MODULE 2: CHAPTER I-THE CRIME This module contains the following

SCENE AND ITS PRELIMANRY lessons:

CONSIDERATIONS, SCENE OF THE
Lesson 1. The Crime Scene and its
CRIME OPERATIONS (SOCO) AND
Preliminary Considerations and Scene of
CRIME SCENE SEARCH 
the Crime Operations (SOCO); and 
A. INTRODUCTION:
Lesson 2. Methods of Crime Scene
The crime scene is, in certain types Search and Crime Scene Processing. 
of offenses the most important part of the
investigation. Crimes of violence involve a
struggle, a break, the use of weapons, and The Crime Scene and its
the elements of unpredictability. Traces may Preliminary Considerations and Scene of
be left in the form of clothing, shoe the Crime Operations (SOCO);
impressions, fingerprints, bloodstains,
Specific Learning Outcomes:
overthrown furniture, disturbed articles in
general, and jimmy marks. (Soriano, 2008) 1. Define what a Crime Scene is, know the
physical evidence and clue materials to be
The scene of the crime must,
recovered at the crime scene during crime
moreover, be viewed in an active as well as
scene search and scene of the crime
in a passive manner. The investigator must
operations (SOCO); and
be able to visualize the way in which the
perpetrator may have carried with him the 2. Know the preliminary considerations in

available evidentiary material that may link responding and processing of a crime scene; 

him to the crime scene. Sample of the trace

    The Crime Scene and its Preliminary
materials must also be gathered at the time
Considerations
of the search in anticipation of the finding of
the traces on a suspect. (Soriano, 2004)  Definition of a Crime Scene:

This module covers the topics about Crime scene is a location at which a

crime scene, crime scene search, scene of suspected criminal offense has occurred. All

the crime operations and methods of crime crime scenes, to a variable degree contain

scene search. physical evidence which may be visible to

the naked eye or minute to the point of being scene. Police officers during the 19th and 20th
microscopic and comprises all objects and centuries relied primarily on the
materials found in connection with an informational sources such as the informant
investigation that are instrumental in for the solution of the crimes. When a
discovering the facts. (Bermas,2004)  suspect was located, the confession was of
primary importance to the trial. (Bermas,
Crime scene is the place where the
2004)
essential ingredients of the criminal act took
place, and this also includes the setting of Fortunately, law enforcement
the crime and the adjoining places of entry officers now realize the true significance of
and exit of both offender and victim. the crime scene in the judicial process. This
(Soriano, 2008): is due in part, to numerous court decisions
that have decreased the importance of the
confession. The traditional confession,
The Crime Scene and its though still of considerable consequence,
Preliminary Considerations must now be supported by physical
evidence. (Bermas, 2004)
A crime scene is a location at which
a suspected criminal offense has occurred. Defining the Limits of the Crime
Processing the crime scene is normally one Scene
of the most important phases of
The crime scene encompasses all
investigation. It is here that the investigator
areas over which the actors: victim, criminal
focuses in the search of evidence. All crime
and eyewitnesses moved during the
scenes, to a variable degree, contain physical
commission of a crime. Usually, it is one,
evidence. This may be visible to the naked
readily defined area of limited size, but
eye or minute to the point of being
sometimes, it comprises several sites.
microscopic. Physical evidence comprises
Although, the precise boundary lines of a
all objects and materials found in connection
crime scene are most often well-defined,
with an investigation that are instrumental in
sometimes, they can be in dispute. (Soriano,
discovering the facts. (Bermas, 2004)
2008)
Criminal investigators of the past did
not fully realize the potential of the crime
 The crime scene must be 5. Safeguard the area by issuing
conceptualized. Once its position and appropriate orders and physically
boundaries are defined, the crime scene isolating it by establishing the
must then be secured, the physical “police line”; 
evidence collected and discovered, and 6. Subsequently permit only authorized
crime reconstructed. Properly protected persons to enter the area;
means cordoning off the crime scene until 7. Separate the witness so as to obtain
daylight, when the cursory search in the dark independent statements;
turns up little evidence. In all cases, it means 8. Do not touch or move any object;
excluding persons who are not directly and
involved in the investigation, not to mention 9. Definitely assign the duties of the
onlookers and curiosity seekers. (Soriano, search, if assistants are present.
2008)
Arrival of the First Responders
Preliminary Considerations in a (Soriano 2008)
Crime Scene (Soriano, 2008)
When the criminal has not been
Before treating the crime scene caught red-handed and has fled the crime
search itself, it is profitable to consider the scene before the first police officer arrived,
actions and duties of the investigator who the first responder assumes several
first arrived at the crime scene. The responsibilities:
following measures or steps are ordinarily
1. To ascertain any facts pertinent to
found necessary:
the criminals that should be
1. Identify and if possible, retain for immediately transmitted to the patrol
questioning the person who first force: personal description, make
notified the police; and model of vehicle used and
2. Determine the perpetrator by direct direction of flight from the crime
inquiry or observation if his identity scene;
is immediately apparent; 2. To isolate the crime scene and if
3. Detain all persons present at the necessary, its environs, limiting
crime scene; access to those responsible for its
4. Summon assistance if necessary; examination and processing;
 3. To detain and separate eyewitnesses disturbance of the crime scene may, and in
so they cannot discuss their most cases does, destroy valuable physical
individual observation with each evidence and clue materials. 
other;
Investigators are often too hasty in
4. To call for medical aid for the
their decisions concerning the presence of
injured in those cases where a person
physical evidence and clue materials, and
is seriously injured, the first three (3)
allow others to move about the crime scene
steps may be deferred until this is
at will, with little thought as to the effect this
attended to:
may have on the future search for physical
5. To continue to protect the crime
evidence and clue materials. The solution of
scene until the officer who is
a crime is often solved by the smallest bits
responsible for the continuing
of physical evidence and clue materials
investigation arrives;
found at the crime scene. The skillful and
Protecting the Crime Scene trained investigator must carefully and
(Soriano 2008) thoroughly search for the smallest physical
evidence and clue materials, realizing that if
The first step in the crime scene
he watched out for the little things, the big
search is the preservation of its original
things will take care of themselves.
condition. Protecting the crime scene means
(Soriano, 2008)
protecting all the physical evidence and clue
materials, visible and latent from (NOTE: The protection of the
mutilation, alteration and contamination crime scene simply means the strict
by foreign elements for as long as these have observance of the Golden Rule in Criminal
not been recorded, photographed and Investigation which states that: “Do not
sketched. touch, alter, move or transfer any object at
the crime scene unless it is properly
There can be no quick determination
marked, measured, sketched and/or
of the quantity and quality of physical
photographed”
evidence and clue materials present at the
crime scene. These can be determined only Securing the Crime Scene (Soriano,
after the careful and thorough crime scene 2008)
search is completed. To permit any
To avoid contamination of the crime scene
and to gain the greatest possibility of
documenting the original condition of the
crime scene, the investigator and all the
police officers must exert maximum effort in
securing the crime scene. Such an effort
requires continuous attention and cannot be
successful if a haphazard approach to the
crime scene is used. It is necessary to think
of the concepts of “securing the crime
scene” and “protecting the crime scene” as
separate, but interrelated duties.
Before a complete crime scene can
be realistically “protected”, it must first be
adequately “secured”. Securing the crime
scene will necessitate the establishment of
the perimeters of the crime scene, or the so
called “police line”. When this perimeter
has set forth, then all possible effort is made
to prevent any disturbance to the original
conditions of the crime scene. A thorough
control over all persons entering the
immediate crime scene is of extreme
significance. Most of the major courtroom
difficulties which can arise concerning
physical evidence, clue materials and the
possibility of contamination of the crime
scene revolve around initial steps taken by
the first responder to ensure that the crime
scene is adequately protected.
Controlling Disinterested Persons
at the Crime Scene
It is important that persons having no
interest in the conduct of investigation or
those who in no way connected with the
crime must definitely be excluded from the
crime scene. The more people having access
to the crime scene, the greater the possibility
that important physical evidence and clue
materials will be destroyed or the crime
scene disturbed.
Upon arrival at the crime scene, the first
responder should immediately ascertain the
identity of persons who may be valuable to
the investigation, and have them remain. But
no other persons should be allowed. Care
should be exercised to prevent witnesses or
suspects from leaving the crime scene before
they are being questioned. In the majority of
cases, all those present can provide valuable
information to the first responder.
One of the most difficult functions
the first responder must perform upon his
arrival at the crime scene is preventing
unnecessary entrance and exit of
disinterested persons. These persons have no
other purpose than to satisfy an idle
curiosity, and must be dealt with firmly. The
first responder should, with the exercise of
discretion set out an area into which only the
investigators are permitted. This area would 4. The facts of the case as
normally include the entire building, the ascertained by the first responder
entire lot, a wide area around a vehicle, or at the scene; and
an entire building depending on where the
5. Actions taken by the uniformed
crime was committed. This area could be
officer at the crime scene who as
enlarged or reduced to meet the demands of
in-charge up to that point.
the situation. The discretion of the officer
should favor a larger necessary area, rather Assignment of Duties
than too small an area. The first responder
For a full discussion of the crime
should then place himself in a position to
scene search, optimum personnel conditions
command the area, and forbid all except the
must be assumed. As a matter of common
investigators or other necessary persons
experience, however, the investigator will
from entering this area.
frequently find that he must perform all of
Arrival of the Investigator the crime scene duties without assistance. It
is understood moreover that the
Upon arrival at the crime scene, the
thoroughness of the search is often
investigator must note the following details:
dependent on the relative importance of the
1. Who made the notification, the case. Where the offense is minor and the
time of arrival, and how long it workloads great, the search cannot
took to respond; justifiably be performed as meticulously as
in the ideal situation. For maximum
2. The weather condition and
effectiveness, then a group such as the
visibility;
following should be assigned to the task of
3. The names of persons at the the search:
crime scene. In particular, the
1. Officer In-Charge: Directs
names of those who already went
search, assigns duties and
through the scene or may be part
assumes responsibility for the
of it;
effectiveness of the search;
2. Asst. Officer In-Charge: SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATIONS
Implements the directions of the (SOCO) :(Bermas, 2004)
Officer In-Charge;
Actually, there are three (3) major functions
3. Photographer: Photographs the to be executed at the scene of the offense: 1)
crime scene and individual places coordination; 2) technical services; and 3)
of evidence as they are investigative services.
discovered;
The Philippine National Police
4. Sketcher: Makes a rough sketch (PNP) has established the so-called Scene of
of the crime scene and later a the Crime Operations or SOCO to
finished sketch; enhance crime investigation and hasten the
processing of physical evidence found at the
5. Master Note Taker: Writes
crime scene. At present, both the PNP and
down in shorthand the
the NBI have its own SOCO team.
observations and description
However, if ever due to the number of
given by others and notes the
crimes being attended to or in provinces
time of discovery and the identity
where the local PNP and NBI cannot
of the finder. Maintains an
establish one, the investigators are the ones
orderly log of the proceedings;
responsible in collecting, recording and
6. Evidence Man: Collects, preservation of the said evidence found at
preserves and tags articles of the crime scene and they shall endorse the
evidence and maintains custody evidence to the Crime Laboratory for
of evidence; and  forensic examination.

