PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai) Bangalore

Trunk Road, Chennai – 600 123

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EC8394 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

182
EC8394 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LTPC 3003
OBJECTIVES:
The student should be made to:
Understand analog and digital communication techniques.
Learn data and pulse communication techniques.
Be familiarized with source and Error control coding.
Gain knowledge on multi-user radio communication.
UNIT I ANALOG COMMUNICATION 9
Introduction to Communication Systems - Modulation – Types - Need for Modulation. Theory of
Amplitude Modulation - Evolution and Description of SSB Techniques - Theory of Frequency and
Phase Modulation – Comparison of Analog Communication Systems (AM – FM – PM).
UNIT II PULSE AND DATA COMMUNICATION 9
Pulse Communication: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) – Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) –
Pulse code Modulation (PCM) - Comparison of various Pulse Communication System (PAM –
PTM – PCM). Data Communication: History of Data Communication - Standards Organizations for
Data Communication- Data Communication Circuits - Data Communication Codes - Data
communication Hardware - serial and parallel interfaces.
UNIT III DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) – Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)–Phase Shift Keying (PSK) –
BPSK – QPSK – Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) – 8 QAM – 16 QAM – Bandwidth
Efficiency– Comparison of various Digital Communication System (ASK – FSK – PSK – QAM).
UNIT IV SOURCE AND ERROR CONTROL CODING 9
Entropy, Source encoding theorem, Shannon fano coding, Huffman coding, mutual information,
channel capacity, Error Control Coding, linear block codes, cyclic codes - ARQ Techniques.
UNIT V MULTI-USER RADIO COMMUNICATION 9
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) - Code division multiple access (CDMA) –
Cellular Concept and Frequency Reuse - Channel Assignment and Handover Techniques -
Overview of Multiple Access Schemes - Satellite Communication - Bluetooth.
OUTCOMES: TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
Apply analog and digital communication techniques.
Use data and pulse communication techniques.
Analyze Source and Error control coding.
Utilize multi-user radio communication.
TEXT BOOK:
1. Wayne Tomasi, ―Advanced Electronic Communication Systems‖, 6 th Edition, Pearson
Education, 2009.
REFERENCES:
1. Simon Haykin, ―Communication Systems‖, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
2. Rappaport T.S, "Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice", 2nd Edition, Pearson
3. Education, 2007
4. H.Taub, D L Schilling and G Saha, ―Principles of Communication‖, 3rd Edition, Pearson
Education, 2007.
5. B. P.Lathi, ―Modern Analog and Digital Communication Systems‖, 3 Edition, Oxford
University Press, 2007.
6. Blake, ―Electronic Communication Systems‖, Thomson Delmar Publications, 2002.
7. Martin S.Roden, ―Analog and Digital Communication System‖, 3rd 2002. Edition, Prentice Hall
of India
8. B.Sklar, ―Digital Communication Fundamentals and Applications‖ 2nd Edition Pearson
Education 2007.

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 UNIT-I ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Introduction to Communication Systems - Modulation – Types - Need for Modulation. Theory of

Amplitude Modulation - Evolution and Description of SSB Techniques - Theory of Frequency and
Phase Modulation – Comparison of Analog Communication Systems (AM – FM – PM).

PART – A
1. Define AM draw its spectrum. (R)
Amplitude of the carrier signal varies according to amplitude variations in modulating
signal.
Spectrum: Fig shows the spectrum of AM signal. It consists of carrier (ƒ c) and two
sidebands at ƒc ± ƒm .
Ec

mEc /2 mEc /2

ƒc - ƒm ƒc ƒc + ƒm

Fig: Spectrum of AM wave

2. Why carrier frequencies are generally selected in HF range than low frequency range?(Az)
The antenna size is very large at low frequencies. Such antenna is practically not possible
to fabricate. High carrier frequencies require reasonable antenna size for transmission and
reception. High frequencies can be transmitted using tropospheric scatter propagation, which is
used to travel long distances.

3. The equation of an AM wave is,

eAM = 100[1 + 0.7cos (3000t/2π) + 0.3cos(6000t/2π) sin(106t/2π)]
Find the amplitude and frequency of various sideband terms.(A)
The given equation can also written as
eAM = [100 + 70cos(3000t/2π) + 30cos(6000t/2π)] sin(106t/2π)
Here , Em1 = 70 and ω1 = 3000/2π rad/sec
Em2 = 30 and ω2 = 6000/2π rad/sec
Ec = 100 and ωc = 106/2π rad/sec
Hence, m1 = Em1/Ec = 70/100 = 0.7
m2 = Em2/Ec = 30/100 = 0.3

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 Ec = 100

(m1Ec)/2 (m1Ec)/2=35

(m2Ec)/2 (m2Ec)/2=15

ωc-6000/2π ωc-3000/2π ωc=106/2π ωc+3000/2π ωc+6000/2π

Fig shows the frequency spectrum

4. Calculate percentage modulation in AM if carrier amplitude is 20 V and modulating signal

is of 15V. (A)
Here Em= 15V
Ec = 20V

Modulation index, m = Em / Ec
= 15/20 = 0.75

Percentage modulation = m * 100

= 75%
5. What is the difference between high level and low level modulation? (U)
In high level modulation, the modulator amplifier operates at high power levels and delivers
power directly to the antenna. In low level modulation, the modulator amplifier performs
modulation at relatively low power levels. The modulated signal is then amplified to high power
level by class B power amplifier. The amplifier feeds power to antenna.

6. Define detection. (R)

Detection is the process of extracting modulating signal from the modulated carrier.
Different types of detectors are used for different types of modulations.

7. Define amplitude modulation. (R)

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied according to variations
in amplitude of modulating signal.
The AM signal can be represented mathematically as, eAM = (Ec + Emsinωmt)sinωct
And the modulating index is given as, m = Em / Ec

8. Define the term modulation index for AM. (R)

Modulation index is the ratio of amplitude of modulating signal (E m) to amplitude of carrier
(Ec).i.e. m = Em / Ec

9. What do we understand by narrowband FM? (A)

When the modulation index is less than 1, the angle modulated systems are called low index.
The bandwidth requirement of low index systems is approximately twice of the modulating
signal frequency. Therefore low index systems are called narrowband FM.
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10. State Carson’s rule of FM bandwidth. (R)
Carson’s rule of FM bandwidth is given as,

BW = 2(δ + ƒm (max))

Here δ is the maximum frequency deviation and ƒm (max) is the maximum signal frequency.

11. Differentiate between narrow band FM and wideband FM. (U)

In narrowband FM, the frequency deviation is very small. Hence the frequency spectrum
consists of two major sidebands like AM. Other sidebands are negligible and hence they can be
neglected. Therefore the bandwidth of narrowband FM is limited only to twice of highest
modulating frequency.
If the deviation in carrier frequency is large enough so that other sidebands cannot be
neglected, then it is called wideband FM. The bandwidth of wideband FM is calculated as per
Carson’s rule.

12. What are the advantages of FM over AM? (Az)

a) The amplitude of FM is constant. It is independent of depth of modulation. Hence
transmitter power remains constant in FM whereas it varies in AM.
b) Since amplitude of FM is constant, the noise interference is minimum in FM. Any noise
superimposing amplitude can be removed with the help of amplitude limits. Whereas it is
difficult to remove amplitude variations due to noise in AM.
c) The depth of modulation has limitation in AM. But in FM the depth of modulation can be
increased to any value by increasing the deviation. This does not cause any distortion in
FM signal.
d) Since guard bands are provided in FM, there is less possibility of adjacent channel
interference.
e) Since space waves are used for FM, the radius of propagation is limited to line of sight.
Hence it is possible to operate several independent transmitters on same frequency with
minimum interference.
f) Since FM uses UHF and VHF ranges, the noise interference is minimum compared to AM
which uses MF and HF ranges.

