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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Originating from a merging of the Philippine Constabulary and the

Integrated National Police, the Philippine National Police (PNP) is the civilian

national police force of the Philippines. The following is a brief history of the PNP

and the organizational structure that it holds today.

The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine

Constabulary or the PC, which was inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing

it as an insular police force under the American regime. On August 8, 1975,

Presidential Decree no. 765 was issued, establishing the Philippine

Constabulary Integrated National Police or the PC/INP as the country’s national

police force. These fragmented and diverse local police units were integrated

into a national police force with the Philippine Constabulary as its nucleus.

After the People’s Revolution in 1986, a new Constitution was

promulgated providing for a police force, which is “national in scope and civilian

in character.” Consequently, Republic Act No. 6975 entitled, “An Act Establishing

the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior

and Local government (DILG),” was signed into law on December 13, 1990,

which took effect on January 1, 1991. Subsequently, the PNP was operational

on January 29, 1991, whose members were formerly the PC and the INP and

the absorption of the selected members from the major service units of the
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Armed Forces of the Philippines such as the Philippine Air Force Security

Command, the Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Navy, and the Philippine

Army.

Thus, to further strengthen the PNP into a highly efficient and competent

police force, Republic Act No. 8551 entitled “PNP Reform and the

Reorganization Act of 1998” was enacted on February 17, 1998, amending

certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.

The Philippine National Police or PNP is the national police force of the

Republic of the Philippines with a manpower strength of 113,928 as of end-July

2007. It provides law enforcement services through its regional, provincial,

municipal, district and local police units all over the islands.

Created by virtue of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the

“Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990", the PNP came

into being on January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, when the

Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired as

mandated by law.

The researchers aimed to know the perception of the PNP Personnel of

Calaca, Batangas on the 3-years term of office for the PNP Chief similar to the

Armed Forces of the Philippines. As Criminology Students, they want to know

the outlooks of Uniformed Personnel of the PNP regarding the term of office of

the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

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Setting of the Study

The study was conducted in the municipality of Calaca, Batangas,

specifically on Calaca Municipal Police Station.

Calaca is a 1st class municipality in the province of Batangas, Philippines.

According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 87,361 people. 

Calaca is home to the lively Calacatchara festival.

Figure 1.

Map Showing the Municipality of Calaca, Batangas

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Figure 2.

Police Station of Calaca, Batangas

Theoretical Framework

Primarily, this study was based on the Modern Organizational Theory by

Max Weber.

Modern Organizational Theory includes multiple management

development approaches. This theory considers interactions between people

within an organization and the surrounding environment, as well as the

interpersonal interactions between members of the organization. Theorists

based this approach on systems analysis and used both quantitative and

behavioral sciences to develop it.

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This means that professional leaders who adopt this theory may use

statistical and mathematical information to make business decisions while also

considering the satisfaction and happiness of their employees. Managers who

implement this approach may require an in-depth knowledge of their employees'

behaviors in order to implement programs that further their productivity and

professional development.
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Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Demographic profile
of the respondents in
terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Rank
1.5 Years in Service 1. Data Collection Formulation of
of respondents’ programs to improve
Profile the PNP by
Perception of PNP 2. Administering prescribing Fixed
Personnel of Calaca Questionnaires Terms for Key
Municipal Police 3. Organization of Officers
Station in 3 years respondent’s
term of office for the answers
PNP Chief similar to 4. Statistical
the Armed Forces of Analysis of data
the Philippines in
terms of:
2.1 professionalization
in the organization
2.2 institutionalization
2.3 promotion
2.4 excellence in
leadership
2.5 accountability
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Figure 3.

Conceptual Paradigm

This study will be inclined to determine the perception of PNP Personnel

of Calaca Municipal Police Station in 3 years term of office for the PNP Chief

similar to the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

The input includes the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of

Age, Gender, Civil Status, Rank and Years in Service.

The process includes the data collection of respondents’ profiles,

administering questionnaires, organization of respondent’s answers, statistical

analysis of data

The output includes the formulation of proposed program to improve the

PNP by prescribing Fixed Terms for Key Officers.