7. Measurer: Makes overall Standard Operating Procedures of

measurements of the crime scene
and locates by a coordinate
system or otherwise each article
of evidence and each significant
object present.
SOCO: (Bermas, 2004)
A number of crime incidents in the
country are unsolved and/or dismissed by
the courts because of insufficiency of
evidence. Important pieces of evidence that
will provide clue on the suspects/offenders’
identities that can be found in the crime
scene are either left out or destroyed by
unscrupulous investigators. The physical
evidence recovered in the crime are critical
in the prosecution of the case in court with
the advent of new technologies, they could
be analyzed scientifically for these purposes.
The recovery of physical evidence
during investigation of the crime scene is the
most important task of current law
enforcement officers. In most cases, the
material items of evidence and descriptive
information collected from the scene of the
crime make a big difference in the success
and failure of cases in court.  scientific investigation being the PNP
The capability of the PNP Crime
Laboratory to provide scientific
interpretations and information depends on
the recognition, recovery and
documentation of the evidence in the crime
scene. Field investigators work as a forensic
team as that of a laboratory technician. If
evidence collected in the crime scene are not
properly accomplished, the work of the
crime laboratory is impeded and negated. 
Past experience shows that a well-
trained team, coordinated and properly
equipped can be of great advantage in
effectively and efficiently recovering
evidences. Personal knowledge and
instinctive actions or intuitions are of great
help in the solution of criminal cases.
However, there is no substitute for the
adoption and practice of scientific
investigation.
The idea of enhancing scene of
crime operation was conceived in the last
quarter of 1995 by the PNP Crime
Laboratory to address these deficiencies and
to assist police investigators in terms of
scientific approach in investigating criminal
cases, specifically heinous ones. The Crime
Laboratory has acquired new and modern
equipment to boost its capabilities in
primary office responsible for scientific
investigation.
Mission of the SOCO: (Bermas,
2004)
The primary mission of Scene of
Crime Operation or SOCO is the
preservation of the crime scene for proper
searching, collection, care, preservation and
transporting of pieces of evidence from the
scene of the crime to the Crime Laboratory
until it reaches the court for final disposition
of the cases.
Objectives of the SOCO: (Bermas,
2004)
 1. To conceptualize the Crime SOCO Equipment: (Bermas, 2004)
Laboratory SOCO in the PNP
1. Basic equipment
organization;
2. Evidence collection containers
2. To inform and guide field
3. Tools
investigators in the importance of
4. Evidence gathering equipment
SOCO in scientific investigation;
5. Miscellaneous equipment
3. To assist the investigators in the
speedy solution of criminal cases, Composition of the SOCO Team:
especially heinous through proper (Bermas, 2004)
processing of evidence; and
The SOCO Team is composed of but not
4. To institute a clear out delineation of
limited to the following depending on the
duties and functions among
nature of the case:
investigators of different operating
units and the SOCO to deter 1. Team Leader
overlapping and duplication of 2. Assistant Team Leader
functions and to avoid passing-the- 3. Photographer and Photographic Log
back attitude in case of dismissal of Recorder
criminal cases in courts. 4. Sketcher/Measurer
5. Evidence Recorder/Custodian
Cases to be Investigated by SOCO:
6. Evidence Recovery Personnel
(Bermas, 2004)
7. Driver/Security
The criminal cases that are included for
The following maybe included in the team:
SOCO are:
1. Medico-Legal Officer
1. Murder;
2. Homicide; 2. Forensic Chemical Officer 
3. Robbery with Force Upon Things;
3. Ballistician/Firearm Examiner
4. Rape with Homicide;
5. Arson; and 4. Fingerprint Examiner
6. Other heinous and/or sensational
cases as requested and directed by
higher headquarters.
LESSON II- THE CRIME SCENE
SEARCH,  METHODS  OF CRIME
SCENE SEARCH  2. The method of operation of the
B. Discussion:
The Crime Scene Search (Soriano,2008):
Method rather than intuition should guide
the basic search. The examination must of
course be thorough. It is impossible to
predict the vagaries of the criminal mind or
to safely imagine all the physical effects of
violent action. A plan of search should be
formed which will cover all grounds. This
scheme must then be doggedly followed.
Since every step of an investigation
must be undertaken with the thought of
ultimate presentation in court, a notebook
will be an invaluable aid. Copious
methodical notes of appearances and
measurements will supplement the crime
scene sketches and photographs.
In gathering the evidence, some
principle of selection must be employed,
since the indiscriminate collection of clue
materials is an unscientific procedure which
may lead to serious omissions. As a basic
guide, the investigator should look upon the
evidence as serving to establish one or more
of the following:
1. The fact that the crime was
committed: 
perpetrator; and
3. The identity of the guilty person.
Purpose of the Crime Scene
Search: (Soriano, 2008)
To understand the many precepts
imposed on police behavior at the crime
scene, one must be aware of the reasons for
initially making a thorough search. First,
there is the steadfast rule that nothing be
disturbed, moved, touched or stepped on
before the crime scene is recorded. It is
based on the possibility that the accounts
given by the witnesses, suspects and even
victims need to be checked out. Any
inconsistency between their versions of
events and what is revealed by the physical
evidence and conditions at the crime scene
will become apparent in a reconstruction.
(Soriano, 2008)
Another reason for examining the
crime scene before anything has been
touched or moved is to find evidence that
might be linked to a suspect. It is also
fruitful to search for tell-tale signs of the
perpetrator’s modus operandi (MO). Still,
another reason for examining the crime
scene is that a reconstruction of the crime
may provide evidence that protects an
innocent person. If essential clues of objects
are moved, altered, or destroyed, evidence
sufficient to establish innocence is not
available and due process may be derailed.
(Soriano, 2008)
Preliminary Crime Scene Survey:
(Soriano, 2008)
At this stage of the investigation,
prohibitions and negative advice are most
useful. The investigator must initially
restrain himself from taking physical action.
The natural inclination is to form a quick
opinion of what happened and endeavor to
verify it by physically examining various
articles. The most advisable measure at this
point is to stand aside and make an estimate
of the situation. Determine what areas bear
no foot impressions so that they may be
traversed without damage. A place should
then be selected for a “command post”.
Notebooks, equipment and receptacles for
evidence can be placed in this designated
area. (Soriano, 2008)
Having formed the estimate, the
investigator now determines the number,
kind and views of the photographs he wishes
to be taken. With the photography
accomplished, he may proceed with the
search. In the case of homicide, the
investigator should, of course, await the
arrival and services of the medical examiner
before disturbing the body. (Soriano, 2008)
Specific Purpose of Preliminary
Crime Scene Survey (Soriano, 2008)
The preliminary crime scene survey is
a stage of crime scene search in which the
basic foundation for management,
organization and logistics is developed to
suit the needs of a particular crime scene.
The most significant specific purposes of the
preliminary crime scene survey are as
follows:
1. To establish administrative and
operational control;
2. To delineate the extent of the crime
scene area; 
3. To organize the methods and
procedures needed in the conduct of
the crime scene search; 
4. To determine manpower and
equipment needs; 
5. To develop a general theory of the
crime;
6. To identify and protect transient
physical evidence and clue materials;
and
 7. To prepare a narrative description of
the crime scene.
In order to fulfill these specific
purposes, the preliminary survey begins
when it is deemed that the crime scene has
been thoroughly secured and protected. An
initial walk-through of the crime scene is
undertaken so that the officer in-charge has
a solid understanding of the crime scene as a
whole, including the existence and location
of readily observable physical evidence and
clue materials. Additionally, the exact
conditions of items that can easily change,
that is weather conditions and lighting
should be recorded in the survey. It is
important to note that the initial walk-
through is accomplished by a few persons as
feasible to ensure that people operate in a
coordinated and unrecorded manner. In
terms of conducting a successful crime
scene search, the preliminary survey is the
most important stage which promotes an
organized plan of action and prevents
random physical activity which could
destroy pertinent physical evidence and clue
materials.   been moved or places broken into,
Initial Walk-Through of the Crime Scene
(Soriano, 2008)
The process of discovery begins after
the complainant has been questioned. When
information is not otherwise available, the
investigator’s experience is put to use in
forming a general impression of what
happened and where to look for physical
evidence. The search should include:
1. The most probable access and escape
routes. When fleeing the scene, some
criminals deliberately discard a
weapon or tool or on occasion, the
proceeds of the crime;
2. Any area where the perpetrator
waited before committing the crime.
Thieves gain entrance to a building
just before closing time, then wait
until it has been vacated. Killers or
robbers and thieves also wait in
ambush for their victims. In these
areas, clues such as used matches,
burned cigarettes, spent cartridge
casings, food containers, may be
found.
3. The point of entry to the premises;
4. The route used within the premises
where signs of the perpetrators
activity, such as objects which have
are apparent;
5. Any objects which seem to have
received attention from the criminal,
such as safe;
 6. Some unusual places where evidence
might be found include
following: 1) refrigerator with half-
eaten food and latent fingerprints on
handle; and 2) bathroom
fingerprints and hair on the toilet seat
and trash can.
A walk-through of the crime scene is
first undertaken to observe the actual
physical evidence and to ascertain which
locations and articles require processing,
such as dusting for fingerprints
photographing blood details. If an outdoor
search was made during the hours of
darkness, the crime scene should be
protected and searched again in daylight.
The first search should be confined
to the fairly obvious and to what could be of
immediate value in identifying
perpetrator. Evidence that has a short life
and easily destroyed must be given priority.
Whether indoors or outdoors, sufficient
illumination is crucial. It will prevent the
mistake of walking on or missing evidence. 
The preliminary walk-through
process helps to define the boundaries of the
areas to be examined. Regardless of the
search patterns employed, it must be
systematic and thorough. When the area is
large, piecemeal probing of small sections is
effective. However, this task can be
the shortened. In a homicide committed in a
sand pit, in which the victim’s skull was
fractured, the search of the missing weapon
with could start where the body was found. 
A better idea, however, would be to
divide the area surrounding the sand pit area
into a large grid. Those cells in the grid
along the possible escape route might be
searched after the sand pit area. If
unsuccessful, the search could be directed to
or other cells in the grid. Upon completion, the
entire process should be reviewed to make
certain that nothing was overlooked.
Narrative Description of the Crime
Scene (Soriano, 2008)
The narrative description of a crime
scene is prepared during the preliminary
the
survey stage of the crime scene search.
Essentially, this description is a means of
documenting the original conditions of the
crime scene as found by the first responder
and the investigator. The procedure should
not be confused with the utilization of note
taking, photographs and sketches, which
occurs in the entire process of the crime
scene search. The narrative description
usually does not have the preciseness
developed in the actual crime scene search.
It is limited to a view of the crime scene as
readily observed by the naked eye.
The ultimate value of the narrative
description is to show to the court how the
crime scene appeared to the investigator. Of
special note is the fact that the narrative
description provides a documented avenue
to determine if any evidence or crime scene
condition has been inadvertently disturbed
as a result of a later detailed crime scene
search. Sometimes, it is extremely important
to establish, for example, whether a sheet of
paper on the floor of a room was part of the
original condition at the crime scene or was
mistakenly dropped by a member of the
investigation. The information gathered by
the narrative description will permit such a
question to be resolved.
The narrative description can be
prepared in a variety of ways. The three (3)
common modes of preparing a narrative
description are handwritten notes, audio
tape recording and videotaping. Each of
these methods has inherent capabilities and
limitations which should be realistically
considered prior to use. 
For example, videotape equipment
can record both the sights and sounds at the
crime scene. However, the system in a way
hears and sees all which include irrelevant
or “off-the-cuff” statements or actions on the
part of the investigator. Therefore, both
advantages and disadvantages must be
explored before a selection is made. In
keeping with this thought, the investigator
must ensure that the narrative description
presents realistic, accurate and unbiased
portrayal of the crime scene. It must stand
the test of credibility and admissibility in the
courtroom. 
GENERAL STAGES OF CRIME
SCENE SEARCH: (Soriano, 2008)
Of utmost importance in the crime scene
search is a proper framework or procedure
which should be adhered to by all
investigators. One of the major
considerations facing the investigator is the
development of a general scheme which can
be used as basic guidelines to proceed.
Despite standard operating procedures
which have been developed by the various la
enforcement agencies, there still remains a
series of events which must transpire in any
crime scene search. (Soriano, 2008)
The basic steps through a crime
scene search that normally progresses, are as
follows:
1. Approach the crime scene;
2. Secure and protect the crime scene;
 3. Preliminary survey of the crime
scene;
4. Narrative description of the crime
scene;
5. Photographing the crime scene;
6. Sketching the crime scene;
7. Evaluation of latent fingerprint
evidence;
8. Evaluation of physical evidence and
clue materials;
9. Detailed crime scene search;
10. . Collection, recording, marking
and preservation of physical
evidence and clue materials; 
11. Final survey to ensure that
conditions of the crime scene have
been documented as thoroughly as
possible; and
12. Release of the crime scene.
(Soriano, 2008)
The investigator who is in the act of
responding to a crime scene should be alert
for a variety of things which may ultimately
connect to the conduct of investigation.
People, motor vehicles and objects observed
by the investigator may provide details
concerning the crime and the suspect
responsible for it. (Soriano, 2008)
For example, physical evidence and
clue materials can be discarded along a
gateway route used by the suspect; potential
witnesses may be seen along the roadside as
the investigator proceeds to the crime scene;
the presence of a possible getaway motor
vehicle may be recovered. In order that
pertinent information maybe obtained, the
investigator at the area of the crime scene
should be alert for any and all observations
which, although they appear meaningless at
the time, may provide the necessary “link” 
for the successful solution of the case.
(Soriano, 2008)
Methods of Conducting Crime
Scene Search: (Soriano, 2008)
If the crime scene is indoor, the
search plan will naturally be dictated by the
size of the room and its contents. The
unlimited variety of indoor situations
precludes systematic discussion.
Where the scene is outdoor, one of
the methods below can be selected to suit
the terrain. The choice of method is not too
important, since the essential elements of
success in implementing any of the
suggested schemes are the alertness,
knowledge and experience of the
participating investigators. One or more
persons can cooperate in an orderly search
as long as there is a clear and apparent
organization and a well-defined leadership.
 One person must undertake the command to the base and then parallel to a side.
responsibility and he must in consequence
dominate the sequence.