13. Define PM. (R)

In phase modulation, the phase of the carrier varies according to amplitude variations of the
modulating signal. The PM signal can be expressed mathematically as,
ePM = Ecsin(ωct+ mpsinωmt)
Here mp is the modulation index for phase modulation. It is given as,
mp = Φm
Here Φm is the maximum value of phase change.
14.What is meant by indirect method of FM generation? (A)
In the indirect method, Fm is obtained from PM. The phase modulated signal can be
represented as,
ePM = Ecsin(ωct+ m cosωmt)
The instantaneous angular frequency ω of above signal is given as,
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 ω = dθ(t) / dt = d/dt [ωct+ m cosωmt] = ωc- m sinωmt * ωm
Or
ƒp = ƒc - mƒm sin(2πƒmt)
= ƒc + Δƒ where Δƒ = mƒm sin(2πƒmt)
Thus modulated signal frequency has deviation of Δƒ with respect to ƒ c . And
Δƒ = mƒm sin(2πƒmt)
Hence maximum deviation is,
Δƒ = mƒm
If ƒm remains constant, then frequency deviation will be directly proportional to m. Thus as
long as modulating frequency does not change, phase modulation produces FM output.

15. What is the maximum frequency deviation allowed by FCC in standard FM? (AZ)
FCC allows maximum frequency deviation of 75 kHz and carrier frequency of 100 MHZ.

16. What is modulation index? (R)

Modulation index indicates the depth of modulation. As the amplitude of modulating signal
increases, modulation index increases. For amplitude modulation, the modulation index is
given as,
m = Em / Ec = Amplitude of modulating signal / Amplitude of the carrier
And for frequency modulation,
m = δ/ƒm = Maximum frequency deviation / Modulating frequency

17. A 107.6 MHZ carrier is frequency modulated by a 7 kHZ sine wave. The resultant FM
signal has a frequency of 50 kHZ Determine the modulation index of the FM wave. (E)
Here δ = 50 kHZ and ƒm = 7 kHZ .
Modulation index = δ/ƒm = 50/7 = 7.142

18. If the rms value of the aerial current before modulation is 12.5 A and during modulation is
14 A, calculate the percentage of modulation employed, assuming no distortion. (E)
Here Itotal = 14 A and Ic = 12.5 A.
𝐼2
m = √2 ( total − 1)
𝐼2 𝑐

142
= √2 (12.52 − 1) = 0.71

19. An AM broadcast transmitter radiates 9.5 KW of power with the carrier unmodulated
and 10.925 KW when it is sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index. (E)

Ptotal = 10.925 KW, Pc = 9.5 KW

𝑃total
m = √2 ( − 1)
𝑃𝑐

10.925
m = √2 ( − 1) = 0.54
9.5
20. A broadcast radio transmitter radiates 5 KW power when the modulation percentage is

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 60%. How much is the carrier power? (E)
Ptotal = 5 KW, m = 0.6, Pc =?
𝑚2
Ptotal = Pc(1 + )
2
0.62
5 KW = Pc(1 + )
2
Pc = 4.237 KW.

21. What are two major limitations of the standard form of amplitude modulation? (AZ)
a) Most of the power is transmitted in the carrier. Hence AM is less efficient.
b) Because of amplitude variations in AM signal, the effect of noise is more.

22. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 A when only carrier is sent, but it increases
to 8.96 A when the carrier is modulated by a single tone sinusoid. Find the percentage
modulation. (E)
Here Itotal = 8.96 A and Ic = 8 A.
𝑚2
Itotal = Ic√1 + 2

𝑚2
8.96 = 8√1 + 2
m = 0.713

23. If a modulated wave with an average voltage of 20 Vp changes in amplitude 5 V,

determine the maximum and minimum envelope amplitudes and the modulation
coefficients. (E)
Emax = 20 + 5 = 25 V
Emin = 20 – 5 = 15 V
Emax - Emin
Modulation index = Emax + Emin

25 - 15
= 25 + 15 = 0.25

24. Differentiate FM and AM. (U)

Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation

1. Amplitude of the carrier is varied according to Frequency of the carrier is varied according
amplitude of modulating signal. to amplitude of modulating signal.
2. AM has poor fidelity due to narrow band. Since the bandwidth is large, fidelity is
better.
3. Most of the power is in carrier hence less efficient. All the transmitted power is useful.

4. Noise interference is more. Noise interference is minimum.

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5. Adjacent channel interference is present. Adjacent channel interference is avoided.

6. AM broadcast operates in MF and HF range. FM broadcast operates in VHF and UHF

range.
7. In AM only carrier and two sidebands are present. Infinite numbers of sidebands are present.

8. The transmission equipment is simple. The transmission equipment is complex.

9. Transmitted power varies according to modulation Transmitted power remains constant

index. irrespective of modulation index.
10. Depth of modulation has limitation. It cannot be Depth of modulation has no limitation. It
increased above 1. can be increased by increasing frequency
deviation
25. An angle modulated signal is described by xc(t) = 10 cos [2π (106) t + 0.1 sin (103)πt]
considering xc(t) as PM signal with kp = 10, find m (t). (AZ)
The phase modulated signal is expressed as,
e(t) = Ec sin [ωct+kEm cosωmt]
It can also be expressed by alternate equation as,
xc(t) = Ec cos [ωct+kEm sinωmt]
Comparing above equation with given equation,
0.1 0.1
kEm = 0.1 since kp = k = 10, Em = = 10 = 0.01
𝑘
And m(t) = Em sinωmt
= 0.01 sin 103 πt

26. What is the need for pre-emphasis in FM transmission? (AZ)

The noise has greater effect on higher modulating frequencies than on lower ones. The
effect of noise on higher frequencies can be artificially boosting them at the transmitter and
correspondingly attenuating them at the receiver. Thus is pre-emphasis.

27. Illustrate the relationship between frequency modulation and phase modulation. (AZ)
In phase modulation, instantaneous phase deviation, θ(t) is proportional to the modulating
signal voltage. In frequency modulation, instantaneous frequency deviation is given as time
derivative of θ(t). This frequency deviation θ’(t) is proportional to modulating signal voltage.
Thus,
θ(t) = kem(t) = kEm cosωmt
𝐸
and θ’(t) = k1𝜔𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑚 t
𝑚
28. A carrier is frequency modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2 kH Z resulting in a
maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHZ .
Find 1) Modulation index 2) Bandwidth of the modulating signal(E)
Given data: Modulating frequency ƒ m = 2 kHZ
Maximum frequency deviation δ = 5 kHZ
1) Modulation index = mf = δ/ƒm
5×103
= 2×103 = 2.5
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 2) Bandwidth of the modulating signal
BW = 2(δ + ƒm (max))
Here ƒm (max) is the maximum modulating frequency, which is given as 2 kH Z .
Hence,
BW = 2(5 × 103 +2 × 103 ) = 14 kHz.
29. Calculate the bandwidth of commercial FM transmission assuming Δƒ = 75 kH z and W =
15 kHz. (E)
Here δ = Δƒ = 75 kHz
And ƒm (max)) = W = 15 kHz
BW = 2(δ + ƒm (max))
= 2[75+15] kHz = 180 kHz
30. An FM transmitter has a rest frequency ƒc = 96 MHZ and a deviation sensitivity
K1 = 4 kHZ/V. (E)
Determine the frequency deviation for a modulating signal Vm (t) = 8sin (2π2000t).
Determine the modulation index.
Compare Vm (t) = 8 sin (2π2000t) with Em (t) = Em sin (2π ƒmt), then we get,
Em = 8 V and ƒm= 2000 HZ , k1= 4 kHz/V.
Total frequency deviation = δ = k1 Em = 4 kHZ/V8 V = 32 kHz.
32 kHZ
Modulation index, m = δ/ƒm = 2000 HZ = 16
31. For an FM receiver with an input frequency deviation Δƒ = 40 kHz and a transfer ratio
K = 0.01 V/kHZ, determine Vout. (E)
Output voltage is given as,
Vo = Kδ
= 0.0140 Here Δƒ = δ = 40 kHz
= 0.4 V
32. Sketch the block diagram for generating FM signal using PM modulator and PM signal
using FM modulator. (A)
Integrator Phase
em (t ) modulator
FM output

Differentiat Frequency
em (t ) or modulator
PM output

33.Define Amplitude Modulation. (R)

It is the process by which the amplitude of the carrier wave is changed in accordance with
the instantaneous value of the message signal.

