ANSWER:1 Let E be the event that a student has an engineering background and C be the event that

a student has a commerce background. Then, the probability that a student has some other
background is 1 - P(E) - P(C) = 0.1.

Given that a student has an engineering background, their scores in component 1 are distributed as
N(75, 3^2), where N denotes a normal distribution. Using the properties of the normal distribution,
we can standardize the variable X = Component 1 as follows:

Z = (X - μ) / σ,

where μ is the mean of the distribution and σ is the standard deviation. For an engineering
background student, we have X ~ N(75, 3^2), so Z = (X - 75) / 3.

Now, we can compute the probability using the standardized normal distribution:

P(Component 1 ≤ 70 | E) = P(Z ≤ (70 - 75) / 3) = P(Z ≤ -1.67) = 0.0475 (using a standard normal
distribution table or calculator)

Therefore, the probability that a student with an engineering background scores 70 or less in
component 1 is 0.0475, or approximately 4.75%.

ANSWER:2 Fraction of students with an engineering background have scored 70 or less in

component 1 is equal to Number of students in engineering background with 70 or less in
component 1/ Total number of students =29/300=0.0966

ANSWER:3 Let E be the event that a student is from an engineering background, C be the event
that a student is from a commerce background, and O be the event that a student is from some
other background. Then we have:

P(E) = 0.6, P(C) = 0.3, P(O) = 0.1

Let X be the random variable representing the component 1 scores of a student. Then, we can
express the expected value of X as:

E[X] = E[X|E] * P(E) + E[X|C] * P(C) + E[X|O] * P(O)

where E[X|E], E[X|C], and E[X|O] are the expected component 1 scores of a student given that they
come from an engineering, commerce, or other background, respectively.

Using the given information, we can compute these expected values as follows:

E[X|E] = 75 E[X|C] = 76 E[X|O] = 85

Therefore, the expected value of the class score in component 1 is:

E[X] = 75 * 0.6 + 76 * 0.3 + 85 * 0.1 = 75.7

Hence, the expected value of the class score in component 1 is approximately 75.7.

ANSWER:4 The average score by students in component 1 is Sum of the score by students in
component 1/ Total number of students =22642/300=75.47

ANSWER:5 Let E be the event that a student is from an engineering background, C be the event
that a student is from a commerce background, and O be the event that a student is from some
other background. Let A be the event that a student scored 80 or more in component 1.
Using Bayes' theorem, we have:

P(O|A) = P(A|O) * P(O) / P(A)

To calculate P(A|O), we need to find the probability that a student from some other background
scores 80 or more in component 1. Let X be the random variable representing the component 1
scores of a student from some other background. Then, using the given information, we can
compute:P(X >= 80) = P((X - 85) / 4 >= (80 - 85) / 4) = P(Z >= -1.25) ≈ 0.8944.where Z is the standard
normal random variable. This means that the probability that a student from some other
background scores 80 or more in component 1 is approximately 0.8944.

Using the law of total probability, we can calculate P(A) as follows:

P(A) = P(A|E) * P(E) + P(A|C) * P(C) + P(A|O) * P(O)

To calculate P(A|E), we need to find the probability that a student from an engineering background
scores 80 or more in component 1. Using a similar calculation as above, we get:

P(X >= 80 | E) ≈ 0.0668

Similarly, we can find P(A|C) as:

P(X >= 80 | C) ≈ 0.1573

Using these probabilities and the given information, we can compute P(A) as:

P(A) = 0.0668 * 0.6 + 0.1573 * 0.3 + 0.8944 * 0.1 ≈ 0.2569

Now we can use Bayes' theorem to calculate P(O|A) as:

P(O|A) = P(A|O) * P(O) / P(A) = 0.8944 * 0.1 / 0.2569 ≈ 0.3472

Therefore, the probability that a student who scored 80 or more in component 1 is neither from an
engineering background nor a commerce background is approximately 0.3472.

ANSWER:6 Percentage of the students who have scored over 80 in component 1 are neither from
an engineering background nor a commerce background is equal to percentage of students who
have scored over 80 in component 1 in others category which is equal to 10/29 multiplied by
100=34.48 percent.