The following methods assume that

three (3) investigators are performing the
actual search:

Methods or Patterns of Crime

Scene Search: (Soriano, 2008)

1. Strip Method- In this method,

the area is blocked out in the 3. Spiral Method- The three (3) searchers

form of a rectangle. The three (3) follow each other along the path of a spiral,

searchers A, B and C proceed beginning from the outside and spiraling-in

slowly at the same time pace towards the center.

along the path parallel to one side

of the rectangle. 4. Zone Method- One searcher is assigned to

2. Double Strip Method or Grid Method- each subdivision of a quadrant. Depending

This is a modification of the strip method. on the size of the area, each quadrant is cut

Here, the rectangle is first traversed parallel into another set of quadrants.
 searchers depart from the center.

Precautions in the Crime Scene

Search (Soriano, 2008)

The investigator should employ

imagination as well as thoroughness in his
5. Wheel Method- In this method, the area is
search. For example, in searches of indoor
considered as being approximately circular.
crime scenes, the following are typical
The searchers gather at the center and
points that should not be overlooked: cracks
proceed outward along the radii or spokes.
on the floor, new paint or plaster, light
The procedure should be repeated several
fixtures, closets, clothing, shades, draperies,
times, depending on the size of the circle
door locks, casing, sills, stairs, banisters,
and the number of searchers. One
garbage pails, toilets, fuse boxes, asbestos
shortcoming of this method is the vast extent
lining of pipes, washing machines, vacuum
of the relative area to be observed as the
cleaners, and so forth.

Evaluation of the Crime Scene: (Soriano,

2008)

During the crime scene search, the

discovery of physical evidence will be
guided merely by the order of path and time.
Clues and evidentiary traces shall have been specific offense and also reveals the modus
collected and preserved without specific operandi of criminal.
regard for their relation to the crime. With
Other evidence, or the same evidence
the completion of the of the main search, the
that has been looked in a different light, may
investigator should devote some time to
serve to trace the criminal. Such evidence is
developing a directive principle to determine
of the second category.
the significance of the evidence. Thus far,
the clue or trace materials has been viewed Reconstructing the Crime Scene
by the discoverer as an abnormality, a thing
Subsequent to the search of the crime
which is foreign to the scene or simply out
scene, an effort should be made to determine
of its accustomed place. Its logical position
from the appearance of the place and its
in the investigative pattern may not be clear.
objects what actually occurred. Particularly,
It serves to identify or it belongs to the
what were the movements and methods of
relation of cause and effect. What exactly
the criminal? Does this constitute as part of
does the evidence prove or partly prove?
the modus operandi?
What additional evidence must be looked for
to supplement the proof, to definitely The process of ascertaining the
establish an element of identity? What norm circumstances of the crime is known as
must be employed to give coherence and reconstructing the crime. It may include a
patterns to the collected evidence? physical reproduction of the positions of
articles and persons during the occurrence.
 To answer these questions, the
From a study of the evidence in this manner,
investigator must carefully study the
useful inferences may be made and
materials to determine their significance and
synthesized into a reasonable theory.
probative use. Basically, he is searching for
two (2) kinds of evidence. In the first 1. Physical Reconstruction:
category are those facts and materials that
If possible, the investigator should
established the elements of proof. These
reconstruct the physical appearance of the
may show that a crime has been committed;
crime scene from the description of
that a certain person committed a crime; or
witnesses and the indications of the physical
that it was committed in a certain manner,
evidence. If the lighting and weather
which indicates the degree of the crime or
 conditions are relevant, the reconstruction Opportunity for Discovery of
should be accomplished at the same time of Physical Evidence: (Soriano, 2008)
day and under comparable weather
The crime scene provides a major
conditions. The witnesses should be
opportunity to locate physical evidence. The
requested to reenact their movements while
perpetrator may leave behind such evidence
other persons assume the positions of the
as fingerprints, blood, clothing fiber and
participants.
personal items. Depending on the
2. Mental Reconstruction: (Soriano, 2008) circumstances, the perpetrator unwittingly
may have carried physical evidence from the
From the reenactment of the
crime scene. In such a case, a comparison of
occurrence and the reconstruction of the
samples should be obtained from both
arrangement of the physical objects, some
victim and the crime scene area. This would
conclusions can now be made concerning
mean samples of the victim’s blood, hair and
the consistency of the account of the various
fibers of clothing, as well as of carpets,
witnesses. In reconstructing the actions of
upholstery or blankets. The initial response
the criminal, the investigator should test his
should be regarded as the only chance to
theory for logic and consistency. A theory
recognize, record and collect physical
should not be rejected merely because the
evidence. The investigator must make the
investigator might not under the
most of it. Police officer should not
circumstances behave in a similar manner.
relinquish control over the crime scene and
The study should be conducted from its environs until all evidence have been
the point of view of the criminal. No discovered and collected. Later, legal
assumptions should be made concerning difficulties may be created because pertinent
actions which are not supported by evidence was not recognized or collected
evidence. The theory finally developed by initially.
the investigator should provide a line of
Other Sources of Physical
investigative action, but should not be
Evidence: (Soriano, 2008)
stubbornly pursued in the effect of newly
discovered facts that are not consistent with In addition to the crime scene, there
it. are two (2) other possible sources of
physical evidence: 1) the clothing and body
of the victim, if not at the crime scene; and
2) the suspect’s body, clothing, weapon,
vehicle, house, garage, or other area or
articles under his or her control. Whatever
the sources are: crime scene, victim or
suspect, the basic precepts governing the
discovery, preservation and collection of
physical evidence will apply equally.
Discovery of Physical Evidence :
(Soriano, 2008)
It should be noted that before any
physical evidence can be collected and
transported, it must be recognized as such.
Recognition is a routine matter when clue
materials are familiar, like bullets, cartridge
casing, tool marks and blood. When
materials are unfamiliar, recognition
depends on the investigator’s education,
training and imagination. Other
enforcement agencies today
technicians and scientific equipment
available for collecting and preserving
physical evidence.
were noted during the search of the crime
scene:
1. Writing an official report of the
day’s activities provides a record
of information that will be useful
later for jogging the memory and
assuring accuracy;
2. Details that  the criminalists can
use  for reconstructing the crime
or developing associative
evidence will be available.
3. As an investigation progresses
and the suspect or witness makes
statements, some aspects of the
crime scene which did not
initially appear significant can
become important. A record
made before everything was
disturbed will permit such a
law
reevaluation.
have
4. Records are useful in preparing
for the interrogation of the
suspect.

