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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

This study contributed to a more enlightened understanding of why

some Policemen misbehave or commit undesirable act in the performance of

their duties and responsibilities that greatly affect the whole organization of

PNP especially the community they served. The result of the study is useful

in enhancing the application of certain theoretical and practical consideration

which when adopted by cognizant authorities can prevent at least deter the

involvement of policemen in corruption and other forms of misbehavior. It also

helps to identify what underlying causes which makes the police officer

misbehave in their job.

The Philippine National Police is the country’s premier agency involved

in law enforcement, arrest of criminals, and the maintenance of peace and

order. The citizenry are the beneficiaries of police service; nevertheless, the

people had been criticizing the PNP due to the many incidents involving the

members of the organization. Historically, the People’s Revolution of 1986

saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision on the

Philippine National Police which was to be “national in scope and civilian in

character.”

To further intensify the PNP to become a highly efficient and competent

police force, Republic Act No. 8551 known as the “PNP Reform and

Reorganization Act of 1998” was enacted on February 17, 1998, amending

certain provisions of Republic Act No 6975 and allowed the restructuring of

the PNP to enable it to cope up and efficiently perform its mandate - to

enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order, and
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ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the

community.

This step was in response to the increasing outcries to transform the

PNP “into a more responsive, effective and relevant police organization.”

Under this Act, the PNP is expected to be strengthened and evolved into a

highly efficient police force that is community and service-oriented and fully

accountable in the performance of its action.

The PNP vision so states: Imploring the aid of the Almighty, by 2030,

we shall be a highly capable, effective and credible police service working in

partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safer

place to live, work, and do business. Its philosophy is service, honor and

justice and the core values are MakaDiyos, Makabayan, Makatao, and

Makakalikasan.

On the other hand, the citizens have vital roles to play. Primarily, they

have to ask themselves if their perceptions of the police are accurate, or are

these views strongly influenced by the perceptions of others such as the

media. The community has to take steps in correcting the police officers by

reporting the illegal activities to the proper authorities.

Likewise, the citizens could help in the attainment of a safe place to live

in by supporting the police in their drive to pre-empt criminal activities in their

area. Being cognizant that crime prevention and its solution is a strategic

partnership between the police force and the community and working hand-in-

hand with the police to help in the fight against crimes is realizable.

The Caloocan City Police Station will serve the purpose as the

research locale. Caloocan City is situated in the Northern District of the

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National Capital Region (NCR). North Caloocan is bounded in the North to

Northwest by the province of Bulacan; the South to Southwest by Quezon City

and Valenzuela City. South Caloocan is bounded in the North to West by the

cities of Valenzuela, Malabon and Navotas, on the East by Quezon City and

on the South by the City of Manila. Caloocan City is where we can find

Barangay Bagong Silang, the biggest and most populous barangay in the

country. It has a land area of 950 hectares and almost 1/3 of the city residents

live in the area.

The geography of the City of Caloocan is unique as the

Northern and Southern jurisdictions are not contiguous with each other. They

are about 1.7 kilometers apart. Caloocan City Police Station are composed of

seven (7) Police Community Precinct (PCP), circulated in different parts of the

city. District 1 is composed of PCP 3, PCP 4, PCP 5, PCP 6 and portion of

PCP 1; while District II covers portion of PCP1, PCP 2 and PCP 7.

Caloocan City Police Station has a total of 1,329 PNP personnel, 39 of

which are Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) with a rank of Police

Lieutenant (PLT) to Police Colonel (PCOL) and the rest are Police Non-

Commissioned Officer (PNCO) with the rank of PATROLMAN (Pat) to Police

Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS).

Few years ago the Caloocan City Police Station was place under

controversies and bad light for series of misdemeanors such as:

On August 16, 2017, Operatives of PCP-7, CCPS conducted “One

Time Big Time” Operation when Kian Loyd Delos Santos was tagged as

@Nognog a drug runner. Police claimed that Delos Santos fought back.

However, CCTV footage showed Delos Santos was dragged by police officer
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towards Tullahan Road, where he was later found dead in a kneeling position.