ANSWER:7 To estimate the mean score of students taking this course, we'll follow these steps:

a) Point Estimate of the Mean Score:

1. Identify the students in the sample based on their backgrounds:

• Engineering: 60% of the sample

• Commerce: 30% of the sample

• Other backgrounds: 10% of the sample

2. For each background category, calculate the mean score based on the given distributions:

• Engineering: Mean = 75

• Commerce: Mean = 76
 • Other backgrounds: Mean = 85

3. Calculate the weighted average of the means using the proportion of students from each
background: Point Estimate of Mean Score = (0.6 * 75) + (0.3 * 76) + (0.1 * 85)

b) 95% Confidence Interval of the Mean Scores: To calculate the confidence interval, we'll use the
Central Limit Theorem since the sample size is large.

1. Determine the standard deviation of the sample mean:

• Engineering: Standard Deviation = 3 / sqrt(number of students in the sample)

• Commerce: Standard Deviation = 5 / sqrt(number of students in the sample)

• Other backgrounds: Standard Deviation = 4 / sqrt(number of students in the

sample)

2. Calculate the standard error of the mean using the weighted standard deviations and
sample proportions: Standard Error = sqrt((0.6^2 * (3^2 / 60)) + (0.3^2 * (5^2 / 60)) + (0.1^2 *
(4^2 / 60)))

3. Calculate the margin of error (ME) using the critical value for a 95% confidence level (Z =
1.96) and the standard error: Margin of Error = Z * Standard Error

4. Calculate the confidence interval: Confidence Interval = Point Estimate of Mean Score ±
Margin of Error

Now let's calculate the values:

a) Point Estimate of the Mean Score: Point Estimate of Mean Score = (0.6 * 75) + (0.3 * 76) + (0.1 * 85)
= 45 + 22.8 + 8.5 = 76.3

b) 95% Confidence Interval of the Mean Scores: Standard Error = sqrt((0.6^2 * (3^2 / 60)) + (0.3^2 *
(5^2 / 60)) + (0.1^2 * (4^2 / 60))) = sqrt(0.018 + 0.0255 + 0.00266667) = sqrt(0.04616667) = 0.2149

Margin of Error = Z * Standard Error = 1.96 * 0.2149 = 0.421

Confidence Interval = Point Estimate of Mean Score ± Margin of Error = 76.3 ± 0.421 = [75.879,
76.721]

Therefore, based on this sample, the point estimate of the mean score of students taking this
course is 76.3, and the 95% confidence interval of the mean scores is [75.879, 76.721].

ANSWER:8

To determine whether students with engineering backgrounds have an average score of 75 in

component 1, we can conduct a hypothesis test. Let's set up the null and alternative hypotheses:
Null hypothesis (H0): The average score of students with engineering backgrounds in component 1
is 75. Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The average score of students with engineering backgrounds in
component 1 is not 75.We'll use a significance level (α) of 0.05 for this test.Since we have
information about the distribution of scores for students with engineering backgrounds, we can
use a one-sample z-test to test the hypothesis. Now, let's calculate the z-score for the sample mean
based on the provided information: Sample mean (x̄) = 76.5 (based on the provided dataset)
Population mean (μ) = 75 (from the null hypothesis) Standard deviation (σ) = 3 (from the given
information).The formula for calculating the z-score is: z = (x̄ - μ) / (σ / √n)

Assuming we have a sufficiently large sample, let's proceed with the calculations. However, note
that the sample size is not mentioned in the question, so we'll proceed assuming a large enough
sample size. Let's calculate the z-score:

z = (76.5 - 75) / (3 / √n).To determine the critical z-value for a two-tailed test at a significance level of
0.05, we look up the corresponding z-values for an α/2 of 0.025. From standard normal distribution
tables, the critical z-value is approximately ±1.96.If the calculated z-score falls outside the range of
-1.96 to 1.96, we reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, we fail to reject.Using the formula for the z-
score :z = (76.5 - 75) / (3 / √300)

Calculating the z-score:

z = 1.5 / (3 / √300) = 1.5 / (3 / 17.32) = 1.5 / 0.1732 = 8.6612

The calculated z-score is 8.6612.

Since we are conducting a two-tailed test, the critical z-value for a significance level of 0.05 is
approximately ±1.96.

As the calculated z-score of 8.6612 is outside the range of -1.96 to 1.96, we can conclude that
students with engineering backgrounds have an average score in component 1 significantly
different from 75 (at a significance level of 0.05).