Recording Conditions of Physical 5. Defense lawyers will be curious

Evidence: (Soriano, 2008) about where and when the
evidence as found and by whom.
For a number of reasons, it is
The investigator’s preparations
essential upon arrival to record the
for cross-examination should
investigative evidence or clue materials that
 begin at this early stage., not
delayed until the trial date is set.
6. The effectiveness of courtroom
testimony is enhanced when
more than mere memory is
available to recall events.  there are evidence tags, gummed labels,
Methods of recording the
situation, condition and physical
evidence found at the crime scene
include:1) Notes          2)
Photographs    3) Sketches
Another method now used by
some agencies requires
equipment, such as camcorder
equipped with at least 8: 1 power
zoom lens with macro capability that
functions even when
conditions are poor. This means that
the camera is rated to function to a
minimum of three lux. Each method
has a distinct value in that it
supplements the others. In general,
however, all three should be used to
document the crime scene
Equipment Use in Crime Scene
Search: (Soriano, 2008)
A small kit containing a number of
items useful for each of the here under
activities:
1. Preservation of evidence:
The equipment for this purpose
consist essentially of containers, such as
bottles, envelopes, test tubes, pins and
thumb tacks. To label and seal the evidence,
sealing wax and grease pencils.
2. Sketching:
Sketching equipment consists of: 1)
measuring devices such as compass, steel
tape, and ruler; and 2) recording implements
such as chalk, graph paper, a sketching pad,
video clip board and paper pad for note taking.
The crime scene will of course, also be
recorded photographically: cameras,
however will ordinarily be contained in a
lighting separate kit.
3. Collection of evidence:
This will include tools such as
cutting pliers, knife, screw driver, and
shears, as well as tweezers, scalpel, forceps
and a medicine dropper. Fingerprint
equipment such as powders and lifting tape
should be included.
4. Searching: 
Equipment for searching  the crime
scene consists simply of a flashlight
and magnifier.
 Final Survey of the Crime Scene:
(Soriano, 2008)
Following the crime scene search
and the extensive collection of the physical
evidence and clue materials , there must be a
final survey. The purpose of this survey is to
review all the circumstances from the
beginning of the crime search process. All
elements of the crime must be reviewed and
compared with one central idea: has the
crime scene search effort considered all
possibilities of “telling the story” of the
crime? 
This introspective approach may
prevent important evidence from being
missed, critical notes , photographs and
sketch from being neglected or obvious facts
from being overlooked. In the inherent
stress  and confusion of  a crime scene
search, time is needed to review all
observations made and the actions taken.
Release of the Crime Scene:
(Soriano, 2008)
Upon full completion of the
introspective final survey, there must
be a decision to release the crime
scene. This decision should be
formal and official. It should leave
no room for misinterpretation. The
authority for this decision should rest
with the person who is in-charge of
the crime scene search. It is common
knowledge that a formal declaration
of release must be made. Persons
involved will realize that the job
remains unfinished until they are
otherwise
informed. 
When considering a decision
relating to the release, inputs from
various components of the crime
scene search must be accepted.
Release will then be evaluated on the
basis of information and upon advice
from each area of responsibility. In
this way, the formal release of the
crime scene becomes a specific joint
effort, indicating that all reasonable
actions to ensure completeness have
been exercised.
MODULE 3
CHAPTER III-GENERAL
INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES OF
OBTAINING INFORMATION
(INTERVIEW, INTERROGATION,
ADMISSION AND CONFESSION)
A. INTRODUCTION:
One of the three (3) tools or the three (3) I’s
in Criminal Investigation is Interview or
Interrogation in order to obtain information
from complainants, witnesses, informants
and  suspects of a crime incident.
The effectiveness of the interview or
interrogation is largely dependent on the
ability of the investigator to obtain
information from complainant, witnesses,
informants and suspects. Included in this are
interviews from persons who may not be
called as witnesses, but who can provide
useful data nonetheless, such as personal
records and other information. (Soriano,
2008)
If a crime has been committed, then
the true facts of its commission should be
established. There is a complainant or a
victim; some physical evidence of the crime;
and perhaps a suspect. Often, the gap
between these simple facts and the case that
can be successfully presented in court can be
bridged only by patient and intelligent
questioning through interview or
interrogation. (Soriano, 2008)
Admission and confession have
been called the “prime source of other
evidence”. Often, it provides the investigator
with information that would be otherwise
unavailable. For example, the scope of
conspiracy, the existence and identity of
accomplices, additional past offenses
attributable to the same person or group, and
so forth. Physical evidence that will be later
analyzed through admission or confession;
the existence and location of a firearm used
in the commission of a crime; the location of
a motor vehicle used in an assault; and
location of stolen property- all these are
examples of what can be attained through
admission and confession. (Soriano,2008)
This module covers the topics about
interview, interrogation, admission and
confession and the legal requisites of these
methods of obtaining information.
Lesson 1: Interview and Interrogation
Techniques, Procedures and Legal
Requisites
Definition of an interview:
An interview is asking questions to a person
who is believed to possess knowledge that
is of official interest to the investigator, and
who is cooperative in the conduct of
investigation. In an interview, the person
questioned usually gives his account of an interview themselves. Whether formal or
incident under investigation or offers informal, the interview’s purpose is the
information concerning a person being exchange of information. Investigators
investigated. (Soriano, 2008). engaged in this exchange of information
generally take in far more information than
they give out. The investigator needs to be
Importance of Interview intuitive, alert and skillful, much more than
a passive information-recorder. If
The greater part of investigation is
interviewing at the crime scene is
usually devoted to interviews. In most cases,
unavoidable, and there is a chance that the
interviews constitute the major source of
suspect or accomplice is within “hot-
information. Because of the apparent
pursuit” distance, absolute discretion is a
simplicity of the typical interview, the
must. The following questions, “five (5) Ws
novice investigator is inclined to neglect the
and one (1) H,” i.e. Who?,What?, When?,
development of a technique. On the
Where?. Why?. and How? should be
contrary, the investigator should devote his
regarded at the minimum to be covered in an
greatest efforts to developing effective
interview. (Soriano, 2008)
methods of interviewing. He should
constantly remind himself that the next Types of Interview (Soriano, 2008)
interview on his schedule may be the only
Various types of interviews can be made on
way of acquiring information on certain
different occasions involving a particular
aspects of the case under investigation. After
crime. For discussion, here are two (2)
each interview, he should subject his
major types of interviews and their
performance to a critical review by checking
purpose:
the quantity and quality of the information
obtained and the extent to which he has On-the-Scene Interview:
established rapport with the subject.
The “on-the-scene interview” is an
(Soriano,2008)
informal one. It maybe conducted by any
The Art of Interviewing law enforcement officer who first appears on
the scene. While the purpose of all
There are few people who have
interviews is to seek information, the “on-
neither been interviewed nor conducted an
 the-scene interview” is conducted on topics of varying sensitivity. He must be
specifically to obtain a description of the measured by the discretion which he
criminal. The aim of the questioner is to employs, and at the same time he may be
secure sufficient information to arrest the criticized for want of perseverance. He must
criminal as rapidly as possible. possess insight, intelligence and
persuasiveness. His speech should be suited
2. Formal Interview
to the situation, compelling for the educated
The “formal interview” differs from subject and calculated to strike a responsive
the interview at on-the-scene of the crime in note in the subject of little letters. The
that it should be conducted by the demands made of the ideal interview are
investigator assigned to the case. There are great to be fully met by individual
three types of formal interview, namely: investigator; nevertheless , the challenge is
one that will add interests to the years in
1. Normal interview-for cooperative
which the investigator endeavors to increase
witness or those who may be
his proficiency and ward-off the stalemate of
persuaded to cooperate; 
routine which often hinders his
2. Group and pretext interviews-for
development.
witnesses known to be reluctant or
hostile, and for those who are Requisites of Interview (Soriano,2008)
believed to refuse or cooperate in the
The following are the requisites of an
investigation; and
interview. These must be observed after the
3. Follow-up interview-which is
qualifications of the interviewers had
frequently necessary in many cases
already been met by the investigator:
because additional information on
vital points is necessary. 1. Establish Rapport- The
relationship between the
Qualifications of Interviewer
interviewer and the subject
(Soriano,2008)
usually determines the success of
The investigator as an interviewer the investigation. By establishing
should have the qualities of a: salesman, an rapport with the subject, the
actor and a psychologist. He is called upon investigator may be able to let
to subject strangers to extensive questioning loose a flood of useful
 information. If the relationship is
strained or marked by mistrust or
a feeling of strangeness, the
subject may be reluctant to give
any of the desired information.  frequently is the name we give to the other
The interviewer must endeavor to
win the confidence of the subject whenever
this is possible, since a complete voluntary
offer of information is the ideal result of an
interview. Where this is not possible, the
investigator may have to rely on the force of
his personality, persistence or other qualities
or resources he may possess. Obviously, the
interviewer cannot be a one-sided
personality. He must possess a variety of
character traits.
2. Forcefulness of Personality-
The primary trait which the
interviewer should possess is that
of forcefulness of personality. He
should instinctively induce
confidence by the strength of  his
character so that the subject
trusts him on the first meeting
and tends to seek his assistance
by confiding in him. There
should be no air of superiority in
his manner.
His demeanor should be sympathetic
and understanding. Absence of exaggerated
regional traits is desirable to avoid any clash
with the subject’s prejudices. Tolerance
should mark his temperament. He is a
person who is aware that prejudice
fellow’s set of convictions.
3. Breadth of Interests- To establish rapport
with a witness or a complainant, it may be
necessary to create a meeting ground of
interests. A person tends to regard a
fellowman who shares common interests as
a sympathetic personality. This is the first
step toward placing trust in the interviewer.
Obviously, the range of the investigator’s
interest must necessarily be broad if it is to
cover those of the witness and subjects with
whom he will come in contact.
It is well-known that a good
interviewer possesses a breadth of practical
knowledge. He is acquainted with the habits
of the working man, the behavior and social
life of gamblers, the temperament of
storekeepers and the simple business
principles by which they operate. On other
levels, he knows the habits, prejudices and
modes of thinking of the more prosperous
members of the community.
Interview format (Bermas, 2004)
 The interview of a witness can be that is the time for the
described by its acronym”IRONIC” which investigator to ask questions to
stands for Identity, Rapport, Opening clarify him about the case under
Statement, Narration, Inquiry and investigation.
Conclusion.
6. Conclusion- After the interview,
1. Identity-prior to the it is but proper to close the
commencement of an interview, interview with utmost courtesy
the investigator should identify and thanking the subject for his
himself to the subject by name, cooperation.
rank and agency. Except when
Setting the Interview (Soriano,
there is no need to know the
2008)
officer’s identity.
In planning an interview, the
2. Rapport-It is good to get the
investigator should, as a general rule, select
positive feeling of the subject
a place which will provide him with a
towards the investigator, such
psychological advantage, and conduct the
friendly atmosphere is vital for
questioning as soon as possible after the
both the subject and the
occurrence. Naturally, this rule must be
investigator to have a better
modified to suit the exigencies and the
interaction.
nature of the case.
3. Opening Statement- The
1. Background Interview-If the
investigator must have to indicate
interview is concerned with the
why the subject is being
background of a person being
contacted
considered for a position of trust,
4. Narration- The witness should no great difficulty arises in
be allowed to tell all he knows selecting the time and place.
with little interruption by the
2. Routine Criminal Cases-In
investigator.
criminal cases, the interview
5. Inquiry-After all the information should be more carefully
have been given by the subject, arranged.
 3. Important Criminal Cases- The
investigator should arrange to
interview witnesses in important
cases in places other than their
homes or office. Unfamiliar
surroundings will prevent the
witness from feeling confident
and from controlling, through his
composure, the amount and kind
of information which he gives.
Obviously, the investigator’s
own office is the ideal place.
4. Appropriate Time- As a general
rule, an interview should take
place as soon as possible after the
event or incident. The
information is then fresh in the
mind of the witness.
Approach in Interview (Soriano,
2008)
On the first meeting, the investigator
should show his credentials and inform the
subject of his identity. The point of identity
must be stressed, since often the subject
misunderstands the investigator, resulting in
a vague but unpleasant charge
misrepresentation.
In interviewing women in their
homes, the investigator should remain a few
paces from the door until the subject is
convinced of his identification and invites
him in. If possible, the investigator should
avoid interviewing at the threshold. When
necessary, he should return at a later time
when the woman is reassured by the
presence of a friend.
INTERROGATION
TECHNIQUES, PROCEDURES AND
LEGAL REQUISITES  
Interrogation is an intellectual
game that is often won by the player who
is mentally faster afoot and can rapidly
take advantage of an opening or an
indicated weakness. As in any other game
or skill, the art of interrogation must be
practiced constantly in order to develop
and maintain expertness. It is a common
observation of experienced investigators
that a period of inactivity, even a few
months. will result in marked falling off
in their effectiveness as interrogators.
(Soriano,2008)
Definition of Interrogation
(Soriano,2008)
of
Interrogation is skillful questioning
of persons who are uncooperative in the
conduct of investigation or are reluctant to
divulge information pertinent to the conduct of any charge, or it may result in the filing
of investigation. of charges. 