The three (3) Police Operatives involved in the killing were dismissed from the

service and found guilty of murder and were sentenced to service reculsion

perpetua after the slay of Delos Santos, an incident that triggered public

outcry and scrutiny of President Rodrigo Duterte’s war on drugs.

On August 18, 2017, Police Operatives responded after driver Tomas

Bagcal sought their help at about 3:30 AM while they were on beat patrol

along C-3 Road, Caloocan City. Bagcal allegedly claimed that he was robbed

and gave the description of the culprit. Then they proceeded to the supposed

scene of the crime which took them one to two minutes. The later saw a

person whom matched the description given by Mr.Bagcal and when they

alighted their motorcycle, suspect notice their presence, drew a gun and

stared shooting against them, their instinct told them to fire back that resulted

in the death of the suspect later identified as Carl Angelo Arnaiz. The case

was also triggered sympathy from the public. On November 23, 2017,

Inspector General Alfegar Triambulo, Chief IAS announced their finding

shows that “The entry of the bullet and the position of the victim shows that he

(Arnaiz) was intentionally killed” and said findings echoed the earlier finding of

the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) which was the first to flag down the

teenager’s killing as deliberate.

What makes high ranking officials go berserk is the CCTV footage on

September 7, 2017 showed police officers, with a minor, raiding a 51 year old

woman’s house without a search warrant in Barrio Sta.Rita, Barangay 188,

Tala, Caloocan City. The cops were seen picking up items in the house, with

the minor appearing to help in the ransacking. They were able to robbed Php
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30,000.00 worth of items. That caused for the dismissal of the ten (10)

operatives and suspension of the PCP-4 Commander.

On September 15, 2017, former NCRPO PDIR OSCAR D

ALBAYALDE sacked the entire police force of the Caloocan City consisting of

1,200 strong men and women after their station were suspected in the

gruesome killing of three teenagers and were caught by close-circuit

television robbing a house.

Moreover, In an interview by Rambo Talabong of Rappler to that time

PDir OSCAR D ALBAYALDE on March 26, 2018, PDir ALBAYANDE admit

that there was problem of unsolved killing already systemic in Caloocan City

that caused for the relieved former PSSUPT JEMAR MODEQUILLO.

In the above enumerated instances where there were series of

misdemeanor among the ranks of the Caloocan City Police Station that

caused for the relieved of the whole police force makes this subject the

perfect venue to conduct the study on the factorial analysis affecting the

behavior of police officers.

Statement of the Problem

This study corroborated that some misbehavior of PNP personnel in

Caloocan City Police Station is not intuitive alone nor spontaneous because

several factors that are essential in an organization or police department that

must take into scrutiny. The study specifically answered the following

questions:

1. How do the respondents assess the factors affecting the behavior of

Police Officers in Caloocan City Police Station as assessed by the

respondents, in terms of:

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1.1 Leadership and Supervision;

1.2 Training and Education;

1.3 Political Intervention;

1.4 Disciplinary Measure; and

1.5 Implementation of Orders and Directives?

2. What are the concerns and constraints encountered by the Police Officers

in Caloocan City Police Station as regards to the above cited variables?

3. What measures may be proposed to address the concerns and constraints

encountered by the Police Officers in Caloocan City Police Station?

4. Based from the findings of the study, what action plan may be proposed to

further enhance the behavior of Police Officers in Caloocan City Police

Station?

Significance of the Study

The result of the study is useful in enhancing the application of certain

theoretical and practical consideration which when adopted by cognizant

authorities can prevent at least deter the involvement of policemen in

corruption and other forms of misbehavior. It also helps to identify what

underlying causes which makes the police officer misbehave in their job.

City of Caloocan. They will be primary beneficial to this study as it will

help City in its efforts to strengthen its local police force by understanding its

current situation through empirical data. It will be beneficial since a

reinvigorated local police force would mean stronger citywide law enforcement

services and community relations.

Caloocan City Police. They will be beneficial considering that it will

give them the necessary information gathered through scientific means which
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it can later on use in its own reformation programs towards achieving its aims

and goals as stated in its institutional mission and vision statement.

Community. they will be beneficial as they will be the end used and

knowing that the police organization is always on guard against violations

coming from its own rank and will take every measure to guarantee that the

police adhere to its principle of public service.

