. Attend consultation meetings
grassroots. concerning issues in the barangay
level;
5. There is hope.
4. Support initiatives of the civil
Actions to be Taken by the Filipino Leaders and
society (People‟s Organizations and
Voters
Nongovernmental Organizations –
Before elections: NGO‟s); and

1. Register during the period 5. Make views known to the elected

allotted for voter registration; representatives in the government

2. Be informed of the issues and CHAPTER 3: Drug Addiction and

platforms of the political Prevention
candidates;
Drug addiction has been a perennial problem
3. Set specific guidelines in in our country. It has increased immensely
choosing government/community despite the efforts undertaken by the
leaders in terms of the candidates‟ national government.
political and social affiliations, people do not understand the harmful effects
interest, competence, it could bring to themselves, their families,
performance/tract records, and and loved ones.
lifestyle; and Drug addiction alters an individuals‟ future
as it restrains ones goals or aspirations in
4. Conduct and participate in public life.
debates that would inform the It can harm one‟s body that could eventually
voters and gain the commitment of cause family problems and contribute to the
the candidates to integrate their misbehavior in society.
respective platforms/program of
government. The Concept of Drug Addiction, Its Signs and
Symptoms
During elections:
Drug Addiction
1. Vote according to your
conscience; and  Drug Addiction is a condition characterized
by an overwhelming desire to continue
 taking a drug to which one has become
habituated through repeated consumption
because it produces a particular effect,
usually an alteration of mental status.
Addiction is usually accompanied by a
compulsion to obtain the drug, a tendency to
increase the dose, a psychological or
physical dependence, and detrimental
consequences for the individual and society
(The Free Dictionary by Farlex) .
Signs and Symptoms of Drug Use
1. Sudden change in behaviour
2. Mood swings: irritable and grumpy and
then suddenly happy and bright3
3. Withdrawal from family members
4. Careless about personal grooming
5. Loss of interest in hobbies, sports, and any
other favorite activities
6. Changed sleeping pattern: up at night and
sleeping during the day
7. Red or glassy eyes
8. Sniffly or runny nose
Methamphetamine
 Methamphetamine is a powerfully addictive
stimulant that dramatically affects the
central nervous system. The drug is made
easily in clandestine
How is methamphetamine used?
o Methamphetamine comes in many
forms and can be smoked, snorted,
orally ingested, or injected. The drug
alters moods in different ways,
depending on how it is taken
o Smoking – experiences intense rush or
“flash”, produces effects within 3-5
minutes
o Snorting or Oral Ingestion – produces
euphoria (a high but not intense rush),
produces effects within 15-20 minutes
Short-term Effects:
a) Increased attention
b) Decreased fatigue
c) Increased activity
d) Decreased appetite
e) Euphoria and rush
f) Increased respiration
g) Hyperthermia
Long-term Effects:
Long-term methamphetamine abuse
results in many damaging effects, including
addiction. Addiction is a chronic, relapsing
disease, characterized by compulsive drug-
seeking and drug use which is accompanied
by functional and molecular changes in the
brain. These effects include:
a) Dependence
b) Addiction psychosis
c) Paranoia
d) Hallucinations
e) Mood disturbances
f) Repetitive motor activity
g) Stroke
h) Weight loss
In addition to being addicted to
methamphetamine, chronic
methamphetamine abusers exhibit symptoms
that can include violent behavior, anxiety,
confusion, and insomnia.
Medical Complications of Methamphetamine
Use
 Methamphetamine can cause a variety
of cardiovascular problems. These
include rapid heart rate, irregular
heartbeat, increased blood pressure,
and irreversible, stroke-producing
damage to small blood vessels in the
brain.
 Hyperthermia (elevated body
temperature) and convulsions occur
with methamphetamine overdoses, and
if not treated immediately, can result in
death
 Chronic methamphetamine abuse can
result in inflammation of the heart
lining, and among users who inject the
drug, damaged blood vessels and skin
abscesses.
  Methamphetamine abusers also can  People take the drug for the euphoric,
have episodes of violent behavior, intoxicating effects.
paranoia, anxiety, confusion, and  Signs of ecstasy use include heightened
insomnia. sensory perception, and the tactile sense
 Heavy users show progressive social may be exaggerated.
and occupational deterioration.  A person may want to be touched or
Psychotic symptoms can sometimes want to touch things that feel good. A
persist for months or years after use person going to clubs to dance will have
has ceased their energy increased, so they can
dance all night.
Ecstasy  Ecstasy is a strong stimulant that often
comes as small white or colored pills
 also known as MDMA,is a modification of
stamped with logos or words.
methamphetamine and has some similar
effects to that drug. It is immediately a Changes in Activities:
stimulant, but its stimulating effects can
increase to dangerous levels. a. High levels of stimulation
 It causes the body to heat up, which, b. Unusual levels of energy
combined with hours of dancing in a warm c. Long hours awak
environment, can cause bodily temperature d. Acting abnormally friendly
to reach lethal levels. e. Dancing for long periods
 Dance clubs where many patrons use ecstasy
often provide a “chill room” where a person Changes in Reactions:
can buy cold water and cool off.
a. Overly sensitive to music or lights
 When the temperature gets too high, organ
b. Exaggerated pleasure from touch
breakdown can occur, especially in the
c. Dulled Pain
kidneys, and this can kill the drug user.
d. Physical changes
e. Nausea
Ecstasy Effects
f. Chills
 Changes in mental and physical g. Sweating
stimulation, such as altered perception h. Blurred vision
of sound, light, and touch; stimulation i. Dilated pupils
of physical energy with related decrease j. Muscle cramps
in appetite and increase in body k. Tight, clenched jaw
temperature; increase in emotional l. Overheating
response and sensual reactions; teeth m. Collapse
clenching, muscle cramping, nausea,
Brain Damage as a Symptom of Ecstasy Use
chills and sweating. Body may
overheat, which can lead to fatalities.
 Recent research reveals that changes in
Signs and Symptoms of Ecstasy (MDMA) Use the brain take place very quickly after a
person starts to abuse ecstasy. These
 Illicit use of ecstasy is very common at changes can result in anxiety,
these venues. Ecstasy is highly depression, and confusion.
damaging and addictive, and the person  Further symptoms of ecstasy use
who gets into heavy use of this drug include poor performance on tests
may need professional help to escape requiring memory or cognitive ability.
from the addiction.  When use of the drug becomes heavy,
signs of ecstasy use may include
 paranoia, depression, confusion, and 2. Heart:
aggression. Immediate signs of ecstasy
use generally last around five hours, but • Fast heart rate
some signs may persist for weeks.
• Constricted blood vessels
Cocaine
• Enlarged Heart
 also known as coke, is a strong stimulant
• Heart attacks
mostly used as a recreational drug. It is
commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or as a • Cardiac arrest
solution injected into a vein (Wikipedia)
3. Mental state:
Effects:
• Euphoria
 Impaired thinking, confusion,
anxiety, depression, short- • Overconfidence
temperedness, panic attacks,
suspiciousness, dilated pupils, • Unusual excitement
sleeplessness, loss of appetite,
• Aggressiveness• Paranoia
decreased sexual drive,
restlessness, irritability, • Poor judgment
talkativeness, scratching,
hallucinations, and paranoia • Delusions