34. Define Under modulation. (R)

In this case the modulation index m<1, (i.e.)Vm<Vc. The envelope of AM signal does not
reach the zero amplitude axis. Hence the message signal is fully preserved in the envelope of
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 the AM wave. This is known as under modulation.

35. Define modulation index for AM (R)

It is defined as the ratio of the maximum modulating voltage to the maximum carrier
voltage. It is also called as ‘Depth of modulation’. m = V m / Vc

36. Define frequency modulation. (R)

Frequency modulation is defined as the process by which the frequency of the carrier wave
is changed in accordance with the instantaneous value of the message signals.

37. Define modulation index for FM. (R)

Modulation index is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to the
modulating frequency.

38. Define frequency deviation. (R)

Frequency deviation is the change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when it is acted on
by a modulating signal frequency. The frequency deviation is typically given as the peak
frequency shift in Hertz (Δf).

39. What is the effect of increasing modulation index in FM? (AZ)

In FM, the total transmitted power always remains constant. But with increased depth of
modulation, the required bandwidth is increased.

40. How do you get FM using PM system? (A)

The frequency modulated wave can be obtained from PM system. This is done by
integrating the modulating signals before applying it to the phase modulators

41. Why is FM superior to AM in performance?(U&AZ)

i). In AM system the bandwidth is finite. But FM system has infinite number of sidebands
in addition to a single carrier.
ii). In FM system all the transmitted power is useful whereas in AM most of the transmitted
power is used by the carrier.
iii). Noise is very less in FM; hence there is an increase in the signal to noise ratio.

42. What is single tone and multi tone modulation? (U)

If modulation is performed for a message signal with more than one frequency component
then the modulation is called multi tone modulation.
If modulation is performed for a message signal with one frequency component then the
modulation is called single tone modulation.

43. Define demodulation. (R)

Demodulation or detection is the process by which modulating voltage is recovered from
the modulated signal. It is the reverse process of modulation.

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44. What are the degrees of modulation? (R)
Under modulation, m<1
Critical modulation, m=1
Over modulation, m>1

45. Define instantaneous phase deviation (R)

The instantaneous phase deviation is the instantaneous change in phase of the carrier at a
given instant of time and it indicates how much the phase of the carrier is changing with respect
to the reference phase.

46. Define percent modulation for angle modulation (R)

The percent modulation for angle modulation is the ratio of frequency deviation actually
produced to the maximum frequency deviation allowed in percent form.
Percent modulation = Δf (actual)/ Δf(max)

47. Define carrier swing. (R)

The peak to peak frequency deviation (2Δf) is called carrier swing.

48. How can we obtain PM demodulator from FM demodulator? (AZ)

PM demodulator is obtained from FM demodulator by placing an integrator followed by
FM modulator.

49. How can we obtain PM modulator from FM modulator? (AZ)

PM modulator is obtained from FM modulator by placing a differentiator followed by
an FM modulator

50. How can we obtain FM demodulator from PM demodulator? (AZ)

FM demodulator is obtained from PM demodulator by placing a differentiator after the PM
modulator.

51. How can we obtain FM modulator from PM modulator? (AZ)

FM modulator is obtained from PM modulator by placing an integrator followed by a PM
modulator.

52. List the sources of external and internal noise. (Nov/Dec’16) (AZ)
External noise: i. Erratic natural disturbances (Atmospheric noise)
ii. Man-made noise
Internal noise: i. Shot noise
ii. Thermal noise
53. Differentiate frequency and phase modulation. (Nov/Dec’16) (U)

Frequency modulation Phase modulation

1. Frequency of the carrier is varied Phase of the carrier is varied in accordance
in accordance with instantaneous with instantaneous amplitude of the

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 amplitude of the modulating signal. modulating signal
2. Modulation index is high
3. It is used for broadcasting the Modulation index is low
radio signal. It is used for data transmission and voice
transmission.

54. Find the modulating frequency and maximum deviation of the PM wave
represented by v(t) :::: 12 sin (6 + 108t + 5 cos 1250t) (Nov/Dec’17)(E)

PART-B
1. Derive the mathematical expression for AM and describes its frequency spectrum and its
bandwidth. [Nov/Dec-2019, 15, 8Marks] (U)
2. Derive AM voltage distribution and power distribution. (R & U)
3. Derive power distribution and current relations (R & U)
4. For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage V C = 10 a load resistance RL =
10Ω and a modulation coefficient m=1 Determine
a) Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower sidebands.
b) Total sideband power.
c) Total power of the modulated wave,
d) Draw the power spectrum. (E&A)
5. Derive the mathematical expression for FM and describes its frequency spectrum and its
bandwidth. (R & U)
6. Define and mathematically describe angle modulation. (R & U)
7. Determine the bandwidth requirements for frequency and phase modulation. (R & U)
8. Explain the frequency analysis of angle modulated wave. (R & U)
9. For an FM modulator with a modulation index m=1, a modulating signal
Vm(t)= Vm sin (2π1000t), and an unmodulated carrier Vc(t)= 10 sin (2π500kt),Determine
a) Number of sets of significant side frequencies
b).Their amplitudes.
c).Draw the frequency spectrum showing their relative amplitudes. (E&A)
10. Derive the average power of an angle modulated wave. (R & U)
11.1. Distinguish between frequency and phase modulation.
2. Explain the principle of AM modulation with mathematical analysis. (R & U)
Also draw the AM wave and explain its power distribution. (May 11)
12. Explain the bandwidth requirement for FM and define Carson’s rule (May 11) (R)
13.(1)Distinguish between FM and PM by giving its mathematical analysis.
(2)Derive the relationship between the voltage amplitudes of the sideband
Frequencies and the carrier and draw the frequency spectrum. (May 10)
14. Discuss about the sets of side bands produced when a carrier is frequency modulated by a single
frequency sinusoid.(May 10)
15. In an AM modulator, 500Khz carrier of amplitude 20V is modulated by 10 KHz modulating
signal which causes a change in the output wave of +7.5V , Determine:

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 (1). Upper and lower side band frequencies.
(2). Modulation Index.
(3). Peak amplitude of upper and lower side frequency
(4). Maximum and minimum amplitudes of envelope. . (E&A)
16. Derive expression for AM wave. Define modulation index and express its value in terms of
maximum and minimum voltage values of signal. Draw the spectrum and time-domain signal
of AM wave. (May 14, Dec 09) . (R & U)
17. Define FM and PM modulation. Write down their equations. Describe suitable mechanism that
can produce PM from FM modulator. (Dec 09) (R & U)
18. (i). Describe about internal noise.(8) (May 14) (R)
(ii). In modulation by several sine waves simultaneously, in AM the bandwidth required is twice
the highest modulating frequency. Prove this concept using appropriate expressions.(A)
19. (i) A receiver connected to an antenna resistance is 50Ω has an equivalent noise resistance of
30Ω. Calculate the receiver’s noise figure in decibels and its equivalent noise
temperature. (07) (Nov/Dec’16) (E&A)
(ii) A 1000 KHz carrier is simultaneously modulated with 300Hz, 800Hz and 2KHz audio sine
waves. Find the frequencies present in the output. (06) (Nov/Dec’16) (E&A)
20. (i) Derive the expression for the instantaneous voltage of SSB wave. (07) (Nov/Dec’16)
(ii) A 25MHz carrier is modulated by a400Hz audio sine wave. If the carrier voltage is 4v and
the maximum frequency deviation is 10KHz and phase deviation is 25 radians. Write the
equation of this modulated wave for FM & PM. If the modulating frequency is now changed to 2
KHz, all else remaining constant. Write a new equation for FM & PM. (06)(Nov/Dec’16)(E&A)
21.(i) Derive the expression for the instantaneous voltage of AM wave. (7)
(ii) For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power Pc= lOO W that is
modulated simultaneously by three modulating signals with coefficients of modulation ml =
0.2, m2 = 0.4 and m3 = 0.5, determine :
1) Total coefficient of modulation
2) Upper and lower sideband power
3) Total transmitted power. (6) (Nov/Dec’17) (E&A)
22. (i) Draw the block diagram of Armstrong indirect FM transmitter and describe its operation. (9)
(ii) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of angle modulation. (4) (Nov/Dec’17&18)
23. (i) The first stage of a two-stage amplifier has a voltage gain of 10, a 600Q input resistor, a
1600Q equivalent noise resistance and a 27kQ output resistor. For the second stage, these
values are 25,SlkQ, lO kQ and l MQ respectively. Calculate the equivalent input noise
resistance of this two stage amplifier. (5) (Nov/Dec’17) (E&A)