Future Readers. they will be beneficial as it provide them the

necessary information with regard the research topic and may serve as a

guide once a new study is conducted with regard to the above-mentioned

topic.

Researchers. they will be beneficial as it will give invaluable insights to

the researcher concerning the behavior and leadership issues of the

organization and therefore become a contributor to its overall transformation.

Future Researchers. they will be beneficial as this study will provide

reference to future research that may be conducted in the continuing cycle of

search and research.

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Conceptual/Theoretical Paradigm

The police service is a noble profession which demands from its

member’s specialized knowledge and skills as well as high standards of ethics

and morality. Hence the member of the PNP must adhere to and internalize

the enduring core values of love of God, respect for authority, selfless love

and service for people, sanctity of marriage, and family life, responsible

dominion and stewardship over material things, and truthfulness.

PNP members shall perform their duties with integrity, intelligence and

competence in the application of specialized skills and technical knowledge

with excellence and expertise. (PNPM 0-08-95 DHRDD Ethical Doctrine

Manual)

An important theory relevant to this research is the Social Control

Theory by E.A. Ross (2009), which is concerned with the issues that promote

social order and conformity. The theory specifically addresses factors which

determine whether or not a person engages in human activity, particularly in

workplace. Social control theory examines how the establishment of rules and

norms within a society serve to maintain a level of conformity and order. The

theory states that social stability depends on the expectations and obligations

persons hold towards one another in terms of decency and etiquette. This in

turn creates a type of societal morality. As a result, social order becomes a

built-in feature of everyday life.

According to the theory, what individuals see as norms are implied

behavioral guidelines. Violations of the norm lead to varied degrees of

punishment depending on how prevalent the norm may be. Punishments can

come in the form of being excluded from one's social group, disapproving
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looks, or incarceration in the case of severe violations like murder or assault.

In other words, social control theory is concerned with how human behavior is

regulated within society. Identifying the restraints that prevent an individual

from breaking the law or indulging in delinquent-type behaviors is the central

focus of the theory. The roles of family, friends, beliefs, values and law

enforcement are seen as instrumental in promoting the individual's tendency

to conform within everyday society.

This theory is applicable to the special population in this study. Police

officers follow uniform rules and norms that are strictly observed. They are

supposed to enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace

and order, to ensure public safety and internal security with active support of

the community. They must act in accordance to their creed; otherwise, they

would be punished accordingly. It is also noted that Philippine National Police

adhere to various core values such as being God-fearing, nationalistic,

humane and environment-friendly.

In fact, it is stated in their pledge that they will love and serve God, their

country and their people in that order. Social control theory prepares a set of

rules and ethical standard where the members are expected to practice

depending on the level or degree of their religiosity. Such ethical rules are

also expressed on how the people behave and act. Hence, their attitudes also

affect their level of performance in studies and work.

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Leadership And
Supervision

(1)

FACTORIAL
ANALYSIS
Training and AFFECTING THE Political
Education BEHAVIOR OF Intervention
POLICE OFFICERS
(5) IN CALOOCAN CITY (2)

Disciplinary Implementation of Orders

& Directives
Measure

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework.

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Definition of Terms

Behavior. It refers the way in which one acts or conducts oneself,

especially toward others.

Command Responsibility. It refers In accordance with the Doctrine

on Command Responsibility, immediate Commanders/ Directors shall be

responsible for the effective supervision, control and direction of their

personnel and shall see to it that all government resources shall be managed,

expended or utilized in accordance with laws and regulations and safeguard

against losses thru illegal or improper disposition.

Commitment to Democracy. It refers uniformed PNP members shall

commit themselves to the democratic way of life and values and maintain the

principle of public accountability.

Commitment to Public Interest. It refers PNP members shall always

uphold public interest over and above personal interest. All government

properties, resources and powers of their respective offices must be

employed and used effectively, honestly and efficiently, particularly to avoid

wastage of public funds and revenues.

Disciplinary Penalties. It refers police personnel who are favorites of

superiors get away from penalties due to their closeness with superiors, or for

some monetary consideration.

Discipline. It refers a mental or moral training that makes a police

officer willing to be subject to control and regulation for the good of entire

police organization of which he is a member.