Signs and Symptoms of Cocaine Use • Hallucinations

 cocaine‟s effects only last an hour 4. After long use or a binge:

or less, the user may leave
periodically, so he or she can use • Depression• Agitation
more of the drug.
• Intense cravings
1. Appearance: • Need for higher doses
• Dilated pupils
• Apathy
• Runny nose (snorting)
• Exhaustion
• Nosebleeds (snorting)
• Long periods of sleep
• Track marks (injecting)

• Burned lips or fingers (smoking)

Lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD)

 also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug

known for its psychological effects, which
may include altered awareness of one‟s
surroundings, perceptions, and feelings, as
well as sensations and images that seem real
though they are not (Wikipedia)
 Effects of LSD Abuse
 Dilated pupils, skin discoloration,
loss of coordination, false sense of
power, euphoria, distortion of time
and space, hallucinations,
confusion, paranoia, nausea,
vomiting, loss of control, anxiety,
panic, helplessness, and self-
destructive behaviour
i. Inability to perform complex tasks, like
driving or operating machinery
An LSD trip may last as long as twelve
hours. The person on an LSD trip may
experience increased body temperature,
heart rate, and blood pressure

Signs and Symptoms of LSD Abuse

 LSD is sold in pills, capsules, or

liquid form. The liquid is soaked
into specially prepared blotting
paper that is often imprinted with
cartoon characters and perforated.
Each tiny square is one dose of
LSD. The blotting paper is held in
the user‟s mouth until all the drug
has been absorbed
 Within an hour or so of consuming
this drug, a person‟s perceptions
and sense of reality begin to
change.
 LSD creates a sensory perception
that is interpreted as an expansion
of consciousness or a religious
experience that transcends the
normal boundaries of awareness
and existence.
 A person using LSD may feel
relaxed and more sociable. Going
through the experience of using
LSD is called a “trip.”