UNIT-II PULSE AND DATA COMMUNICATION

Pulse Communication: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) – Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) –
Pulse code Modulation (PCM) - Comparison of various Pulse Communication System (PAM –
PTM – PCM).

Data Communication: History of Data Communication - Standards Organizations for Data

Communication- Data Communication Circuits - Data Communication Codes - Data
194
communication Hardware - serial and parallel interfaces.

PART A

Pulse communication is “the process in which signal is transmitted by pulses (i.e., discontinuous
signals) with a special technique”. The pulse modulation is classified as analog pulse modulation
and digital pulse modulation.

The analog pulse modulation is again classified as,

1. Pulse amplitude modulation

2. Pulse width modulation and

3. Pulse position modulation.

The digital pulse modulation is classified as,

1. Pulse code modulation (PCM) and

2. Delta modulation (DM)

Data communications (DC) is the process of using computing and communication technologies
to transfer data from one place to another, and vice versa. It enables the movement of electronic or
digital data between two or more nodes, regardless of geographical location, technological medium
or data contents.

1. What is aliasing? What is the effect of aliasing?(U)

The phenomenon of a high-frequency in the spectrum of the original signal g(t) seemingly
taking on the identity of a lower frequency in the spectrum of the sampled signal g(t) is called
aliasing or fold over. The effect of aliasing as the output of the reconstruction filter depends on
both the amplitude and phase component of the original spectrum G (f), making an exact analysis
of the output difficult resulting in distortion.

2. Define quantizing process. (R)

The conversion of analog sample of the signal in to digital form is called quantizing process.
Graphically the quantizing process means that a straight line representing the relation between
the input and the output of a linear analog system.

3. What are the two fold effects of quantizing process?(U)

a) The peak-to-peak range of input sample values subdivided into a finite set of decision
levels or decision thresholds
b) The output is assigned a discrete value selected from a finite set of representation levels
are reconstruction values that are aligned with the treads of the staircase.

4. Define quantization error? (R)

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 Quantization is the value of which equals the difference between the output and input values
of quantizer.

5. What is Nyquist rate? (U)

The minimum sampling rate of 2W sample per second for a signal bandwidth of W hertz is
called the nyquist rate.

6. What is PAM? (U)

PAM is the pulse amplitude modulation. In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a
carrier consisting of a periodic train of rectangular pulses is varied in proportion to sample values
of a message signal.

7. What is single tone and multi tone modulation?(U)

If modulation is performed for a message signal with more than one frequency component
then the modulation is called multi tone modulation. If modulation is performed for a message
signal with one frequency component then the modulation is called single tone modulation.

8. Define demodulation. (R)

Demodulation or detection is the process by which modulating voltage is recovered from the
modulated signal. It is the reverse process of modulation.

9. What are the degrees of modulation? (U)

Under modulation m<1
Critical modulation m=1
Over modulation m>1

10. What do you mean by companding? Define compander. (R)

The signal is compressed at the transmitter and expanded at the receiver. This is called as
companding. The combination of a compressor and expander is called a compander.

11. Mention the types of companding? (R)

Types of companding:
1. μ law companding
2. A law companding

12. What is an eye pattern? (U)

Eye Pattern is used to study the effect of inter symbol interference.

13. What is the width of the eye? (U)

It defines the time interval over which the received waveform can be sampled without error
from intersymbol interference.

14. What is sensitivity of an eye? (U)

196
 The sensitivity of the system to timing error is determined by the rate of closure of the eye
as the sampling time is varied.

15. What is Inter symbol interference? (U)

The transmitted signal will undergo dispersion and gets broadened during its transmission
through the channel. So they happen to collide or overlap with the adjacent symbols in the
transmission. This overlapping is called Inter Symbol Interference.

16. How eye pattern is obtained? (AZ)

The eye pattern is obtained by applying the received wave to the vertical deflection plates of
an oscilloscope and to apply a saw tooth wave at the transmitted symbol rate to the horizontal
deflection plate.

17. Compare Quantization and Sampling operations. (U)

Quantization is a process by which an analog signal is divided into number of levels on
amplitude.
Sampling is a process by which an analog signal is divided into sequence of samples
(pulses) on regular interval of time.

18. List the errors in delta modulation. (A)

1. Quantizing noise – When the analog waveform is changing very slowly, there will be
Quantizing noise.
2. Slope overloads noise – When the analog waveform is changing very rapidly, there will
be Slope overload noise.

19. What is PCM? (U)

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is a process used to convert analog signal to digital data. In
PCM, the analog signal is first sampled then quantized then each sample is replaced with n bits
binary data.

20. What do you mean by nonlinear encoding in PCM system? (AZ)

Nonlinear encoding is a technique used to increase the performance of PCM system. In
Nonlinear encoding the Quantization levels are not equally spaced. That is greater number of
Quantization levels for signals of low amplitude, and smaller number of Quantization levels for
signals of high amplitude.

21. What is meant by PCM? (U)

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method of signal coding in which the message signal is
sampled, the amplitude of each sample is rounded off to the nearest one of a finite set of
discrete levels and encoded so that both time and amplitude are represented in discrete form.
This allows the message to be transmitted by means of a digital waveform.

22. Define quantizing process. (R)

The conversion of analog sample of the signal into digital form is called quantizing process.

197
23. Define delta modulation. (R)
Delta modulation is the one-bit version of differential pulse code modulation.

24. Define adaptive delta modulation. (R)

The performance of a delta modulator can be improved significantly by making the step
size of the modulator assume a time- varying form. In particular, during a steep segment of the
input signal the step size is increased. Conversely, when the input signal is varying slowly, the
step is reduced , In this way, the step size is adapting to the level of the signal. The resulting
method is called adaptive delta modulation (ADM).

25. Define quantization error? (R)

Quantization error is the difference between the output and input values of Quantizer.

26. What you mean by non-uniform quantization? (AZ)

Step size is not uniform. Non-uniform quantizer is characterized by a step size that
increases as the separation from the origin of the transfer characteristics is increased. Non-
uniform quantization is otherwise called as robust quantization.

27. Define Pulse Position modulation? (R) (Nov’03)

The position of a constant-width pulse within a prescribed time slot is varied according to
the amplitude of the sample of the analog signal. This is pulse position modulation (PPM).
28. Define Pulse Width modulation (PWM)? (R) (June’07)
The width of a constant-amplitude pulse is varied proportional to the amplitude of the
analog signal at the time the signal is sampled. This is PWM. PWM is also called as pulse
duration modulation (PDM) or pulse length modulation (PLM).

29. What are the types of sampling? (U)

i) Natural sampling
ii) Flat-top sampling

30. What is DTE and DCE? (U)

DTE  Data terminal equipment (Computer)
DCE  Data communication equipment (Modem)

31. Define simplex transmission? (R)

The data transfer takes place only in one direction.eg radio systems.