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Factorial Analysis. Empirical analysis of factors involving a particular

phenomenon with the used of gathered data from the chosen participants of

the study.

Humility. It refers PNP members shall recognize the fact that they are

public servants and not the masters of the people and towards this end, they

should perform their duties without attracting attention or expecting the

applause of others.

Inherent Character. It refers qualities that are inborn in a policemen

that tends or prompts him to commit infraction despite the counsel and

training from his superiors.

Integrity. It refers PNP members shall not allow themselves to be

victims of corruption and dishonest practices in accordance with the

provisions of RA 6713 and other applicable laws.

Intervention. It refers something that comes between two things or

something that changes the course of something.

Judicious Use of Authority. It refers PNP members shall exercise

proper and legitimate use of authority in the performance of duty.

Leadership. It refers process of influencing the activities or a group in

efforts toward goal achievement in a given situation.

Management. It relies on universal skills such as planning, budgeting,

and controlling. Management is an explicit set of skills and techniques, based

on reasoning and testing that can be used in a variety of situations.

Morality. It refers PNP members shall adhere to high standards of

morality and decency and shall set good examples for others to follow.
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Non- Solicitation of Patronage. It refers PNP members shall seek

self-improvement through career development and shall not directly or

indirectly solicit influence or recommendation from politicians, high ranking

government officials prominent citizens, persons affiliated with civic or

religious organizations with regards to their assignments, promotions, transfer

or those of other members of the force, nor shall they initiate any petition to be

prepared and presented by citizens in their behalf.

Non-Partisanship. It refers PNP members shall provide services to

everyone without discrimination regardless of party affiliation in accordance

with existing laws and regulations.

Obedience to Superiors. It refers PNP members shall obey lawful

orders of and be courteous to superior officers and other appropriate

authorities within the chain of command.

Orderliness. It refers PNP members shall follow original procedures in

accomplishing tasks assigned to them to minimize waste in the use of time,

money and effort.

Police Management Leadership. It refers the effectiveness of law

enforcement is reflective of the managerial capabilities and competent

leadership of the men and women who run the PNP organization.

Political Patronage. It refers the members shall inhibit themselves

from soliciting political patronage on matters pertaining to assignment, award,

training and promotion.

Politics. It refers the process of making decisions applying to all

members of each group.

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Recruitment. It refers any act of canvassing, enlisting, contracting,

transporting, utilizing, hiring, or procuring employees, for employment in the

PNP.

Setting Example. It refers all PNP members shall set good example to

their subordinates and follow good example from the superiors.

Supervision. It refers the action, process, or occupation of

supervising; especially: a critical watching and directing (as of activities or a

course of action).

Training Adequacy. It refers Training aimed at developing the

fundamental attitude, knowledge, skills, and behavior patterns to the specific

standards of police service.

Training. It refers teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any

skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has

specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, productivity and

performance.

Review of Related Literature & Studies

Olson and Wasilewski (2016) wrote that for most law enforcement

officers, being a cop is more than just a job, it is a lifestyle and an identity. The

potential for law enforcement to be a deeply rewarding career is great and, for

many officers, it is. Police officer testing is traditionally a keenly competitive

process where literally hundreds of hopefuls can vie for each open spot on a

highly sought after department.

True leadership is a lifestyle, not a position. Those who are effective

know they are change agents and seek out to be “iron that sharpens iron.” To

be an effective leader goes against human nature and definitely against

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standardized police culture for it takes humility, commitment, and a strong

work ethic on personal development. (Olson and Wasilewski 2016)

Inam (2014) in her presentation at the Thesis Research Design

Seminar in 2014 pointed out multiple studies on police officer behavior and

have found that there is little or weak relation between an officer’s

characteristics (race, gender, education, attitudes) and the actual behavior

they exhibit on the job. These findings have led to increased research on the

effect of organizational factors on police officer behavior, and two school of

thoughts around the influence of organizational structures on police officers.

The first is that during recruitment and training of potential police officers,

those with inconsistent values to a department are already screened out, and

therefore never even make it into service. The second is that individuals who

enter a department with differing attitudes will begin conforming to the larger

department and organizational culture after socialization with peers.