Physical Signs of LSD Use:

a. Dilated pupils
b. Salivation or dry mouth
c. Tingling fingers or toes
d. Weakness
e. Negative effects, including emotional
distress, anxiety, depression,
disorientation, or paranoia
f. Dizziness, nausea, rapid heart rate, and
convulsions
g. Sweating or chills
h. Blurred vision
Marijuana

 Cannabis, also known asmarijuanaamong

some other names, is apsychoactive
drugfrom theCannabisplantintended
formedicalorrecreationaluse. The main
psychoactive part of cannabis
istetrahydrocannabinol(THC), one of 483
known compounds in the plant, including at
least 65 othercannabinoids. Cannabis can be
used by smoking, vaporizing, within food, or
as an extract (Wikipedia)
 Signs of marijuana use can include
compulsive eating, bloodshot and squinty
red eyes (may have trouble keeping them
open), dry mouth, excessive and
uncontrollable laughter, forgetfulness, short-
term memory loss, extreme lethargy,
delayed motor skills, occasional paranoia,
hallucinations, laziness, lack of motivation,
stupidity, sickly sweet smell on body, hair,
and clothes, and strong mood changes and
behaviors when the person is “high.”
Treatment of Drug Addiction in the Philippines

 Drug users are not necessarily criminals.

They deserve attention and help to bring
back their old selves.
 Drug users in rehabilitation centers are
usually not effective and in some cases, the
hope of giving them back their past lives
while inside these centers is reversed as an
effect.

Republic Act No. 9165

- The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Acts of

2002

 Republic Act No. 6425 or the Dangerous

Drugs Act of 1972 had been the heart and
soul of enforcement in the Philippines
insofar as drug law was concerned.
 During the term of the then Philippine
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a new
law was enacted repealing Republic Act No.
6425. Signed into law on June 7, 2002 and
took effect on July 4, 2002, Republic Act
9165, or the Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002, now clearly defines
supplementary actions for the national anti-
drug campaign and at the same time imposes
heavier penalties to wrongdoers
 One of the salient features of RA 9165 is the
reorganization of the system of drug law
enforcement. The Dangerous Drug Board
remains as the governing body that plans
and formulates programs on drug control
and prevention, but it has created the
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
(PDEA) under the Office of the President,
which will serve as the implementing arm of
the Dangerous Drug Board

Role of the Youth on Drug Detection and

Prevention

1. Don‟t be afraid to say no

2. Connect with your friends and avoid
negative peer pressure
3. Make connections with your parents or other
adults
 4. Enjoy life and do what you love -don‟t add increasing number of people who are
alcohol and drugs affected by disasters all over the world
5. Follow the family rules about alcohol and
drugs There are five reasons for this:
6. Get educated about alcohol and drugs
1. Rapid Population Growth
7. Be a role model and set a positive example
2. Concentration of populations in high-
8. Plan Ahead
risk areas, like floodplains, landslide-
9. Speak out/ Speak Up/ Take Control
prone slopes, and seismic zones;
10. Get Help!
3. Capital development – destruction of
The Value of Youth Participation to Eradicate marshes by real estate developers;
Drug Problems 4. Man-made destruction, for example
deforestation, that lessens ecosystem
1. Morals and Characters are developed resilience to disaster; and
2. Youth listen to youth 5. Growing poverty, which means more
3. Sharing with others becomes a foundation lives in increasingly substandard
for a good adult life housing (i.e., not typhoon-resistant)
4. A direct reflection of what young people
want and need helps DISASTERS:

Campaign Advocacies against Drug Prevention 1. Natural Disasters

a. Earthquakes/tsunamis
1. Barkada Kontra-Droga (BKD, Peer Groups b. Landslides
Against Drugs) c. Typhoons
2. National Youth Congress on Drug Abuse d. Floods
Prevention and Control e. Drought
3. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) f. Volcanic eruption
Program 2. Human-Made Disasters
4. Kids Against Drugs Program. a. Air and water pollution (“red tide”)
5. National Drug Education Program (NDEP) b. Industrial accidents (“oil spills”)
6. Drug Abuse Prevention Program for the c. Fire
Transport Groups. d. Civil disturbance
7. Nationwide Caravan of Youth Against e. War
Drugs. f. Poverty
g. Bomb threats
CHAPTER 4: Disaster Management h. Accidents, like transport, nuclear,
or biological
Gaining full information about disaster 3. Categories of Severity
management is important in dealing with a. Accident (individual)
man-made and natural disasters. b. Emergency (limited)
Natural disasters are inevitable; however, c. Disaster (widespread)
with modern technology, we could prepare d. Catastrophe (collapse)
and minimize the damage that it will cause
to our lives and properties Key Concepts that can be Helpful
human-made disasters can be prevented if
the community is more careful and oriented 1. Risk. The probability that a disaster will
properly on what they can do in times of occur
crises 2. Hazard. The specific nature of a threat
According to the United Nations Disasters
Relief Office (UNDRO), there is an
3. Vulnerability. The inability to withstand,
protect oneself, or recover rapidly from a
potentially damaging event
4. Prevention. Measures designed to avert a
potential hazard
5. Preparedness. Measures that ensure an
effective disaster response
6. Mitigation. Measures that reduce the
harmful effects of a disaster
7. Response. Actions taken in the aftermath of
a disaster to assist victims and to rehabilitate
society
CHAPTER 5: Environmental Awareness
and Protection
Climate Change

most pressing environmental issue in the

world
extreme weather conditions are manifested
by the rising temperatures in summers and
the fading coldness in winters; frequencies
of hotter days and nights; fatal and
damaging typhoons with occasional and
phenomenal windstorms
El Niño event, whose recurrences are
alarming causing severe droughts in some
regions while La Niña event causes havoc
 because of intense and heavy downpours
resulting in floods and landslides.
Deforestation
refers to the destruction of vast areas of
forests through unsustainable forestry
practices, agricultural and rangeland
clearing, and the over-exploitation of wood
products for use as fuel, without planting for
new growth.
Philippines is one of the Asian countries that
have experienced the highest deforestation
rates. The Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) has noted that
the Philippines has now only about seven
million hectares of forest land left
Mining is also another cause of
deforestation. High demands for minerals,
oil, and some other such resources that can
be mined have also led to deforestation in
different regions of the world
With deforestation, a lot of endangered
species have lost their natural habitats. The
green cover is reduced globally, and this
causes much damage to natural ecosystems
and climate system of the world causing
extinction of wildlife and plant life, loss of
natural timber resources, soil erosion,
disruption of water cycle, loss of topsoil,
silted streams, and vulnerability to severe
weather fronts causing natural calamities,
like landslides and flash floods claiming
thousands of lives, and homeless families.
Forests provide life for humanity; to sustain
them is to endow a safe haven for
generations to come
Waste Management
This environmental issue is linked to the
problems of consumption and rapidly
growing population. The amount of waste
generated by the population of 79 million
Filipinos is proving to be a major source of
concern
Garbage segregation is one of the most
practical solutions proposed by some
environmental advocates. Identifying wastes
as biodegradable and nonbiodegradable
would lead to another practical solution of
recycling materials.
Water Scarcity
Water is the primary and most consumed
commodity in the world. As of this date,
only 2% of the water available in the planet
is pure and fit for human consumption. Too
much of water or too little of it both cause a
problem.
A great majority of population in the urban
areas experiencing water scarcity resorts to
rainfalls as an alternative water source.
However, rain is tested to have harmful
levels of sulfur and nitrogen oxide causing
what we now know as acid rain.
Acidity is measured using the pH scale
where seven (7) is neutral, values greater
than seven (7) are considered alkaline, and
values below 5.6 are considered acid
precipitation.
Ecosystem and Endangered Species
Ecological system or ecosystem refers to
functional units that result from interactions
of abiotic (air, water, rocks, and energy),
biotic (plants, animals, and microorganisms)
and cultural (anthropogenic) components.
The ecosystem is made up of many smaller
ecosystems, interlocked through cycles of
energy and chemical elements.
The flow of energy and matter through
ecosystems, therefore, is regulated by the
complex interactions of various elements
found in nature.
An endangered species, on the other hand,
refers to a population of organisms, which is
at risk of becoming extinct because it is
either few in number or threatened by
changing environmental or predation
parameters
 aims to revitalize the Philippine ecosystem.
Specifically, it focuses on the preservation
of the natural resources of the Philippines
through a three-fold objective
1. Recycle natural components to
ensure continuing natural sources;
2. Replenish what is used to use what
has been replenished; and
3. Revitalize nature and breathe new
life to the communities