Purposes of Interrogation Other functions of interrogation

(Soriano, 2008) include the following:

The primary purpose of interrogation is to 1. To obtain information

obtain information which will further the concerning the innocence or guilt
investigation. Interrogation is not simply a of a suspect.
means of inducing an admission of guilt. It
2. To obtain a confession to the
is an investigative tool of far wider
crime from a guilty subject.
application in the effective day-to-day
administration of justice. It is a major means 3. To induce the subject to make
of discovering other evidence. It permits the admissions.
person who appears to be implicated in a
4. To learn the facts and
crime to present information which can
circumstances surrounding a
establish his innocence.
crime.
One of the most important functions
5. To learn of the existence and
of police questioning is that of screening
locations of physical evidence
cases where a decision cannot or should not
such as documents or weapons.
be made without some further investigation
by the police and some evaluation by the 6. To learn the identity of the
prosecutor of the circumstances of the arrest, accomplices,
including the availability of admissible
7. To develop information that will
evidence.
lead to the fruits of the crime.
In a highly urbanized community, a
8. To develop additional lead to
great number of people are likely to be
information.
lawfully arrested for a wide variety of
reasons. Routine preliminary questioning 9. To discover the details of any
may result in their release prior to the filing other crimes  in which the
suspect had participated. 
 Fundamental Rules of 3. Inform the suspect of his wish to
Interrogation (Soriano,2008) question him on matters relating
the offense.
The provision of Section 12, Article
III of the New Philippine Constitution of 4. Advise the suspect of his rights,
1987 and the provision of Republic Act No. substantially in the following
7438 entitled “An Act Defining Certain terms:
Rights of a Person Arrested, Detained or
1. You have the right to remain
Under Custodial Investigation, as well as
silent; you do not have to
the Duties of Arresting, Detaining and
answer any questions.
Investigating Officers, and Providing
Penalties for Violations Thereof” have 2. You have the right to be
radically changed the procedural assisted by an independent
requirements for a lawful interrogation of a and competent counsel
suspect or a person under custodial preferably of your own choice;
investigation.
3. If you cannot afford the
These specify certain minimal services of a counsel, and you
requisites to ensure the voluntariness of the want to be assisted by a
suspect’s response. Before interrogating a lawyer, this office shall
suspect or a person under custodial provide you with a lawyer free
investigation, the investigator should of charge.
observe the following: 
4. That anything you say can be
1. Identify himself to the suspect as used as evidence against you
a law enforcement officer. This is in any court of law.
done orally, together with a show
5. Do you understand your rights
of credentials.
as I have explained to you, as
2. Explain to the suspect in general follows: the right to remain
terms the nature of offense under silent and the right to be
investigation. assisted by a counsel?
 6. After explaining
Constitutional rights, are you
still willing to give a free and
voluntary statement of the
facts of the case
investigated?
The above-mentioned rights cannot
be waived except in writing, and must be
signed in the presence of a legal counsel.
These rights are popularly known as the
“Miranda Doctrine”. This doctrine has
broad ramifications to all law enforcement
officers, requiring them to issue the
“Miranda Warning” to all suspects once
arrested and taken into custody.
The Miranda Doctrine or Miranda
Warning:(Google Wikipedia)
In the United States, the Miranda
Warning is a type of notification
customarily given by police to criminal
suspects in police custody advising them of
their right to silence; that is, their right to
refuse to answer questions or provide
information to law enforcement or other
officials.
The Miranda Doctrine is named after
the landmark U.S Supreme Court case
Miranda vs Arizona (384 U.S.436.16L.Ed.
2nd 694), the justices ruled that the
your statements Miranda made to the police
could not be used as evidence against him
because he had not been advised of his
Constitutional rights.
being
In interrogation, it is quite difficult
when you are interrogating a subject because
of constitutional safeguard and limitation.
These legal requirement area as follows:
(Bermas, 2004)
1. Voluntariness- a person interrogated
must have given his statement
voluntarily. That no fear, coercion,
intimidation or other means which
can vitiate his mind and feeling to
answer the questions put by the
interrogator. Voluntariness means
free will on the part of the subject.
2. Consitutional safeguards-that
before a subject can be interrogated ,
he must be first informed in proper
and exhaustive manner his rights
embedded in the Constitution, such
as: 
1) The right to remain silent; 
2) The right to counsel of his own choice,
and if he cannot afford the services of a
counsel, he will be provided for a counsel
of his own choice to be paid by the city or
province, as the case may be: and
3) The right to be informed of the above investigates for the commission
rights in a dialect best known to him. of a crime shall inform the
former in a dialect known to
him about his rights to remain
Occurrence of Custodial Interrogation
silent and to have a competent
(Bermas, 2004)
and independent counsel of his
  Custodial interrogation occurs own choice;
when a suspect is placed on police custody
2. The custodial investigation shall
either by warrantless arrest or invitation to
be reduced to writing by the
the police headquarters.
investigating officer, and if the
Note that at the very time you are suspect does not know how to
making an arrest or inviting a suspect to read and write, it shall be
your headquarters, that is the time to inform adequately explained to him.
him of his Constitutional rights in a dialect
3. Any extrajudicial confession
known to him. Failure to do so will put the
made by the person arrested,
policeman in hot water as he would be
detained or under custodial
charged criminally, civilly and
investigation shall be in writing
administratively pursuant to Republic Act
and signed by the person
7438(An Act Defining Certain Rights of a
concerned in the presence of his
Person Arrested, Detained or Under
counsel, or if upon valid waiver,
Custodial Investigation, as well as the
in the presence of his parents,
Duties of Arresting, Detaining and
elder brothers and sisters,
Investigating Officers, and Providing
spouse, municipal mayor,
Penalties for Violations Thereof”
municipal judge, district school
Rights of Persons Arrested, supervisor or priest or minister
Detained or Under Custodial of the gospel where he belongs.
Interrogation (RA No. 7438) (Bermas,
4. Any waiver by a person arrested
2004)
or detained or under custodial
1. Any public officer or employee investigation shall be in writing
who arrests, detains or
 and signed by the said person in
the presence of his counsel.
5. Any person arrested, detained
or under custodial investigation
shall be allowed visit by or
conference with any member of
his immediate family, or any
medical doctor or priest or
minister, or by counsel or any
governmental organization duly
accredited by the Human Rights
Commission.             
Immediate Members of Family ( Allowed
to Visit a Person Arrested, Detained or
under Custodial Investigation) (Bermas,
2004)
1. Spouse
2. Parent
3. Brother and Sister
4. Uncle/Auntie                               the investigator as a necessary preliminary
5. Fiance’/fiancee    
6. Children
7. Grandparents/grandchildren     
8. Nephew/niece       
9. Guardian/ward
NOTE: That when we say assisting
counsel, he is one whom the suspect has
trust and confidence. If supposing there is
no available counsel in the place, then do
not interrogate. Anyway, the case can be
filed with sufficient evidence on hand.
The things Prohibited in Custodial
Investigation (Bermas,2004)
1. No torture, force, violence, threat,
intimidation or any other means
which can vitiate the free will of the
subject; and
2. Secret places, solitary,
incommunicado  or other similar
forms of detention is prohibited.
Options and Procedures in
Interrogation (Soriano,2008)
The four-fold warning as stated
above, or its equivalent, must be given by
to the interrogation of a suspect or of a
person under custodial investigation. The
responses of the suspect will determine the
investigator’s subsequent action, based on
the following grounds:
1. The suspect may choose to remain
silent. If before or during
questioning, the suspect invokes his
 right to remain silent, interrogation against self-incrimination and
must be foregone or stopped. The his right to retain or appoint a
investigator must respect the counsel.
suspect’s right to remain silent.
The following points should be
Threats, tricks, or cajoling designed
noted.
to persuade the suspect to waive his
rights are forbidden. 1. Proof of waiver of
2. The suspect may request a legal Constitutional rights may take
counsel. No interrogation must then the form of an expressed
be attempted until the lawyer of his statement that the individual is
own choice or a state-appointed willing to make a statement and
lawyer is present. If before and does not want an attorney;
during questioning, the suspect followed closely by a
invokes his right to request and have statement.
a counsel, the interrogation must
2. A valid waiver will not be
cease until a lawyer is procured.
presumed simply from the
3. The suspect may waive his silence of the suspect after
rights. To forego this, an warnings are given or simply
affirmative statement of from the fact that a confession
rejection is evidently required. was in fact eventually obtained.
The burden of proof of waiver
3. Presuming waiver from a silent
is on the prosecution.
record is not permissible. The
Withdrawal of a waiver is
record must show, or there
always permitted. If the
must be an allegation and
interrogation continues without
evidence which shows, that the
the presence of an attorney and
suspect was offered a counsel
a statement is taken, a heavy
but he intelligently and
burden rests on the prosecution
understandingly rejected the
to demonstrate that the
offer. Anything less is not a
defendant knowingly and
waiver.
intelligently waived his right
 4. The right to remain silent is not and counsel inadmissible. Hereunder are the
considered a waiver if the instances:
individual answers some
1. Confession without a
questions or gives some
Warning:
information of his own prior to
invoking the right. 1. Any statement given
freely and voluntarily is,
5. Whatever the testimony of the
of course admissible as
authorities as to waiver of
evidence.
rights of the suspect, the fact of
a lengthy interrogation or 2. There is no requirement
incommunicado incarceration that the police should stop
before a statement is made is a person who enters a
strong evidence that the police station and states
suspect  did not validly waived that he wishes to confess
his rights. Any evidence that a crime.
the suspect was threatened,
3. Similarly, there is no
tricked or cajoled into a waiver
requirement to stop a
will show the suspect did not
person who calls the
voluntarily waived his rights.
police to offer a
Matters Unaffected by the Rules confession.
During Interrogation (Soriano,2008)
4. Volunteered statements of
The warning must be given when the any kind are not barred
individual is first subjected to police by the Constitution and
interrogation while in the custody at the other statutes, and their
police station or while otherwise deprived of admissibility is not
his freedom in any way.  affected by the statutes. 

However, the court does not purport to find 2. Field investigation:

all confessions obtained without warning
When an individual is in
custody of the law on probable
cause, the police may of course seek 2. Going Backward- This
out evidence in the field to be used technique is the exact
against him. Such investigation may opposite of the
include: chronological technique.
The interrogator starts
1. Inquiry of persons not
with the last known act
under restraint.
and goes backward to the
2. General on-the-scene very idea of committing
questioning as to the facts the crime.
surrounding a crime.
3.  General to Specific-
3. Other general questioning This technique is often
of other persons in the used mostly within one of
fact-finding process.  the two above techniques.
Hence, if the suspect
Questioning of this nature is
admits to the
not affected by the Constitution and
embezzlement in estafa
statutes, since in this situation, the
case of the total amount
compelling atmosphere thought to be
(general), questions can
inherent in the process of in-custody
be asked about the details
interrogation is not ordinarily
of component sums
present.
(specific).
Three Main Questioning
Qualifications and Traits of
Techniques (Bermas, 2004)
the Interrogator (Soriano,2008)
1. Chronological
The interrogator must be able
Questioning- This
to impress his subject, not through
technique is considered
the use of formal authority but
the easiest and the
because his personality commands
investigator is always
respect. He must be professional in
almost sure of getting all
attitude and performance. 
the information.
 The following qualifications interrogator must never make a
and traits are desirable of an promise that he cannot keep.
interrogator:
Logical Mind- The interrogator
General Knowledge and
must develop the questioning along a
Interest- To some degree, the
logical line. The objectives of the
efficiency of an investigator is
questioning should be clearly defined
commensurate with his general
in his own mind.
knowledge. To acquire this breadth
of knowledge, the investigator must
Ability in Observation and
develop intellectual curiosity and a
Interpretation- The interrogator
keen sense of observation.
must not only develop the ability to
Alertness- The variety or “size-up” an individual, but must
problems confronting him requires also learn to observe and interpret his
the interrogator to be constantly alert reaction in a question.
so he can analyze his subject
accurately, adapts his techniques to Power of Self-Control- The
the requirements of the case, uncover interrogator must maintain his
and explore leads, and alter his control at all times. Loss of temper
tactics when necessary. results in neglect of important
details.
Perseverance- Every interrogation
requires a great deal of patience if Playing the Part- If it will accomplish the
complete and accurate information is desired results, the interrogator may act as
to be obtained. circumstances suggest. Anger, however,
should never be simulated to the degree
Integrity- If the person being where it might become a coercive factor.
questioned has a reason to doubt the
Attitude and Demeanor of
integrity of the interrogator, it is
Interrogator (Soriano,2008)
practically impossible for the latter
to inspire confidence or trust. The The behavior of interrogator at the
outset of the questioning usually creates the
atmosphere and sets the tone of the friendship in a criminal than in
subsequent interrogation. It is of great uniform. The accoutrement of
importance for the investigator to develop an police profession should be
effective personality that will induce in the removed from view.
subject a desire to respond. Personal
5. Attitude- The interrogator is not
mannerisms must be controlled whenever
seeking to convict or punish. He
they distract or antagonize.
is endeavoring to establish the
The following are some of the more facts of the case, to discover the
useful reminders concerning attitude and truth, etc.
demeanor of the interrogator:
6. Preliminary Conduct- As
1. Control the Interview- The stated, the interrogator should
interrogator must always be in identify himself at the outset and
command of the situation. The show his credentials to the
strength of his personality must subject. He then state, in general
constantly be felt by the subject.  terms, the purpose of the
interrogation.
2. Distracting Mannerism- The
subject must be impressed with 7. Presence of Other Persons- it is
the seriousness of the desirable, for several reasons, to
interrogator’s purpose. Pacing restrict the number of persons
the room, smoking, doodling and present at an interrogation. If a
similar forms of behavior should confession is obtained, the
be avoided since they tend to defense may claim the existence
convey a sense of inattentiveness of duress because of the presence
or a lack of concentration. of five or ten police officers.
Moreover, some courts require
3. Language- The language of the
the prosecution to produce all the
interrogator should adapt to the
witnesses of a confession.
subject’s cultural level.
Ordinarily, the interrogator
4. Dress- Civilian dress is more should be alone with the subject.
likely to inspire confidence and Other parties may be brought in
 for specific purpose, such as 2. FRIENDLINESS - The simplest
witnessing the signing of a technique is to assume that the
confession. suspect is willing to confess if he is
treated in a friendly manner.
Techniques of Interrogation
a. Helpful Adviser-The investigator is
(Soriano,2006)
the subject’s friend. Between the two
There are many techniques of of them, they are going to straighten
interrogation which the interrogator can things out.
employ.His choice should depend on the b. Sympathetic Brother- The subject
nature of the crime under investigation, the needs to square things out with his
character of the subject, and his personality own conscience. For the sake of his
and limitations. family and himself, he should get the
load off his chest.
The following are some of the
c. Extenuation- The investigator does
techniques practiced by experienced
not take too seriously a view of the
investigators:
subject’s indiscretion.
1. EMOTIONAL APPEALS- The d. Shifting the Blame-Obviously, the
investigator must create a mood suspect is not the sort of person that
that is conducive to a is usually mixed-up in a crime like
confession.  this. 
e. Mutt and Jeff- In this technique,
a. Sympathetic Approach-The suspect may
two agents are employed. Mutt, the
feel the need of friendship. He is apparently
relentless investigator who knows
in trouble. An offer of friendship
the subject is guilty and is not giving
accompanied by small acts of kindness may
a waste of time. He has sent a dozen
win his cooperation.
men away for this crime and he’s
b. Kindness- The investigator has appraised going to send the subject away for
the personality of the subject and finds him a the full term. Jeff, on the other hand
normal person in his desire for is obviously a kindhearted man.
consideration.
3. ANXIETY- The suspect is in state
of emotional confusion, He is unable
 to think logically and clearly, since
his sense of values has been
disturbed and his imagination is
distorted.
A. Exaggerating Fears- The investigator
persistently points out that the subject
“cannot win”. There has never been a
perfect crime. The longer he gets by with
petty offenses, the more likely it is that he
commits a serious crime and suffers severe
punishment.
B. Greater and Lesser Guilt- In most
crimes, there are several offenses involved,
Although the investigator is only concerned
with the major offense, he can represent
himself as being interested mainly in a
minor case.
C. Knowledge Bluff- The interrogator
reveals a number of pertinent items of
evidence which are definitely known. He is
thus able to convince the subject that it is
futile to resist since the interrogator
obviously has sources of knowledge. The
investigator should prepare himself for this
approach by learning a great number of facts
about the crime in question and about the
subject’s background.  B. Jolting- The device is especially useful
D. Line-up- Certain crimes such as crimes
against persons and properties involve
identification. The witness, complainant or
victim is required to recognize the subject.
E. Reverse Line-Up- This technique is
applicable in crimes which ordinarily run in
a series, such as forgery or robbery. The
accused is placed in a line-up, but this time,
he is identified by several fictitious
witnesses or victims who associates him
with different offenses.
F. Bluff on a Split Pair- This is applicable
where there are accomplices. The two
suspects are separated and one is informed
that the other has talked. 
4. STERN APPROACH- A cold aloof
attitude may sometimes produce the desired
results. Techniques classified under this
heading are often designed to induce the
effect of anxiety. Many types of suspects
fear the police and the police station. Their
confidence is shaken if they are faced by a
stern investigator:
A. Pretense of Physical Evidence- The
interrogator states that he does not need any
confession and is not particularly interested
in the suspect’s reasons.
when dealing with a person usually calm or
nervous. The questioning is conducted at
some length in a quiet, almost soothing At the end of the lesson, the
manner. students are expected to:

C. Indifference- The investigator is not 1.Know the definitions of admission

particularly interested in the subject. The and confession.
subject’s conviction is treated as a fait
2.Discuss and understand the
accompli (a thing that has already
purposes and legal requisites of
happened). There are witnesses and physical
admission and confession as methods
evidence. There is an absence of alibi. The
of obtaining information in the
subject’s behavior during the period in
conduct of criminal investigation.
question is an open book to the police.
Definitions:
D. Questioning as a Formality- In this
technique, the interrogator asks a series of ADMISSION- is a self-incriminatory
questions as though it were necessary statement by the subject falling short of
formality in his routine duty. He gives the acknowledgment of guilt. It is an
impression that he knows the answer, but acknowledgment of a fact or circumstance
that he is required to ask the question in from which guilt may be inferred. It
consideration of the rights of the suspect. implicates but does not directly incriminate.
A simple statement to the effect that the
E. Afforded an Opportunity to Lie- This
subject was present at the crime scene may
technique is useful when the interrogator has
be an admission.
used direct questioning about the crime
without success. It is lengthy, time- Coupled with such circumstances as
consuming and involved, but it serves the the existence of a motive, the admission
purpose of wearing down the subject. may provide an inference of guilt.
Traditionally, in all courts, the prosecution is
permitted to introduce admission as
LESSON II- ADMISSION AND evidence without first showing that it was
CONFESSION  made freely and voluntarily. The “Miranda
Warning.” however, suggests that
A. Specific Learning Outcomes
admissions and exculpatory statements are
to be treated just like confessions. (Soriano, There is a tendency on the part even
2008) of professional investigators to exaggerate
the values of admission and confession, and
CONFESSION-is a direct
to misinterpret its significance. The written
acknowledgment of guilty as charged or of
admission and confession do not for
some essential part in the commission of
example, prove the matters to which it
the criminal act. To be admissible, a
pertains. Often, the written statement is
confession must be voluntary and
considered admissible, and it does not
trustworthy. In addition, if the confession is
become part of the evidence in the case.
to be used in prosecution, it must be
obtained by civilized police practice. The If the written admission and
giving of the four-fold warning of rights is confession is admitted as evidence, it will be
necessary, but not a sufficient condition for subjected to the closest scrutiny by the
the voluntariness and trustworthiness of a defense counsel. Above all, the question of
subsequent confession. voluntariness is commonly raised by the
defense counsel, and the accusation of
  The use of coercion, unlawful
duress and coercion may be brought against
influence, or unlawful inducement is
the prosecution witnesses.
obviously outside the limits of civilized
police practice. Some examples of Proof of the elements of the offense
circumstances which would render a should be developed by the investigator
confession inadmissible are threats of independently of the written admission and
bodily harm, confinement, illegal confession for presentation to the court. He
detention, deprivation of necessities or should continue with his investigation and
necessary privileges, physical oppression, bring it to its completion as though the
promises of immunity, clemency or of written admission and confession existed
substantial reward or benefits. mainly for the purpose of providing
(Soriano,2008) guidelines and additional leads for the
inquiry, as well as the number of details
Admission and Confession
which must be separately proved to supply
(Soriano,2008):
additional evidence or to serve as check on
the information already acquired.
 Admission and confession had been monitor to some extent of the
called “the prime source of other testimony.
evidence” . Often, it provides the
3. Assist the prosecution in planning
investigator with information that would be
its presentation by reducing the
otherwise unavailable. For example, the
element of surprise that
scope of conspiracy, the existence and
unforeseen testimony would
identity of accomplices, additional past
produce.
offenses attributable to the same person or
group, and so forth. Physical evidence that 4. Discourage a witness from
will be later analyzed through admission or wrongfully changing its testimony
confession, the existence and location of a at the trial. 
firearm used in the commission of a crime,
 LEGAL REQUISITES OF ADMISSION
the location of a motor vehicle used in an
AND CONFESSION:(Soriano, 2008)
assault, and location of stolen property-all
these are examples of what can be attained  Rights of Persons Arrested or
through admission and confession. Investigated:

Specific purposes of Written Inform the subject that under the

Admission and Confession
In addition to providing some of the
general investigative advantages described
above, the obtaining of a written admission
and confession can serve the following
specific purposes:
1. Provide a written record for the
case filed.
2. Employment by the prosecution at
the trial to refresh recollection,
impeach witnesses, and in general,
provisions of Section 12, Article III, New
Philippine Constitution of 1987, and as
required by RA No. 7438, he or she has the
following rights:
1. The right to remain silent;
2. The right to be assisted by a
competent and independent
lawyer of his or her own choice:
and
3. If he or she cannot afford the
services of a lawyer and he or
she wants to be assisted by a
 lawyer, he or she will be his own testimony and that of
provided with a lawyer free of witnesses, for example, that he
charge. informed the suspect of his
constitutional rights to remain silent
After explaining to the
and of his right to independent and
subject of his or her rights, explain
competent counsel, either of his own
also to him or her that any
choice or provided to him, if he is
statement that he or she will give
indigent. Further, the investigator
can be used against him or her in
should be able to make and
any court of law in the Philippines,
affirmative showing to the effect that
and ask the subject if these rights
the admission and confession was
are clearly understood by him or
voluntarily given in evidence of one
her. These rights cannot be waived
of the following:
except in writing, and it must be
signed in the presence of a legal 1. The statement was not
counsel. obtained by urging or by
request, but as a
Demonstrating Voluntariness of the
spontaneous or self-
Admission and Confession (Soriano,2008)
induced utterance of the
The prosecution may not suspect.
use the statement, whether
2. The statement was
exculpatory (means evidence
obtained without
favorable to the defendant) or
coercion and not during
inculpatory (means evidence that
an official investigation,
can establish guilt), stemming from
nor while the accused
interrogation or custodial
was in custody.
investigation of the suspect, unless
it demonstrates the use of 3. The statement was
procedural safeguards to secure obtained during official
the privilege against self- investigation after the
incrimination. The investigator suspect had been
then, must be able to prove, through informed of the nature
 of the offense, of his managers and administrators are better
right to remain silent, of equipped to deal with the vast array of
the fact that the today’s problematic la enforcement issues.
statement he might give (Guevara and Tatoy,2010)
could be used against
It has been noted that in the survival of any
him at the trial, and of
civilized society, the desire for acquiring
the fact that counsel
advance information is inherent. Leaders
would be made available
and rulers would have to determine threats,
to him if he so
the plans and strength of their enemies and
requested. 
the proper course of action to be undertaken.
4. The suspect knowingly Throughout the history of man, the use of
waived his right to intelligence has been resorted to by ancient
remain silent, and his leaders. (Guevara and Tatoy,2010)
right to have an
The effective use of intelligence is
independent and
crucial to a law enforcement agency’s ability
competent counsel
to combat criminal groups. Intelligence
before making the
analysis also provides the agency with the
statement. 
knowledge required for effective
MODULE 4 management of its resources. It enables
them to identify and understand criminal
CHAPTER IV-INTELLIGENCE
groups operating in their areas. (Google-
A. INTRODUCTION: Internet)

The art of intelligence or acquiring Intelligence analysis aids

knowledge of one’s opponent is firmly
entrenched in historic precedent, The ability
or capacity of law enforcement agencies to
effectively gauge and react to criminal
issues is dependent upon their capability of
gathering and evaluating data. Knowledge is
power and with power of knowledge, police
investigations by helping to target available
resources and identifying information gaps
to focus the investigation more clearly. It
also helps to avoid duplication of effort and
prevent straying into areas of no relevance.
(Google-Internet)
 Thus, law enforcement intelligence Definition of Intelligence:(Guevara &
information takes on many forms on a Tatoy,2010)
variety of topics such as: illegal drug
trafficking, human trafficking, gangs, motor
vehicle thefts, burglaries and much more.  INTELLIGENCE- is defined as the
Intelligence information helps the police to product resulting from the
solve cases and make arrests that can lead to collection, analysis, integration,
successful prosecution in court. (Google- evaluation and interpretation of all
Internet) available information which
concerns one or more aspects of
C. CONTENTS OF THE MODULE:
area of operation potentially
This module contains the following significant to planning.
lessons:
 Others simply defined Intelligence in
Lesson 1. The Role, Importance,
the sense that it is the output or end
Purposes and Types of Intelligence; and 
product resulting from the processing
Lesson 2. The Intelligence Cycle  of information for future action.
 In wide array or field of human
endeavor such as military, political
LESSON I-THE ROLE,
organizations, business entity and in
IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES AND
the field of law enforcement,
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE
intelligence is amply classified in
A. Specific Learning Outcomes: general as processed information.  