According to Mutsaers (2015), this has resulted in officers acting les

like public servants performing a community duty. He claims that policing is

now dominated by a culture in which officers are encouraged to act arbitrarily,

as they see fit. In his thesis he describes how this blurring of the boundaries

between personal insight and public duty easily leads to subjectivity and

discrimination. "If an officer misbehaves," he explains, "the problem is put

down to some personal psychological issue and he is simply sent off for

awareness training."

On the other hand, in the book, The Causes and Cures of Criminality,

Eysenck and Gudjonsson (2016) claim that: “Many – if not most – sociological

theories boil down to what might be called economic theories, i.e., crimes as a
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result of poverty, whether relative or absolute, deprivation, and similar

economic causes. Although such theories have always had appeal, they do

not accord with the facts.” This claim, backed up by figures based on thorough

research studies, attempts to rebut the “theory” that poverty is a major cause

of criminality. But the research studies were done in the context of an

industrialized society where poverty is not prevalent. The fact is, in a society

that is not generally poor, poverty cannot really be a major cause of

criminality. Hence, the findings stressed by Eysenck and Gudjonsson cannot

be applied, across the board, to practically all societies.

The researcher finds this particular study (The role of leadership in

promoting ethical police behavior, Porter et. al, 2015) related to her own

research since it focuses on issues of leadership roles and organizational

ethics and the effects it has on the overall police organization management as

well as how both leadership roles and organizational ethics affects the

behavior of lower lever officers. The aim of the research was to explore the

impact that senior leadership as perceived to have on ethical police behavior,

particularly that of those officers and staff in frontline roles.

Its key findings were as follows: Overall, the large majority of

interviewees felt there had been a positive shift in the style of police

leadership in recent years. There was a general sense leaders had moved

away from an autocratic style to a more inclusive and open approach. Most

current leaders in the study were seen as consultative and good

communicators. Interviewees found it difficult to disentangle the factors that

constituted effective leadership in general from those that specifically

promoted ethical behavior.

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Porter et al. (2015), stated that demonstration of transformational and

participative leadership styles was seen as important, particularly by senior

leaders. Visibility and communication were seen as key dimensions of

leadership that offered opportunities to encourage organizational commitment,

as a result of it increasing the credibility of leaders among staff and a belief in

shared values and goals. Elements of transactional leadership were also

thought important for staff behavior and morale, particularly in terms of

encouraging appropriate standards through the consistent and fair application

of reward and sanction within the organization. For many, successful

leadership in fostering ethical behavior was seen to come through flexibility

and balance in leadership style. The nature of policing – with its high levels of

discretion and specific vulnerabilities towards misconduct (e.g. contact with

criminals) – reportedly meant leadership needed to be both transformational

and transactional.

In another study, (Hudson 2014) the focus was on the use of force by

police officers. In many respects, the patrol officer’s sanctioned capacity to

use coercive force lies at the core of the police role in our modern society.

When patrol officers take an oath to serve and protect their community,

society trusts that they will use their authority with integrity and restraint. Many

situations arise where patrol officers’ use of force is legitimate and necessary

in order to fulfill their mandate to protect and serve. At the same time,

however, this force can be used inappropriately, undermining police

legitimacy. Accordingly, it is important to understand the situations and extra-

legal factors that may influence a patrol officer’s use of force behavior.
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Another closely related study is the one by Ortiz (2016) about impacts

on Black and Latino males, their communities, mental health and healing of

police brutality. The researcher finds this study quite interesting since it

tackles the more violent side of police behavioral issues. One that involves

actual physical violence against the community.

However, to date the researchers only found one study that directly

focuses on the mental health and the long-term adverse effects of police

brutality, showing the need to attend to this issue. The study has

acknowledged that limited data is available to assess the health implications

of police encounters, particularly for the urban populations at greatest risk for

contact (Geller et al. 2014). At the same time, this study has shed some light

to this issue by acknowledging some correlation with trauma symptoms and

anxiety associated with police contact especially with intrusive encounters.

For instance, participants who reported more police contact also reported

more trauma and anxiety symptoms. Anxiety symptoms were related to the

number of times the young men were stopped and how they perceived the

critical encounter was conducted and higher anxiety was also related to more

police intrusion (Geller et al. 2014). Trauma symptoms were also higher

among those who experience numerous police stops and who lived in public

housing along with the fact that stop intrusion was a significant predictor of

PTSD among these youth, with more invasive stops predicting higher levels of

trauma (Geller et al. 2014).