32. Define the term synchronous transmission. (R)

The transmitter and receiver both operate at common clock signal .The data is transmitted as
a block. There are no start and stop bits .Timing errors are minimum in synchronous mode.

33. Define half duplex (R)

198
 Data transmission takes place on both direction, but not simultaneously .eg citizen band
radio

34. Define Full duplex (R)

Data transmission takes place in both directions simultaneously. Eg telephone systems

35. Define bit rate. (R)

It is the rate at which digital data changes pr buts of the digital data are received in one
second. It is expressed in bits per second (bps)

36. Define baud rate. (R)

It is the rate of change of signal on transmission medium after encoding and modulation
have occurred. Baud rate is basically symbol rate. It is expressed as symbols per second or
baud.

37. Define serial interface. (R)

Serial interface is used in between DTE and DCE. It controls the flow of data, control
signals and timing information RS232, RS449.

38. Define Parallel interface. (R)

Parallel interface is used for printers, scanners or DTE and host or local machines.

39. What are the error conditions in RS 232? (U)

# Framing error
# Overrun error
# Parity error

40. What are the types of error control mechanism? (U)

# Forward acting error correction
# Error detection with retransmission

41. What are the types of common error? (U)

#Random error
#Burst error

42. What are the different types of Data communication codes? (U)
# ASCII code
# EBCDIC code
# Baudot code
# BCD
43. Name some data communication standards? (A)
# ISO
# CCITT
# ANSI

199
 # IEEE # EIA

44. Define Odd parity coding. (R)

If the parity bit is added such that there are odd numbers of 1’s, then it is called odd parity
coding

45. Define Even parity coding (R)

If the parity but is added such that there are even numbers of 1’s, then it is called even parity
coding.

46. Define Hamming code (R)

It is a error correction code .It is used to correct single bit errors. Hamming bits are inserted
into character code. The combination of data bits and hamming bits inn called hamming code
47. What are the types of data modem? (U)
# Asynchronous modem
# Synchronous Modem
# Low –Speed modem
# Medium –Speed Modem
# High- Speed Modem

48. What are advantages of Parallel Transmission? (U)

# Data transfer is very fast
# Complexity of parallel transmission is less.

49. What are the advantages of serial Transmission? (U)

# Low cost for implementation
# Long distance data transfer is cheaper.

50. Name the standard organization for data communications. (Nov/Dec’16) (A)
 ISO (International standard organization)
 CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony And Telegraphy)
 ANSI (American National standards Institute)
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
 EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
 SCC (Standards Council of Canada)

51. List out the standards organization for data communication. (Nov/Dec’17) (AZ)
 ISO (International standard organization)
 CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony And Telegraphy)
 ANSI (American National standards Institute)
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
 EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
 SCC (Standards Council of Canada)

200
52. Define coding efficiency of a PCM system. (Nov/Dec’17)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Analog transmission is not particularly efficient. The
conversion of analogue signals to digital signals therefore eliminates the problems caused by
attenuation. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the simplest form of waveform coding.

PART B
1. What are the types of pulse modulation? Explain them briefly. [Nov/Dec- 2003] (R & U)
2. Draw the block diagram of PCM transmitter and receiver and explain function so each.
[Nov/Dec-2014,2015,2018 ,16-Marks] (R & U)
3. Explain the noise in delta modulation. (R & U)
4. Explain with suitable diagram, generation of PPM signal.[April/May-2004,8-Maks] (R)
5. Explain the general interfacing for data transmission.[April/May-2004,8-Maks] (R)
6. Explain delta modulation system with block diagram. [Nov/Dec-2005,6 Marks] (R)
7. Derive an expression for quantization error. [April/May-2005,8-Maks] (A)
8. Explain different noises in delta modulation system. [April/May-2005,8-Maks] (R & U)
9. Explain the method of generation of PWM signal.[Nov/Dec-2004,12 Marks] (R & U)
10. What are the drawbacks of the delta modulation/and how they are overcome in adaptive delta
modulation? Explain with the help of neat block diagram.[May-2006,16 Marks] (R & U)
11. Explain PCM and differential PCM with the help of block diagrams. [Nov/Dec-2019, 16
Marks] (R & U)
12.1. Compare analog and digital modulation. (May 11) (U& AZ)
2. Explain the following: a. Inter symbol interference, b. Eye pattern c. Quantization noise in
PCM (May 11) (U& AZ)
13. (1). Explain the detail the delta modulation transmitter and Receiver.
(2).Discuss the draw backs of delta modulation and explain the significance of adaptive delta
modulator. (May 10) (U& AZ)
14. (i) Explain the working of two station data communication circuit with a block diagram (07)
(Nov/Dec’16) (U& AZ)
(ii) Discuss the various data communication codes and its significance. (06) (Nov’16)
15. (i) Describe two methods of error correction in data communication. (06) (Nov/Dec’16)
(ii)Explain the generation of PCM signal with block diagram. (07) (Nov/Dec’16) (U& AZ)
16. (i) Describe the following data communications codes: Baudot, ASCII and EBCDIC. (6)
(ii) Explain the generation of PCM signal with a block diagram. (7) (U& AZ)(Nov/Dec’17)
17 (i)Explain the working of a two station data communication circuit with a block diagram. (7)
(ii)Describe the generation and demodulation of PPM signal with necessary waveforms. (6)
(U& AZ) (Nov/Dec’17)
18. Write short notes on: (Nov/Dec’17) (U& AZ)
1) Data communications hardware
2) Serial and parallel interface. (10)

UNIT-III DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) – Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)–Phase Shift Keying (PSK) – BPSK –
QPSK – Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) – 8 QAM – 16 QAM – Bandwidth Efficiency–

201
Comparison of various Digital Communication System (ASK – FSK – PSK – QAM).

PART A
1.Compare binary PSK with QPSK. (U)

Sr.No BPSK QPSK

1. One bit forms a symbol. Two bits form a symbol.
2. Two possible symbols. Four possible symbols.
3. Minimum bandwidth is twice of ƒ 𝑏. Minimum bandwidth is equal to ƒ 𝑏.
4. Symbol duration = T 𝑏. Symbol duration = 2T 𝑏.

2. What are the advantages of M-ary signaling scheme? (U)

a) M-ary signaling schemes transmit multiple bits at a time.
b) Bandwidth requirement of M-ary signaling scheme is reduced.

3. What is meant by correlative coding? (A)

Correlative coding allows the signaling rate of 2B0 in the channel of bandwidth B0. This is
made physically possible by allowing ISI in the transmitted signal in controlled manner. This ISI is
known to the receiver. Hence effects of ISI are eliminated at the receiver. Correlative coding is
implemented by duo binary signaling and modified duo binary signaling.

4. Differentiate coherent and non-coherent methods. (U& AZ)

Coherent (synchronous) detection:
In coherent detection, the local carrier generated at the receiver is phase locked with the
carrier at the transmitter. The detection is done by correlating received noisy signal and locally
generated carrier. The coherent detection is a synchronous detection.
Non-coherent (envelope) detection:
This type of detection does not need receiver carrier to be phase locked with transmitter
carrier. The advantage of such a system is that the system becomes simple, but the drawback is
that error probability increases. The different digital modulation techniques are used for specific
application areas. The choice is made such that the transmitted power and channel bandwidth are
best exploited.

5. What are antipodal signals? (U)

In BPSK, the two symbols are transmitted with the help of following signals,
Symbol ‘1’ s1(t) = √2𝑃cos (2πƒ0t)

Symbol ‘2’ s2(t) = √2𝑃cos (2πƒ0t + π)

Here observe that above two signals differ only in a relative phase shift of 180 0. Such signals
are called antipodal signals.
6. Under what circumstances M-ary signaling schemes are preferred over binary schemes?(A)
Binary schemes transmit only one bit at a time. M-ary schemes transmit log2M bit at a time.
When available channel bandwidth is less, then M-ary schemes are used. M-ary schemes require

202
 less bandwidth compared to binary schemes. For example binary PSK requires a bandwidth of
2ƒb
2ƒb. But M-ary PSK requires a bandwidth of 𝑁 . Here N is number of bits transmitted
simultaneously. Since more symbols are transmitted in same amplitude range, the error
probability of M-ary scheme is more compared to binary schemes.