Statement of the Problem

This research intends to find out the perception of PNP Personnel

of Calaca Municipal Police Station in 3 years term of office for the PNP Chief

similar to the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

Specially, this study sought to answer the following.

1. What is the demographic profile of respondent in terms of?

1.1 age;

1.2 gender;

1.3 civil status;

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1.4 rank; and

1.5 years in service?

2. What is the perception of PNP Personnel of Calaca Municipal Police Station

in 3 years term of office for the PNP Chief similar to the Armed Forces of the

Philippines in terms of:

2.1 professionalization in the organization;

2.2 institutionalization;

2.3 promotion;

2.4 excellence in leadership; and

2.5 accountability?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the perception of PNP Personnel of

Calaca Municipal Police Station in 3 years term of office for the PNP Chief

similar to the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the demographic profile of

the respondents?

1. Based on the study, what recommendations can be formulated to improve the

PNP by prescribing Fixed Terms for Key Officers?

Hypothesis

This study tested the following hypothesis:

There is no a significant relationship between the perception of PNP

Personnel of Calaca Municipal Police Station in 3 years term of office for the

PNP Chief similar to the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the demographic

profile of the respondents.

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Assumption of the Study

The researchers were expecting that the questionnaires to be distributed

will be answered truthfully by the respondents to obtain a reliable and accurate

study.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The research is limited only to the perception of PNP Personnel of Calaca

Municipal Police Station in 3 years term of office for the PNP Chief similar to the

Armed Forces of the Philippines and the demographic profile of the respondents.

This study will mainly focus on 30 respondents from PNP Uniformed

Personnel of Calaca, Batangas.

Significance of the Study

This study is believed to be very significant in the sense that this will

provide assistance to the different groups of people in various ways:

To the PNP, as an organization, it was clear perspective that awareness

of every policeman on their duties and responsibilities may help attain the

institution’s goals and be reflected on their over-all performance, as a whole.

To the Researchers, the outcomes of this study will provide them with

more meaningful insight that they can utilize once they would join the law

enforcement profession.
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To Students, they will be benefited in this study because it helps them in

understanding the situation of convicted prisoners and as future law enforcers, it

will help them greatly on their profession.

To the Future Researchers, this study can provide background

information for those who would like to work on the same topic. They can make

this study as their basis for future research.

Objectives of the Study

The study is conducted to find out what is the perception of PNP

Personnel of Calaca Municipal Police Station in 3 years term of office for the

PNP Chief similar to the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the demographic

profile of the respondents. More on, the study seeks to formulate

recommendations pertaining to the improvement of the PNP by prescribing

Fixed Terms for Key Officers.

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Definition of Term

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are

operationally defined.

Chief of Staff- provides a buffer between a chief executive and that executive's

direct-reporting team.

Civilian- persons who are not members of the armed forces and are not

combatants if they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs

of war.

Compulsory Retirement- is the set age at which people who hold certain jobs

or offices are required by industry custom or by law to leave their

employment or retire.

Commander- one who exercises control and direction of a military or naval

organization.

Enlisted Personnel- perform specific job functions and have the knowledge,

skills, and abilities to ensure the success of their unit's missions.

Key Officials- the personnel of an organization are the people who work for it.

Professionalism- the state or practice of doing one's job with skill, competence,

ethics, and courtesy.

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Promotion- the act of raising someone to a higher or more important position or

rank.

Recruitment- refers to the process of identifying, attracting, interviewing,

selecting, hiring and onboarding employees.

Rank- a position in relation to others higher or lower, showing the importance or

authority of the person having it.

Term of Office- is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected

office.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

According to Tosi (2017), length of term in office was a third independent

variable. Results show that incentive alignment was a more powerful mechanism

than monitoring for ensuring that agents acted in the interests of owners. An

interaction of monitoring, incentive alignment, and term in office revealed that

these effects are relatively complicated and deserve further study. Also,

incentive alignment had a beneficial effect for the principal for long-term CEOs,

even though the tendency to escalate (an effect negative for principals) was

greatest for those agents.