1. Know the definition, role,

In the study of Criminology, the focus is
importance and purposes of
given to Police Intelligence:
intelligence; and
Definition of Police Intelligence:(Guevara
2. Know the principles and different & Tatoy,2010)
types of intelligence and notable  As a process, police intelligence is
intelligence organizations. an activity which treats processed
information as the basis of
 departmental policy and decision advance and exact knowledge of the
making. intentions and design of its enemies.
 As an organization, police
intelligence is an institution
composed of personnel who pursue a
special kind of knowledge for the TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE (Guevarra
purpose of planning, collecting, & Tatoy,2010)
evaluating and disseminating
information relating to integrity of its 1. Police Intelligence- refers to the output or
members, conditions that promote end product resulting from the collection,
disturbance due to peace and order, evaluation, analysis, integration and
organized criminal syndicates, interpretation of all available facts which
insurgency and subversion. concerns the activities of criminal elements
and its activities significant to police
planning and operation. This covers Line
IMPORTANCE OF
Intelligence, Strategic Intelligence and
INTELLIGENCE(Guevarra & Tatoy,2010)
Counter-Intelligence. Line intelligence
refers to processed information which is
1. It is vital to enable a nation to formulate
immediate in nature. Strategic Intelligence
its policies, strategic plans and conduct its
Refers to long term or future use of
diplomacy;
processed information. Counter-
2. Intelligence is needed in order to enable a
Intelligence deals primarily with the
nation to forestall the activities of its internal
building of the organization against internal
and external enemies;
enemies.
3. it is necessary to detect and prosecute the
activities of criminals and subversive
2. Military Intelligence-refers to the use of
elements;
processed information in formulating
4. It is vital in providing ample security for
military plans, programs and policies. This
the people and the state; and
would include strategic and combat
5. Intelligence plays an important role in the
intelligence. Strategic intelligence gives
life and survival of a country by providing
attention to the capability, vulnerability and
possible course of action of the enemy. counter-intelligence on the other
Combat intelligence on the other hand, hand, covers reconnaissance,
highlights knowledge pertaining to weather, patrolling, sabotage, espionage,
enemy and terrain (WET). interior guard duty and fortification
of vital facilities.
3. Strategic Intelligence- in broader sense, 6.
refers to the process of gathering NOTABLE INTELLIGENCE
information designed to disturb and disrupt ORGANIZATIONS(Guevara &
the enemy’s state of finances and destroy the Tatoy,2010)
stability and foundation of its organization.
1. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-
4.  Combat Intelligence- refers to that established by virtue of the US National
intelligence utilized in designing plans and Security Act of 1947 signed into law by
conducting tactical and administrative President Harry S. Truman, the Central
operations. Tactical operation means the Intelligence Agency took the cudgels from
level of war at which battles and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the
engagements are planned and executed to National Intelligence Authority and the
accomplish military objectives. On the other Criminal Intelligence Group. The function
hand, administrative operation involves of this famous organization is to ascertain all
coordinating, planning and directing aspects concerning national security and
services to support the tactical operation.  coordinated efforts of various agencies that
are in the nature of intelligence gathering.
5. Counter-Intelligence- refers to the This centralized information stream was
measures undertaken to deny the used as basis to national policy. During its
enemy of any information consisting limelight, operations both local and foreign
of passive and active intelligence were conducted by CIA personnel who
measures. In passive counter- influenced and affected many nations.
intelligence, secrecy discipline, Authors and critics alike, dubbed CIA as an
movement control, camouflage and Invincible Government whose powers are
proper handling of information is independent and absolute.
practiced and observed. Active
2. Komitet Gosudarstvennoy
Bezopasnosti (KGB)- or the Committee for
State Security of Russia during the height of
the cold war and the prominence of the
defunct USSR, it was the Russian Agency
whose works are comparable to that of its
American counterpart, the CIA. The KGB
was the umbrella organization name for the
Soviet Union’s premier security, secret
police and intelligence agency from 1954 to
1991. On December 21, 1995, Russian
President Boris Yeltsin signed the decree
that disbanded the KGB and was substituted
by the Federal Security Service (FSS) of the
Russian Federation.
3. British Secret Service (M-I-6)- a parallel
ally and intelligence organization of the
western powers established by the
Committee of Imperial Defense in October
1909. The Secret Service Bureau was soon
abbreviated to Secret Service, ‘SS Bureau’
or even ‘SS’. The first head of the Foreign
Section, Captain Sir Mansfield Cumming
RN, signed himself ‘MC’ or ‘C’ in green
ink. Thus began the long tradition of the
head of the  Service adopting the initial ‘C’
as his symbol. ‘MI6’ has become an almost
interchangeable title for SIS, at least in the
minds of those outside the Service. The
origins of the use of this other title are to be
found in the late 1930s when it was adopted
as a flag of convenience for ‘SIS”. It was
used extensively during World War II,
especially if an organizational link needed to
be made with MI5 (the Security Service).
Although ‘MI6’ fell into official disuse
years ago, many writers and journalists
continue to use it to describe ‘SIS’. 
4. Mossad- the Israeli Intelligence Agency
which are renowned by many as the best due
to the fact that Israel despite of having
countless enemies in the Middle East,was
able to survive and flourish. Formerly
known as the Central Institute for
Coordination and the Central Institute for
Intelligence and Security, Mossad (short for
HaMossad leModi’in uleTafkidim
Meyuhadim) was formed on April 1, 1951.
Mossad was formed by then Prime Minister
David Ben Gurion, who gave as Mossad’s
primary directive: “ For our state which
since its creation has been under siege by its
enemies, Intelligence constitutes the first
line of defense…we must learn well how to
recognize what is going on around us”.
IMMEDIATE AREAS OF INTEREST
IN POLICE INTELLIGENCE(Guevara &
Tatoy,2010)
  Crime prone communities with specific methods to deter and interrupt
sufficient infestation of vices, criminal trends.
organized crimes, juvenile
delinquency and indications of 2. Police Line Intelligence- an
insurgent and subversive elements intelligencedata that is immediate in nature.
 Matters in connection with personal Such information must be updated, factual
security, communications security, and concise so as to provide effective aids in
document security, VIP security and police operations.
physical security
  Pending cases under investigation 3. Police Counter Intelligence- it is an
whether criminal, civil or activity which is intended to build an
administrative in nature organization against the enemy by ensuring
 Identified personalities connected loyalty of its members through stringent
with syndicates and organized crimes background investigation. Designed to
 Crime prevention and control thwart attempts and neutralize penetration
 Aspects of management for activities, this endeavor will ensure integrity
planning, funds, equipment for among members of the police community.
organizational efficiency
PURPOSES OF POLICE
TYPES OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)  Effect the arrest of criminal
offenders and provide evidence to
1. Police Strategic Intelligence- a assist the prosecution in their
processed information which is long range conviction;
in nature. It is usually used to define,  Identify criminal and subversive
describe the criminals and their activities, as elements as well as their associates;
well as provide and insight of their Modus  Check the conditions of the
Operandi. Although its value is not community relating to crimes, vices
considered immediate in nature, such and juvenile delinquency to help in
information may be utilized to develop crime prevention and control;
  Check on the security condition of Agent – An undercover operative that
PNP personnel, funds, equipment detects, observes, infiltrates and gathers
and materials; information regarding a particular target. 
 Check on the effectiveness of the
operations of PNP forces; and Intelligence Teams- composed of
 Serves as an indispensable tool for specialized agents, translator teams and
policy making and management photo interpreter team usually engaged in
planning of the police organization. the following activities:
PRINCIPLES OF SOUND
INTELLIGENCE(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
 Interrogation of criminals and
 Police intelligence and operations interview of civilians;
must go hand in hand and are always  Translation of documents; and
interdependent;  Interpretation of footage and
 Police intelligence must be useful photographs.
either for present or future needs;
 Intelligence must be readily available PHASES OF RECRUITMENT OF
when required; INTELLIGENCE
 Intelligence operation must be PERSONNEL/AGENTS(Guevara &
flexible, innovative, imaginative and Tatoy,2010)
must always have foresight; and
 Selection- process of choosing from
 Intelligence procured must be
available personnel the most
secured to protect the information,
qualified operative fitted for police
source, agent and the organization.
intelligence work;
 Investigation- the process of
AGENT RECRUITMENT AND
determining the degree of
MANAGEMENT(Guevarra & Tatoy,2010)
qualification, personnel background
of prospective agents;
INTELLIGENCE PERSONNEL:
 Testing- a series of actual and
theoretical assignment to determine
 the intellectual capacity of the
prospect; and
 Appointment- Issuance of order as
an intelligence operative agent in a
certain unit.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF AND
INTELLIGENCE AGENT(Guevara &
Tatoy,2010)
 Unquestioned loyalty to the state and
the allegiance to the Constitution;
 Integrity and honesty indicating
uprightness of character;
 Good moral character;
 Respect to authority and superiors;
 Common sense and wise use of
judgment;
 Self-discipline;
 Good people skills; and  of the AFP.
 Self-confidence and inherent
fortitude.
PHILIPPINE INTELLIGENCE
ORGANIZATIONS(Guevara &
Tatoy,2010)
1. Bureau of Immigration and
Deportation (BID)-given the sole authority
to enforce and administer immigration and
foreign nationals registration laws including
the admission, registration, exclusion and
deportation and repatriation of foreign
nationals. It also supervises the immigration
from the Philippines of foreign nationals.
2. Department of National Defense
(Intelligence Division)- is tasked with
guarding and securing the country against
internal and external threats to national
peace and security, and to provide support
for social and economic development.
3. Intelligence Service of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP)-heads
the intelligence efforts of the AFP.
4. J2 Coordinating Staff of the AFP -
serves as the intelligence community
manager for support to military operations
5. Military Intelligence Group- one of the
Intelligence units of the AFP.
6. National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI)-undertakes the efficient detection and
investigation of crimes and other offenses
against Philippine laws. It coordinates with arm under the Directorate for
other national and local police agencies in Intelligence of the PNP.
the maintenance of peace and order.
 PNP Criminal Investigation and
7. National Intelligence Coordinating Detection Group (PNP-CIDG)-
Agency (NICA)- is the primary intelligence functions are to monitor,
gathering and analysis arm of the Philippine investigate and prosecute all
government, in-charge of carrying out overt, crimes involving economic
covert and clandestine intelligence sabotage like bank frauds, large
programs. scale smuggling, estafa, dollar
salting, hoarding, profiteering,
8. PNP IntelligenceUnits: and other crimes of such
 Directorate for Intelligence (DI) magnitude and extent as to
of the PNP-manages the indicate their commission  by
gathering/collating of intelligence highly placed professional
objectives through effective syndicates and organizations.
management of all intelligence  Other PNP Intelligence
and counter-intelligence activities Units/Divisions/Sections in the
of the PNP PNP Regional and Provincial
levels.
 PNP Intelligence Group (PNP-
IG)- serves as the intelligence and LESSON II- THE INTELLIGENCE
counter-intelligence operating unit CYCLE 
of the PNP under the Directorate
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE(Guevara
for Intelligence. It provides timely
& Tatoy,2010)
and adequate intelligence to
different PNP units tasked to
 Introduction:
secure major international and
local events in the country from
Information, the blood-line or main
any threats posed by criminals
source of intelligence would include any of
and terrorists. It is the operating
the following: maps, materials,
documents, reports of possible or actual
enemy operations. It may consist of Police Routine Activities which are good
organized or unorganized data, which may sources of information:
be positive or negative pieces of facts.  Patrol