7. Compare bandwidth efficiency of M-ary PSK signals and M-ary FSK signals. (U& AZ)
For N-bit symbol, M-ary PSK requires a bandwidth of,
2ƒb
M-ary PSK, BW =
𝑁
And M-ary FSK requires a bandwidth of,
2𝑁+1
M-ary FSK, BW = ƒb
𝑁
Thus for N = 4,
2ƒb ƒb
M-ary PSK: BW = =
4 2
24+1
M-ary FSK: BW = ƒb = 8ƒb
4
Thus FSK requires more bandwidth compared to PSK.

8. What are the advantages of QPSK as compared to BPSK? (AZ)

1) For the same bit error rate, the bandwidth required by QPSK is reduced to half as
compared to BPSK.
2) Because of reduced bandwidth, the information transmission rate of QPSK is higher.
3) Variation in OQPSK amplitude is not much. Hence carrier power almost remains
constant.

9. What is a correlator? (U)

Correlator is the coherent receiver. It correlates the received noisy signal ƒ(t) with the
locally generated replica of the known signal x(t). Its output is given as,
𝑇
r(t) = ∫0 ƒ(𝑡) x(𝑡)dt
Matched filter and correlator are functionally same.

10. Compare QASK and QPSK. (U)

Sr.No Parameter QPSK QASK

Modulation Quadrature phase Quadrature amplitude and
1
phase
Location of signal All signal points placed on Signal points are replaced
2
points circumference of circle symmetrically about origin
Distance between 2 2
√0.15𝐸𝑏 for 16 symbols √0.4𝐸𝑏 for 16 symbols
3 signal points and 2√𝐸𝑏 for 4 symbols
4 Complexity Relatively simpler Relatively complex
Noise immunity Better than QASK Poor than QPSK. But better
5
than M-ary PSK
203
 Error probability Less than QASK Higher than QPSK. Lower
6
than M-ary PSK.
Type of Coherent Coherent
7
demodulation

11. Draw the phasor diagram of QPSK or Signal constellation of QPSK. (A)

- 2 (t )

 psTb
be (t )  b0 (t )  1 C B
be (t )  1
b0 (t )  1

 psTb
2
1 (t )  cos(2f 0t )
- 1 (t ) Ts
psTb

be (t )  1 D A
b0 (t )  be (t )  1
b0 (t )  1 psTb

2
2 (t )  cos(2f 0t )
Ts

12. The binary data stream 001101001 is applied to the input of a duo binary system.
Construct the duo binary encoder output and corresponding receiver output, without
precoder. (U)
Table shows the output of duo binary system and receiver output also.

Sequences K=0 K=1 K=2 K=3 K=4 K=5 K=6 K=7 K=8
Binary
sequence 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
b 𝑘
Polar
representation -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
a 𝑘
𝑐𝑘
- -2 0 +2 0 0 0 -2 0
= 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑎𝑘−1

204
 Estimated
polar output -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
𝑎
^𝑘
Estimated
binary output 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
^𝑘
𝑏

13. Define minimum shift keying. (R)

Minimum shift keying uses two orthogonal signals to transmit binary ‘0’ and ‘1’. The
differences between these two frequencies are minimum. Hence, there are no abrupt changes in
the amplitude and the modulated signal is continuous and smooth.

14. Give the difference between standard FSK and MSK. (U)

Sr.No FSK MSK

1. The two frequencies are integer The difference between the
multiple of base band frequency two frequencies is minimum
and at the same time they are and at the same time they are
orthogonal. orthogonal.
2. BW = 4𝑓𝑏 BW = 1.5𝑓𝑏
3. This is binary modulation. This quadrature modulation.

15. Show the arrangement for non-coherent detection of FSK binary signal. (U)

Band pass Envelope

filter at f H detector

b(t)

BPSK
signal Band pass Envelope Comparator

filter at f L detector

Fig shows the block diagram of BFSK receiver. The receiver consists of two band pass
filters, one with centre frequency𝑓𝐻 and other with centre frequency𝑓𝐿 . Since 𝑓𝐻 -𝑓𝐿 =2𝑓𝑏 , the
outputs of filters do not overlap. The band pass filters pass their corresponding main lobes
without much distortion.
16. What do you mean bit rate and baud rate?(A)
The rate at which data (bits) are transmitted is called bit rate. That is number of bits
transmitted per second. Unit is bps(bits per second).The rate at which signal elements (pulses)
are transmitted is called baud rate (modulation rate). This means number of signal elements
(pulses) transmitted per second. Unit is bauds.

205
17. What do you mean by ASK? (A)
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is a modulation technique which converts digital data to
analog signal. In ASK, the two binary values (0, 1) are represented by two different amplitudes
of the carrier signal.

18. What do you mean by FSK? (A)

FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) also a modulation technique which converts digital data to
analog signal. In FSK, the two binary values are represented by two different frequencies near
the carrier frequency.
19. Differentiate Binary PSK and QPSK. (U)
Binary PSK
1. Two different phases are used to represent two binary values.
2. Each signal element represents only one bit.
QPSK
1. Four different phases are used to represent two binary values.
2. Each signal element represents two bits.

20. What is bandwidth efficiency? (U)

The ratio of data rate to transmission bandwidth is referred as bandwidth efficiency. It is
denoted as RBR.
Bandwidth efficiency = R / B
Where,
R – Data rate
B – Bandwidth

21. Define minimum shift keying. (Nov/Dec’16) (R)

Minimum shift keying uses two orthogonal signals to transmit binary ‘0’ and ‘1’. The
differences between these two frequencies are minimum. Hence, there are no abrupt changes in
the amplitude and the modulated signal is continuous and smooth.

22. For a 8 PSK system operating with an information bit rate of 24 kbps. Determine
bandwidth efficiency. (Nov/Dec’16) (AZ&E)
Solution:
Given that the Transmission bit rate 𝑓𝑏 = 24𝐾𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑏 24000
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = = = 8000𝐻𝑧
𝑁 3
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒(𝑏𝑝𝑠)
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ(𝐻𝑧)
24000
=3
8000
𝐵𝜂 = 3𝑏𝑝𝑠⁄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐵. 𝑊

23. Define pulse time modulation. (Nov/Dec’16) (R)

206
 Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) is a class of signaling technique that encodes the sample
values of an analog signal onto the time axis of a digital signal. The two main types of pulse
time modulation are: 1. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
2. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

24. Draw the FSK signal for the binary message 1011001. (Nov/Dec’17) (U)

25. Define bandwidth efficiency. (Nov/Dec’17) (R)

Bandwidth efficiency refers to the information rate that can be transmitted over a
given bandwidth in a specific communication system.