The researcher found it worthwhile to include the study of Elliot (2015)

in his thesis entitled “Body-Worn Cameras: A Step Toward Trust and

Legitimacy for Campus Police,” as a means of rebuilding community trust

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previously broken down to bits by police misconducts. It is good to know that

while other studies focus on why police officers engage in unethical behavior

this study offers a solution to the problem.

Experts cite procedural justice, “laws and procedures meant to

safeguard against error in the application of justice”, as “the primary driver of

perceptions of legitimacy”. Additionally, procedural justice has a large impact

on the creation and maintenance of legitimacy of police (Pollock, 2014).

According to the study of Tulauan (2014) in her Thesis entitled “

Perceived Effectiveness of the Recruitment and Selection Process for

Uniformed Personnel of the Philippine National Police” on Asia Pacific

Studies, the attempt of the Philippine National Police (PNP) management to

eliminate corruption and misconduct within the organization and render true

public service (“Serbisyong Makatotohanan”) is in line with its newly revised

vision, “Imploring the aid of the Almighty, by 2030,” which envisions that it

shall be a highly capable, effective and credible police service, working in

partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safer

place to live, work and do business.

Another study found relation on the performance of PNP members with

religiosity and job attitude as well as its relativeness to police misconduct.

According to the study of Inasoria (2014),in his thesis entitled “Effects of

Profile, Religiosity and Job Attitude on the Job Performance in the Philippine

National Police: The Case of Bulacan Province” an organization is as good as

the sum total of its members and that total, like a chain, is as strong as its

weakest link.
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Each member represents to the totality of the whole membership to the

organization, and in like manner, each member‘s action is a reflection of the

whole organization. The values of an individual in the organization are also

integral part of his development as a productive member of society. Thus,

strong values formation is likewise an important component of reform as well

as be a right step in limiting negative behavioral activities that impinge on the

bureaucracy.

But how is this true among the police officers, despite all the issues

and challenges that the institution is faced with? Can the value of religiosity

affect good job performances? With these expressions, it is but timely to find

out how profile, religiosity and job attitudes relate to the job performance of

the Philippine National Police officers, specifically, the Police Non-

Commissioned Officers (PNCO).

This study by Mojares, et al. (2015) assessed the in his thesis entitled

“Motivational Factors of non-criminology graduates in joining the Philippine

National Police”. It tackled the profile of the non-criminology graduates in

terms of age, gender, civil status, degree and length of years in service as

PNP member; their motivation factors in joining PNP in terms of internal and

external factors; to assess the significant relationship between the profile of

the respondents and their motivational factors in joining PNP.

Finally, a study entitled, “Incidence of Crimes and Effectiveness of

Interventions in the National Capital Region: Evidence from Panel Data” by

Mojares, et al. in 2015 for the University of the Philippines, School of Statistics

was reviewed. The researcher deemed it relevant because it discussed that

while there are negatives incidents of police interactions with the community,
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most are still positive and that many people still believe the PNP is efficiently

performing despite the many instances of police misconducts.

In this study, the crime prevention interventions examined are

described. Two of these, the number of warrants served and number of

additional police personnel, are, in a strict sense, not interventions. The

former is a measure of the effectiveness of police service in ensuring the

arrest of criminals, while the latter simply counts the number of additional

police personnel deployed in the police districts. Nonetheless, these two,

although not new operations conducted by the PNP, will still be referred to as

“interventions.” The definitions of the interventions given in this paper are from

the PNP Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) in Managing Police

Operations. (Mojares, et al. 2015)

According to Mojares et al. (2015), the safety of one’s person and

security of one’s property are widely viewed as basic human rights and are

essential to the community’s overall quality of life. People envision a society in

which they play an active role in peace and development, engaging in the

promotion of social integration as they seek unity in diversity with social

justice. However, it has been a global phenomenon that crime is on the rise.

Crime has had great impact on individuals and communities and has high and

diverse costs. There is terrible physical, material, mental, and emotional injury

that is suffered by its victims.