Information may come from persons,  Use of informants

things and places. It is a communicated  Criminal investigations
knowledge obtained by study, observation,  Community relations program
research and analysis.  Checkpoints

 Search and seizures

The intelligence Cycle:
1. Collection of Information;
2. Processing of Information;
3. Dissemination and Use of Intelligence;
and
4. Direction of the Collection Effort.
I. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION:
(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
   Each collecting agency of a command is
responsible for procuring, collecting and
transmitting of all information of perceived
intelligence value to adjacent and higher
headquarters with the least possible delay
even in the absence of specific instruction.
This is referred to as the essence of
procurement of information of which the
most vital factor is access of either the
agents or informants to the desired facts
without arousing the attention of the subject
or those given the task to protect them.  are now aided by a fast developing
 Surveillance operations
 Coordination with other
government/law enforcement
agencies both local and foreign
METHODS OF COLLECTION OF
INFORMATION:(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
A. COVERT METHOD- This is a
clandestine or secret means of obtaining
information which includes the following
activities:
 Infiltration- the gradual penetration
into enemy domain and  territory
 Surveillance- By utilizing satellite,
photo, audio electronic gadgets and
advance communications system.
 Elicitation- made through interview,
interrogation and instrumentation.
All forms and systems of intelligence
technology of communications and a assault by technological developments that
number of computing and measuring offer threats to, but perhaps also promises
devices. Miniaturized cameras and for, human progress.
microfilms have made it easier for persons
engaged in all forms of espionage to COVERT EQUIPMENTS:
photograph secret documents and hide the
data contained in films. Artificial satellites 1. Body wire/voice transmitter-
also have an espionage utility that of aerial such materials are usually hidden in a brief
photography for such purposes of detecting case, attached to the agent’s clothing or
secret military installations.  disguised as a cigarette case, a ball pen, any
ordinary functional item or package and the
The forefront of these developments likes.
is highly secret, but it is widely known that
telephones can be tapped without wires, 2. Tracking Device- It is attached to
rooms can be bugged (planted with a vehicle, the subject or the undercover
electronic listening and recording devices) agent which transmit signal to a receiver and
without entry, and photographs can be made specifically indicates location.
in the dark. The same technology is used in
counter-measures, and the competition 3. Surveillance vans- expensive to
escalates between those seeking secret operate due to the number of equipment
information and those trying to protect it.  installed and necessary for operations such
as several power outlets, air conditioning
In foreign embassies in sensitive and heating systems, portable toilet, carbon
areas, confidential discussions routinely take monoxide sensor and alarm, insulation from
place in plastic bubbles encasing secure cold and heat, video and audio equipment,
rooms to safeguard the confidentiality of transmitter and receiver, recorder and such
information. Intelligence agencies have long other items necessary in setting –up a
been known to employ expert lip readers.  mobile nerve center for intelligence
gathering and operations.
Confidentiality and privacy of
communications remains under constant
 4. Low-light photography They are also commonly referred to as
equipment-Normally attached to weapons, “assets, street sources and stool pigeons. 
videos, camera and hand held light
intensifiers which allows footages to be Definition of Informant
taken in extreme lighting conditions  Any person directed by law
particularly in complete darkness without enforcement officers who is usually
alarming the attention of the subject. This compensated and furnishes
also includes telephoto lens, night susper information regarding unlawful
scope M-2, binocular adaptor, sequence activity or performs other tasks as
photo camera, etc. specified and directed by intelligence
agents.
5. Covert packages-installed with Difference between informer and
photographic audio visual equipment informant
concealed and disguised to hide its true
purpose. Informer- the person revealing
confidential information in return for
7. Audio electronic devices- such as money (paid informant). A police
buried microphone, aero bat micro informer is an insider in the target
eye TV camera, parabolic and organization secretly helping or
shotgun microphone. working for the police.  

B. OVERT METHOD- It is the collection Informant- someone who sees or

of information in the open by means of witnesses something and reports the
government records, census and statistics, matter to the police, usually
residential, commercial and business voluntary in nature.
listings, other printed materials available to
the public, internet and interview. Kinds of Informants:
 Ordinary informants
In the Philippines, the bulk or main  Mercenary informants
source of information utilized by la  Rival elimination informants
enforcement officers are the informants.  Double-cross informants
  Voluntary informants information with financial reward or
 Self-aggrandizing informants monetary consideration. They are the
most dangerous because they sell
Motives of Informants in giving information to the highest bidders
Information and often work as a double informant
 Vanity-the informant often takes to both sides. 
matters into his own hands. This may  Perversity- the purpose of the
result in the compromise of the case informant is to eliminate
and may endanger the life or safety competition, set up decoys, learn the
of the intelligence agent. This kind nature of police intelligence
of informant is primarily motivated activities and distract the efforts in
by greed. intelligence gathering.
 Civic mindedness- This is altruism,  Jealousy- informants motivated by
the informant is motivated by their thoughts and feelings of
unselfish regard for or devotion to insecurity, fear and concern over a
the welfare of others. relative lack of possessions or safety.
 Fear- an informant who anticipates  Avoidance of punishment-
danger to himself or his family and Informant is motivated by avoidance
cooperates with law enforcement behavior who takes to escape from
officers to keep him away from punishment or being liable to the
harm. wrong acts he committed.
 Revenge- A strong motive which
causes one individual aligning The primary consideration in the
against his closest and most intimate Informant Management is establishing
association, usually characterized by good rapport, harmony and trust of
hatred. the informant. As a general rule, never
 Repentance-The desire to repay divulge the identity of the confidential
society for past transgressions informant. This is not only an ethical
usually occurs with such informants. practice but also a sound principle to
 Remuneration-mercenary safeguard the life of the source and
informants engage in giving
 ultimately gain their trust and  Run the show, do not allow
confidence.  informant to take over the
investigation;
Safeguarding the Identity of Informants:  Be unscrupulously exact in all
 Identity of informant transactions;
should not be disclosed  Keep your promise to avoid loos of
unless absolutely informants;
necessary and only to  Avoid using informant in court;
proper authorities;  Conceal informants’ identity; and
 Identity of confidential
 Accept all information at face value.
informant is kept secret to
It should be checked and included as
all persons except the
it may be of use in the future, if not
agent’s Commanding
for the present.
Officer or Head of Office;
 Confidential informants
II. THE PROCESSING OF
should not be asked to
INFORMATION:(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
testify in court; and
Intelligence Data Processing
 Officer charged with the
supervision with criminal
1. It is a process through which
investigation activities
information is managed;
will take necessary
2. It can increase knowledge of a
precautions to avoid
particular problem; and
compromise of
3. It results in preventive and
information and sources
informed public policy.
of information considered
confidential.
Intelligence is a necessity for the
successful investigation of today’s
               Treatment of Confidential
sophisticated criminals and
Informants
invaluable asset for police managers
 Treat them fairly regardless of in making well-informed decisions.
character, education and occupation;
 The principle involved in processing
of information is that all 2. Evaluation- refers to the
information with relevant examination of raw materials in order to
intelligence value to determine the determine its reliability, credibility and
credibility of its source and the relevance to police operations. In
accuracy of the facts obtained. evaluation, the following considerations
Evaluated information is then subject must be undertaken:
to interpretation to determine its  Is the gathered information needed
significance in the light of all other for immediate purposes or in the
intelligence at hand. future time?
 Is the source reliable?
Processing- is a stepby  Under the given
which the intelligence is transformed circumstance, is it
from raw facts or materials to possible to obtain
intelligence data. It involves three such information?
(3) processes, namely:  Is it confirmed and
collaborated by other
1. Collation- It will entail the sources?
recording or organization of raw  If a variance should
materials or data so that they may be be observed, which
readily compared to other items. It piece of information
involves the grouping of records so is more likely to be
that related items may be readily correct?
compared, studied and reported.
There are four (4) means which an EVALUATION CODE (as to Reliability,
intelligence officer may collate Credibility and Source of Information)
information, as follows: 1. According to Reliability of Source
1. Intelligence journal            A- Completely reliable
2. Enemy Situation Map            B- Usually reliable
3. Intelligence Worksheet            C- Fairly reliable
4. Intelligence File            D- Not usually reliable
           E- Unreliable  Analysis- it is done by shifting and
 F- Reliability unknown sorting of all available intelligence
2.  According to Credibility of Information materials;
1- Confirmed by other sources  Integration-it is the combination of all
2- Probably true analyzed data to form a logical picture or
3- Possibly true theory; and
4- Doubtfully true  Deduction- the formulation of
5- Improbable report conclusion from theories as a result of
 6- Truth cannot be judged integration.

3. According to the Source of Information

         T- Direct observation by the unit
Commander
         U- Report made by the intelligence
agents
V- Report rendered by military or la
enforcement personnel
W- A result on interrogation
         X- Observation of any government
civilian employee
Y/Z – Obtained from documents
3. Interpretation- is the determination
of the significance of the intelligence
data in relation to other data at hand
in order to draw conclusion. This
undergoes three (3) distinct
procedures, which are as follows:
III. DISSEMINATION AND USE OF
INTELLIGENCE:(Guevara & Tatoy,2010)
The intelligence duly processed must be
presented to the Commander to enable him
to formulate decisions and plans and is
distributed to all higher, adjacent and lower
offices in the time for it to be of value.
Timeliness which connotes that it should be
forwarded without delay when needed and
propriety in the sense that it must be clear
and concise, the two must be observed at all
times.
Methods or Modes of Dissemination:
 Personal contact
 Special messages/encrypted or
coded
  Conferences/staff meetings information, the following must be
 Situation maps considered:
 Intelligence 1. The available lines of actions, the
documents/directives/request target, subject or enemy may adopt which
will interfere with or favor the
IV. DIRECTION OF THE accomplishment of the mission.
COLLECTION EFFORT: (Guevara &
Tatoy,2010) 2. The next major decision which
can be foreseen at present and additional
The principle in planning the collection information needed to decide. (Alternate or
effort is based on the collecting agency’s back up plan)
capability. This is to ensure that the
coordinated search for information sought
may be obtained to govern the future 4. Information pertaining to the
conduct of the unit. It embodies the situation confronting the unit
following elements or features: requested by adjacent or higher
command. 
 The essential elements of
information needed;
 The collection plan including
choosing the personnel;
 The implementation process by
issuance of necessary orders;
 Supervision and follow up.

Essential Elements of Information

They are particular requirements for
information which the end user needs to
govern the conduct of the operations. In the
formulation of the essential elements of