PART B

1. With the neat block diagram, explain coherent binary FSK transmitter and receiver.
[10-Marks,Nov./Dec-2015 ] (R & U)
2. Draw the block diagram of binary PSK system and explain with signal space diagram.
[April/May-2004, 8-Marks] (R & U)
3. Write an expression for BFSK and explain the spectrum of BFSK. (R & U)
4. Explain QPSK modulation scheme with constellation diagram.(NOV/DEC 2018) (R & U)
5. What is ASK? Draw the Waveform.(R & U)
6. Compare BPSK and QPSK. [Nov/Dec-2015, 6-Marks] (U&AZ)
7. Explain the operation of FSK transmitter and receiver and discuss about the bandwidth
requirements of FSK signals. [May/June-2006, 16-Marks] (R & U)
8. Write short notes on the following
i) Costas loop method of carrier recovery
ii)Differential PSK modulator [May/June-2006,16Marks] (U&AZ)
9. Draw the constellation diagram for QPSK signaling scheme. And for the following binary
sequence sketch the waveform for the [Nov/Dec-2015,16-Marks][Nov/Dec-2014,16-Marks]
i) In-phase and quadrature components.
ii) QPSK signal. 1100100010 (U&AZ)
10. (i) Explain the generation and detection of binary phase shift keying.
(ii)Describe the operation of Costas loop receiver. (May 11) (U&AZ)
11.(i)Discuss in detail the operation of QPSK modulator and demodulator with its phasor diagram.
(ii)Write note on Quadrature amplitude modulation. (May 14, May 11) (R & U)
12.What is Known as BPSK? Discuss us detail the BPSK transmitter and Receiver and also obtain
the minimum double side Nyquist bandwidth (R&U)
13.(1)Illustrate the concept of 8QAM transmitter with the truth table.
(2)What is the need for carrier recovery? Explain the Costas loop method of carrier recovery.
207
 (NOV/DEC 2018,2019) (R & U)
14. Describe the generation and detection of binary FSK signal with necessary diagram and
equation. (13) (Nov/Dec’16) (R & U)
15. If a digital message input data rate is 8 Kbps and average energy per bit is 0.01 unit. Find the
bandwidth required for transmission of the message through BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, MSK and
16PSK. (08) (Nov/Dec’16) (R & U)
16.(i) A BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an input bit rate of 10 Mbps,
determine the following :
1) maximum and minimum upper and lower side frequencies
2) minimum Nyquist bandwidth and
3) Baud rate. (6) (R & U)
(ii) With a block diagram explain the working of coherent binary FSK transmitter and
receiver. (7) (Nov/Dec’16)
17. (i) Determine the baud, minimum bandwidth and bandwidth efficiency for an 8-PSK system
operating with an information bit rate of 24 kbps. (6)
(ii)Draw the block diagram of 8-QAM transmitter and explain its working. (7) (Nov/Dec’16)
(R & U)

UNIT IV SOURCE AND ERROR CONTROL CODING

Entropy, Source encoding theorem, Shannon fano coding, Huffman coding, mutual information,
channel capacity, Error Control Coding, linear block codes, cyclic codes - ARQ Techniques.

PART A
1. Define simplex transmission? (R)
The data transfer takes place only in one direction.eg radio systems.

2. Define the term synchronous transmission. (R)

The transmitter and receiver both operate at common clock signal .The data is transmitted as
a block. There are no start and stop bits .Timing errors are minimum in synchronous mode.
3. Define half duplex (R)
Data transmission takes place on both direction, but not simultaneously .eg citizen band radio

4. Define Full duplex (R)

Data transmission takes place in both directions simultaneously. Eg telephone systems
5. Define bit rate. (R)
It is the rate at which digital data changes pr buts of the digital data are received in one
second. It is expressed in bits per second (bps)

6. Define baud rate. (R)

It is the rate of change of signal on transmission medium after encoding and modulation have
occurred. Baud rate is basically symbol rate. It is expressed as symbols per second or baud.

7. Define serial interface. (R)

208
 Serial interface is used in between DTE and DCE. It controls the flow of data, control signals
and timing information RS232, RS449.

8. Define Parallel interface. (R)

Parallel interface is used for printers, scanners or DTE and host or local machines.

9. What are the error conditions in RS 232? (U)

# Framing error
# Overrun error
# Parity error

10. What are the types of error control mechanism? (U)

# Forward acting error correction
# Error detection with retransmission

11. What are the types of common error? (U)

#Random error
#Burst error

12. What are the different types of Data communication codes? (U)
# ASCII code
# EBCDIC code
# Baudot code
# BCD

13. Name some data communication standards? (A)

# ISO
# CCITT
# ANSI
# IEEE
# EIA

14. Define Odd parity coding. (R)

If the parity bit is added such that there are odd numbers of 1’s, then it is called odd parity
coding.
15. Define Even parity coding (R)
If the parity but is added such that there are even numbers of 1’s, then it is called even parity
coding.

16. Define Hamming code (R)

It is a error correction code .It is used to correct single bit errors. Hamming bits are inserted
into character code. The combination of data bits and hamming bits inn called hamming code

17. What is DTE and DCE? (U)

209
 DTE  Data terminal equipment (Computer)
DCE  Data communication equipment (Modem)

18. What are the types of data modem? (U)

# Asynchronous modem
# Synchronous Modem
# Low –Speed modem
# Medium –Speed Modem
# High- Speed Modem

19. What are advantages of Parallel Transmission? (U)

# Data transfer is very fast
# Complexity of parallel transmission is less.

20. What are the advantages of serial Transmission? (U)

# Low cost for implementation
# Long distance data transfer is cheaper.

21. When binary code is said to be cyclic code? (NOV/DEC 2016) (AZ)
A binary code is said to be a cyclic code if it exhibits the following properties:
(i) Linearity property
(ii) Cyclic property

21. Find the entropy of the source alphabet {s0,s1,s2} with respective probabilities
{1/4,1/4,1/2}. (NOV/DEC 2016) (AZ)
Solution:
We know that the source entropy is given by
𝑚
1
𝐻 (𝑋) = ∑ 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 )𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑝 (𝑥 𝑖 )
𝑖=1

1 1 1
𝐻 (𝑋) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 2
4 4 2
1 1 1
𝐻 (𝑋 ) = (2 ) + (2) + (1)
4 4 2
1 1 1
𝐻 (𝑋 ) = + +
2 2 2
𝐻 (𝑋) = 1.5 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠⁄𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
22. Calculate the entropy of four possible messages {Ql, Q2, Q3, Q4} which is
transmitted with probabilities {1/8, 3/8, 3/8, 1/8}. (NOV/DEC 2016) (AZ)
𝑚
1
𝐻 (𝑋) = ∑ 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 )𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑝 (𝑥 𝑖 )
𝑖=1

23. What is the principle advantage of sequential decoding of convolution code ? (U)
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 Sequential decoding is a limited memory technique for decoding tree codes. Sequential
decoding is mainly used is as an approximate decoding algorithm for long constraint-
length convolutional codes. This approach may not be as accurate as the Viterbi algorithm but
can save a substantial amount of computer memory.

PART B
1. Write in detail on error detection coding techniques. (R)
2. Write in detail on Error correction coding techniques. (R)
3. Write in detail on Serial and parallel communication codes (R)
4. Write in detail on Synchronous and Asynchronous data transmission techniques. (R)
5. Write in detail on types of modems. (R)
6. Write in detail on RS232 interface.(NOV/DEC 2018) (R)
7. Five source messages are probable to appear as m1 = .4 , m2 = .15 , m3 = .15 m4 = .15, m5 = .15
Find coding efficiency for (i) Shanon-Fano coding, (ii) Huffman coding. (Nov/Dec’19) (13)
8. Explain the concept of code generation and decoding of correlation code.(Nov/Dec’16) (13)
9. Five source messages are probable to appear as ml= 0.4, m2 = 0.15, m3 = 0.15, m4 = 0.15, and
m5 = 0.15. Determine the coding efficiency for
1) Shannon-Fano coding ·
2) Huffman coding (13) (E&AZ) (Nov/Dec 2019) (13)
10. i) Derive the expression for mutual information and channel capacity. (7)
ii) What are the types of error control coding ? Describe the working of viterbi decoding
algorithm. (6) (E&AZ)(Nov/Dec’17) (13)
11. Briefly discuss the generation of convolution code with an example. (7) (Nov’17)(A)

UNIT-V MULTI-USER RADIO COMMUNICATION

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) - Code division multiple access (CDMA) –
Cellular Concept and Frequency Reuse - Channel Assignment and Handover Techniques -
Overview of Multiple Access Schemes - Satellite Communication - Bluetooth.

PART-A
1. Define pseudo-noise (PN) sequence. (R)
A pseudo-noise sequence is defined as a coded sequence of 1s and Os with certain
autocorrelation properties. It is used in spread Spectrum communications. It is periodic in that a
sequence of 1s and 0s repeats itself exactly with a known period.