ANSWER:9 we can conduct a hypothesis test. The null hypothesis (H0) would be that there is no
significant difference in scores between the two groups, and the alternative hypothesis (H1) would
be that students with commerce backgrounds scored better than students with engineering
backgrounds. Let's perform a two-sample t-test to compare the means of the two samples. Here
are the details: Sample 1 (Commerce Background): Sample size (n1) = 30 Sample mean (x̄1) =
75.8333 Sample standard deviation (s1) = 5.7813

Sample 2 (Engineering Background): Sample size (n2) = 30 Sample mean (x̄2) = 74.7444 Sample
standard deviation (s2) = 3.4416

We can use the pooled standard deviation formula to estimate the common standard deviation:

Sp = sqrt(((n1 - 1) * s1^2 + (n2 - 1) * s2^2) / (n1 + n2 - 2))

Calculating Sp:

Sp = sqrt(((30 - 1) * 5.7813^2 + (30 - 1) * 3.4416^2) / (30 + 30 - 2)) = sqrt((29 * 33.4777 + 29 * 11.8553) /

58) = sqrt((970.3293 + 343.3307) / 58) = sqrt(1313.66 / 58) = sqrt(22.6703) = 4.7579

Next, we calculate the t-score using the formula:

t = (x̄1 - x̄2) / (Sp * sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2))

Calculating the t-score:

t = (75.8333 - 74.7444) / (4.7579 * sqrt(1/30 + 1/30)) = 1.0889 / (4.7579 * sqrt(1/15)) = 1.0889 / (4.7579
* 0.2582) = 1.0889 / 1.2288 = 0.8867

The calculated t-score is 0.8867.

Now, we can compare this t-score with the critical t-value at a significance level of α = 0.05 and
degrees of freedom (df) = n1 + n2 - 2 = 30 + 30 - 2 = 58. The critical t-value can be found using
statistical tables or software.

For a two-tailed test with α = 0.05 and df = 58, the critical t-value is approximately ±2.0017.Since the
calculated t-score of 0.8867 falls within the range of -2.0017 to 2.0017, we fail to reject the null
hypothesis. Therefore, based on these samples, we do not have sufficient evidence to conclude
that students with commerce backgrounds scored better than students with engineering
backgrounds at a significance level of 0.05.

ANSWER:10 To answer the given questions, we need to calculate the cutoff scores for grades A
and B and then use the given probability distributions to determine the average scores and
fractions of students with engineering backgrounds.

1. Cutoff score for grade A: According to the rulebook, no more than 20% of the students can
score the highest grade, A. To find the cutoff score, we need to determine the score below
which only 20% of the students fall. We can use the cumulative distribution function (CDF)
of the appropriate distribution. In this case, we need to use the distribution for students
with neither an engineering background nor a commerce background, which has a mean
of 85 and a standard deviation of 4. We'll find the score that corresponds to a cumulative
probability of 0.2.

2. Cutoff score for grade B: According to the rulebook, together, no more than 60% of the
students can score the highest and second highest grades, A and B. To find the cutoff score
for grade B, we need to determine the score below which 40% of the students fall (since the
remaining 20% will be allocated to grade A). Again, we'll use the CDF of the distribution for
students with neither an engineering background nor a commerce background.

Once we have the cutoff scores, we can calculate the average scores and fractions of students with
engineering backgrounds for grades A and B. Let's proceed with the calculations:

a) Average score obtained by students with A grades: To calculate the average score for students
with A grades, we need to find the average score for the distribution above the cutoff score for
grade A. We'll consider the distribution for students with neither an engineering background nor a
commerce background, as this represents the overall distribution for the class.

b) Average score obtained by students with B grades: To calculate the average score for students
with B grades, we need to find the average score for the distribution between the cutoff scores for
grades A and B. Again, we'll consider the distribution for students with neither an engineering
background nor a commerce background.

c) Fraction of students with an engineering background who scored A grades: We'll use the given
probability that a student is from an engineering background (60%) and the cutoff score for grade
A to determine the fraction of engineering background students who scored A grades.

d) Fraction of students with an engineering background among those who scored A grades: We'll
use the probability distribution for students with an engineering background (mean 75, standard
deviation 3) and the cutoff score for grade A to determine the fraction of students with an
engineering background among those who scored A grades.