Harkness (2017) argued that the military plays a crucial role in furthering

or hindering democratization in Africa. Beyond direct intervention through coups,

armies more subtly and perniciously condition the political trajectory of states

through their loyalty. Leaders who can rely on unwavering military support for

protection against internal unrest face fewer risks and greater chances of

success in rolling back liberalization and entrenching authoritarian practices.

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Constructing ethnic armies, which tie the fate of soldiers to the regime, is a

profoundly powerful way to affect such loyalty. Through a mixed methods

analysis of presidential bids to challenge term limits, including a paired

comparison of Senegal and Cameroon, I demonstrate that ethnic armies triple

the chances of success and, in so doing, encourage defiance in the first place:

82% of presidents backed by ethnic armies attempt to defy their constitutions

and extend their hold on power, as opposed to 31% of other leaders.

Conversely, ethnically diverse armies are far more likely to defend constitutional

politics and constrain leaders to abide by term limits. The ethnic composition of

the military thus critically shapes the prospects for African liberalization.

According to Otter (2016), rehabilitation programs, if properly designed

and implemented, can reduce recidivism and drug use. Moreover, certain

rehabilitation programs are judged by Prisoners to be more punitive than short

prison terms, and the public seems increasingly willing to support intermediate

sanctions for nonviolent Prisoners. Experimentation and evaluation are needed

to determine whether adequately funded probation systems can protect society

and rehabilitate Prisoners.

McCall (2018) stated that when rehabilitation is managed well, they can

reduce recidivism rates by close to 30 percent. Recidivism is when the criminal

offender re-offends after being released from prison or jail. Reducing recidivism

rates is important, as it can ultimately reduce the overall crime rate and increase

the safety of citizens. Prisoners who are placed on rehabilitation are generally
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not violent criminals. Some Prisoners who are released are considered violent

Prisoners, but ideally, they are not released until careful consideration has been

given to the dangers of releasing them into the community. By utilizing

reintegration, beds are freed up to house violent criminals, which is beneficial to

society as a whole.

According to Baugham & Ianson (2017), community reintegration is an

important goal for Prisoners released from jail or prison to gradually ease their

reentry into society. Community-based correctional programs help in this

endeavor with a minimal level of supervision while simultaneously allowing the

offender to assume responsibilities and parental roles. In this way, getting

released from prison is not such a culture shock, and this will hopefully decrease

the probability of recidivism. Restorative justice assumes that a crime harms the

community and that sometimes there are individual victims involved. Often,

victims of property crimes just want to be paid back or have things restored to

their former condition something that may not be possible if the offender goes to

jail or prison. Restorative justice emphasizes offender responsibility to repair the

injustice that Prisoners have caused their victims. Through victim and community

involvement, such as face-to-face mediation sessions, victim impact panels, and

volunteer mentoring, the offender remains in the community, completes

community service, and pays victim restitution. Restorative justice is most

effective for property crimes, particularly those committed by juveniles or first-

time adult felony Prisoners.

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Foreign Studies

Murdoch (2017) stated that comprehensive crime prevention programs

must include effective measures to prevent recidivism and to stop the cycle of

failed adaptation by repeat Prisoners. Prisoners released from confinement face

a variety of challenges that may hinder their ability to become law-abiding

citizens. Of particular concern are high-risk Prisoners with lengthy records of

criminality. A key feature of successful crime prevention strategies is the

attention to the social reintegration of ex-prisoners into the community and the

development of interventions designed to reduce the levels of recidivism. These

interventions represent a wide array of efforts sponsored by the justice system,

often in collaboration with community agencies and organizations. Offender

reintegration programs target the dynamic risk factors associated with recidivism

and specific initiatives focus on specific challenges facing Prisoners, including

substance abuse and unemployment, while others target specific offender

groups, including sex Prisoners and high-risk young Prisoners. Offender

reintegration programs can be generally grouped into prison-based programs,

surveillance-based transition programs; assistance-based transition programs;

and integrated, throughcare programs.