2. Mention the significance of spread spectrum modulation.

An important attribute of spread-spectrum modulation is that it can provide protection
against externally generated interfering (jamming) signals with finite power. The jamming signal
may consist of a fairly powerful broadband noise or multitone waveform that is directed at the
receiver for the purpose of disrupting communications. Protection against jamming waveforms is
provided by purposely making the information bearing signal occupy a bandwidth far in excess
of minimum bandwidth necessary to transmit it.

3. What is slow frequency hopping? (U)

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 If the symbol rate of MFSK is an integer multiple of hop rate (multiple symbols per hop) then
it is called slow frequency hopping

4. What is fast frequency hopping? (U)

If the hop rate is an integer multiple of symbol rate (multiple hops per symbol) then it is
called fast frequency hopping.

5. What is called jamming effect? (U)

In the frequency band of the interest, somebody else transmits the signals intentionally since
these signals the in the frequency band of transmission, they interface the required signal. Hence
it becomes difficult to detect the required signals. This is called jamming effect.

6. What is Anti jamming? (U)

With the help of spread spectrum method, the transmitted signals are spread over the mid
frequency band. Hence these signals appear as noise. Then it becomes difficult for the jammers
to send jamming signals. This is called anti jamming.

7. What is called frequency hop spread spectrum? (U)

In frequency hop spread spectrum, the frequency of the carrier hops randomly from one
frequency to another frequency

8. What are the two function of fast frequency hopping? (AZ)

1. Spread Jammer over the entire measure of the spectrum of Transmitted signal.
2. Retuning the Jamming signal over the frequency band of Transmitted signal.

9. What are the features of code Division multiple Accesses? (U)

1. It does not require external synchronization networks.
2. CDMA offers gradual degradation in performance when the no. of users is increased but
it is easy to add new user to the system.
3. If offers an external interference rejection capability

10. What is the advantage of a spread spectrum technique? (AZ)

The main advantage of spread spectrum technique is its ability to reject interference whether
it is the unintentional interference of another user simultaneously attempting to transmit through
the channel (or) the intentional interference of a hostile transmitter to jam the transmission.

11. What is called processing gain? (U) (May’07)

Processing Gain (PG) is defined as the ratio of the bandwidth of spread message signal to
the bandwidth of unspreaded data signal i.e.).
Processing Gain = BW (spreaded signal)
----------------------------
BW (Unspreaded signal)
12. Metion the classification of multiple access protocols. (AZ) (Nov’05)
1. Time division multiple access

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 2. Frequency division multiple access
3. Code division multiple access.

13. What are the advantages of spread spectrum modulation? (May’04) (A)
Spread spectrum modulation spread the message signal over wide bandwidth with the help
of special code (key).It has following advantages.
1. It provides security of the message so that unwanted users can’t read the message.
2. Unwanted interference is rejected.
3. Protection against anti jamming signals is also provided.
4. Multipath interference rejection.

14. What is time division multiple access? (U) (May’06)

In time division multiple access, the time of the channel is shared by multiple users.
Complete bandwidth of the channel is available to the user in given time slot. The TDMA is
used for transmitting data through satellite channels.

15. List out the advantages of direct sequence spread spectrum technique. (A)
1. This system has best noise and anti jam performance.
2. Unrecognized receivers find it most difficult to detect direct sequence signals.
3. It has best discrimination against multipath signals.

16. State the correlation property of maximum length sequence. (A)

Correlation property: An autocorrelation of the sequence is periodic and binary valued.

17. What is meant by spread spectrum? (U)

The spread spectrum modulation can be defined in two parts as follows.
1. The transmitted data sequence occupies a much more bandwidth than the minimum
required bandwidth and,
2. The spectrum spreading (i.e. increase of signal bandwidth) at the transmitter and
despreading at the receiver is obtained by ‘special code’ which is independent of the data
sequence (message signal).
18. What is the relationship between the bandwidth of a signal before and after it has been
encoded using spread spectrum? (A)
The bandwidth of the signal before encoding and after decoding using spread spectrum is
related by processing gain.

19. What are the two types of spread spectrum? (U)

-->Direct sequence spread spectrum
-->Frequency hop spread spectrum

20. What is jamming margin? (U)

Average interference power (J)
Jamming Margin = ---------------------------------------------
Average signal power (Ps)
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21. What is meant by PN sequence and what are the properties of PN sequence? (U)
The PN sequence is coded sequence of ones and zeros with certain auto-correlation
properties. There are three properties
-->Balance Property
-->Run Property
-->Correlation property

22. Define FDMA, TDMA and CDMA? (R)

FDMA – Overall bandwidth is shared.
TDMA – Time of Channel is shared.
CDMA – Time as well as bandwidth is shared.

23. What is AMPS? (U)

Advanced Mobile Phone System: An analog only, 1G standard that operates in the
800MHz to 900MHz frequency band. It is still widely used in the United States.

24. What is GSM? (U)

GSM, which stands for Global System for Mobile communications, reigns as the world’s
most widely used cell phone technology. Cell phones use a cell phone service carrier’s GSM
network by searching for cell phone towers in the nearby area.

25. Define Bluetooth. [Nov/Dec-2015] (R)

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using
short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz[2]) from fixed and
mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs).

26. What are the steps involved in Handoff process? (Nov/Dec’16) (U)
Four basic steps involved in Handoff process
 Initiation
 Resource reservation
 Execution
 Completion
27. Mention the three most commonly used multiple accessing schemes. (Nov/Dec’16) (U)
 TDMA
 FDMA
 CDMA
28. Differentiate GSM over CDMA. (U) (Nov/Dec’17)
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access) are two dominant technologies for mobile communication. These two technologies
differ in the way calls and data travel over the mobile phone networks take place. On
comparing both the technologies GSM has some limitation when the call quality is concerned
but still has more flexibility and an easy implementation relative to the CDMA technology.

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 The major difference between the two lies in terms of the technology they use, security factors,
their global reach and the data transfer speeds.

29. What is Bluetooth technology? And mention its application. (Nov/Dec’17) (U)
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using
short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz, from fixed and
mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs).

PART-B

1. Compare the merits and demerits of TDMA and FDMA multiple access schemes.
[May/June-2006,8 Marks] (A&AZ)
2. List the application of spread spectrum techniques.
3. Comparison of Multiple Access Techniques [Nov/Dec 2018, 15 Marks]
4. (1) Describe the principles of TDMA AND CDMA in wireless communication system.
(2) Write note on coding of speech for wireless communication (May 11)
5. Discuss in detail about cellular concept and frequency reuse.(16) (Nov 14) [Nov/Dec-2015,16-
Marks] (A&AZ)
6. Describe the concept of satellite communication. [Nov/Dec-2014,16-Marks] (A&AZ)
7. Describe in detail the architecture of GSM . [Nov/Dec-2015,2018 16-Marks] (A&AZ)
8. (i).Describe the working of global system for mobile communication. (06) (Nov/Dec 20)
(ii). Briefly explain the concept of frequency reuse and channel assignment in CDMA (07)
9. (i). Explain the principle of working of satellite communication with a block diagram
(Nov/Dec 18) (A&AZ)
(ii). Briefly explain about the Bluetooth technology. (05) (Nov/Dec 16) (A&AZ)
10. (i) Briefly describe the advanced mobile telephone system. (6) (05) (Nov/Dec 17) (A&AZ)
(ii) Discuss in detail about the architecture of GSM with necessary diagram. (7)
11(i) Describe the concept of frequency reuse, channel assignment and hand-off in a cellular
system. (7) (Nov/Dec 17) (A&AZ)
(ii) Briefly discuss about the different multiple access schemes. (6) (05) (Nov/Dec 17)
12. Draw the block diagram of CDMA encoder and decoder and briefly explain its working. (8)
(A&AZ) (Nov/Dec 17)

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