Republic Act 9512

Signed into law on December 12, 2008 by

then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,
the National Environmental Awareness
and Education Act of 2008 (otherwise
known as RA 9512)

Environmental education shall encompass the

following precepts and principles:

1. Environmental laws;
2. The state of international and local
environment;
3. The local environmental best practices;
4. The threats of environmental
degradation and their impact on human
well-being;
5. The responsibility of the citizenry to
the environment; and
6. The value of conservation, protection,
and rehabilitation of natural resources
and the environment in the context of
sustainable development.

Executive Order 579

Signed on November 30, 2006 by then

President Gloria Macapagal-Aroyo,
Executive Order 579 aims to encourage the
formulation and implementation of Green
Philippines Programs, specifically citing the
significant role of the National Service
Training Program (NSTP).
Go Green Philippines is a sustainable
environmental program, which primarily
Republic Act 10121
signed on May 29, 2010 by then President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the Republic
Act 10121, which aims to strengthen the
Philippines’ Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management system, providing for the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Framework and
institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk
Reduction Management Plan, appropriating
funds therefore and for other purposes.
History of National Security Concept
CHAPTER 6: National Security Concerns
and Peace Education
National Security
national government has no more
fundamental responsibility than to safeguard
the nation‟s security.
National security is the requirement to
maintain the survival of the state through the
use of economic, power projectionand
political power, and the exercise of
diplomacy.
National Defense College of India (1996),
“National security is an appropriate and
aggressive blend of political resilience and
maturity, human resources, economic
structure and capacity, technological
competence, industrial base and availability
of natural resources and finally the military
might.”
Harold Brown, U.S. Secretary of Defense
(1977-1981), “National security then is the
ability to preserve the nation’s physical
integrity and territory; to maintain its
economic relations with the rest of the world
on reasonable terms; to preserve its nature,
institution, and governance from disruption
from outside; and to control its borders.”
Charles Maier, Harvard History
Professor (1990), “National security ... is
best described as a capacity to control those
domestic and foreign conditions that the
public opinion of a given community
believes necessary to enjoy its own self-
determination or autonomy, prosperity and
well-being.”
Diplomacy (from Latin diploma, meaning
an official document) is the art and practice
of conducting negotiations among
representatives of groups or states. It usually
refers to international diplomacy, the
conduct of international relations through
the intercession of professional diplomats
with regard to issues of peace-making, trade,
war, economics, culture, environment, and
human rights.
The origin of the modern concept of
“national security” as a philosophy of
maintaining a stable nation state can
be traced to the Peace of Westphalia,
wherein the concept of a sovereign
state, ruled by a sovereign, became the
basis of a new international order of
nation states.
It was Thomas Hobbes in his 1651
work “Leviathan” who stated that
citizens yield to a powerful sovereign
who in turn promises an end to civil and
religious war, and to bring forth a
lasting peace, and give him the right to
conduct policy, including wage war or
negotiate for peace for the good of the
“commonwealth,”
National Security Act of 1947 was
signed on July 26, 1947 by then U.S.
President Harry S. Truman. Together
with its 1949 amendment, this Act
created important improvements of
American Law on national security,
such as the precursor to the Department
of Defense, subordinated the military
branches to the new cabinet level
position of the Secretary of Defense,
and established the National Security
Council and the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA).
This law was created after the World
War II “to advise the US president on
the integration of domestic, military,
 and foreign policies relating to national
security.”

PEACE

Peace is a state without war. However, the

absence of war does NOT necessarily mean
there is peace, just as typhoons cannot be
prevented by means of legislation, war
cannot be stopped by a mere anti-war
argument or sentimental desire.