According to Olivares (2018), primary objective of social reintegration

programs is to provide Prisoners with the assistance and supervision that they

may need to desist from crime, to successfully reintegrate into the community

and to avoid a relapse into criminal behavior. In general, there are three main
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categories of social reintegration programs: (a) prison-based rehabilitation

programs; (b) reintegration and aftercare programs delivered upon release;10

and (c) non-custodial, community-based programs. Social reintegration

interventions can take place at various stages of the criminal justice process and

even outside of that process when Prisoners are diverted to alternative services

and programs (see figure I). They cover a wide array of services and initiatives

implemented or sponsored by the criminal justice system, often complemented

by collaborative schemes with community agencies and NGOs.

In the study of Chikadzi (2017), offender rehabilitation and reintegration

have come to be embraced as a vital component of a comprehensive and

holistic crime-fighting strategy. Despite this, research shows that upon release

from prison, ex-Prisoners are faced with a myriad of challenges that weaken the

possibility of reform and predispose ex-Prisoners to recidivism. Using primary

data from a qualitative study, this paper discusses the challenges faced by ex-

Prisoners when reintegrating into mainstream society in Gauteng, South Africa.

The findings show that ex-Prisoners struggle to adjust because of broken family

and community relationships, unemployment, and lack of after-care services,

among other factors.

Li (2018) found out that the significant challenge that previously convicted

individuals face is re-entry into the labor market. Released prisoners have

difficulty securing and maintaining employment after re-entry since employers

are reluctant to hire people with criminal records. In addition to a criminal record,
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limited education, the stigma of incarceration and a lack of employment history

contribute to limited employment opportunities. Also, most states allow

employers to deny jobs to individuals who were previously arrested but never

convicted of a crime. Released prisoners generally find employment and work in

low-skill jobs in food service, wholesale, maintenance, or the manufacturing

industry. These employment opportunities provide few benefits and little to no

opportunities for upward mobility. Furthermore, previously convicted individuals

who manage to secure a job are employed at lower wages than they earned

before incarceration Prisoners also experience obstacles in public and private

job sectors since they are unable to obtain professional and technical licenses.

When limited legal employment opportunities and resources are available,

individuals who are re-entering their communities are more likely to reoffend.

Bahr & Davis (2018) analyzed the process of reintegration from their

perspective. The Prisoners identified six factors that they felt influenced their

ability to reintegrate and desist from crime: (1) substance abuse; (2)

employment; (3) family support; (4) types of friends; (5) personal motivation to

change; and (6) age. A large majority indicated that drug abuse was a major

contributor to their criminal activities. Most said supports from family, friends,

and treatment services were important for successful reintegration. Those who

were successful tended to have both a personal desire to change and a support

system that helped them reintegrate and desist from drug use and crime.
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Support had more impact among those who desired to change and those who

received support were more likely to perceive that change is possible.

Local Literature

Estillore (2020) stated that an increase in positive inmates programming

has proven to minimize institutional violence because of decreased idleness.

Inmates are involved in purposeful activities, giving them a sense of being part of

larger community. Programs such as these have the potential for successful

transitioning inmates from prison to the world of work. Through this program,

inmates may learn valuable employability skills that translate the opportunities

for employment upon release.

According to Lobenia (2021), there is a scarcity of jobs as many business

establishments have closed due to the pandemic. Worse, there is still a

prevailing social stigma against former inmates which reduces their chance of

employment. After serving their first sentence, most of them were not able to find

decent jobs and were not accepted by their immediate families. They chose to

get reinvolved in crimes. The social stigma that former jail inmates often

experience after their release can be more punishing than incarceration itself.

Alaras (2020) stated that many prisoners have limited education and work

experience, which makes it difficult for them to secure employment after they are

released. According to several studies, about 70 percent of Prisoners and ex-

Prisoners are high school dropouts. As a result of incarceration and involvement

in the criminal justice system, many former prisoners are viewed negatively by
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former employers or by individuals within their former professional networks, if

they previously had one. The combination of a limited professional network and

a conspicuous résumé gap can make it very difficult for ex-convicts to get an

interview with a prospective employer. ex-Prisoners thought it would be easy to

renew family relationships; after returning home, over half reported it was more

difficult than expected. Family members often assume a new financial and

emotional burden when ex-Prisoners return home, having to support a

dependent adult. To ease reconnecting with family and lost years of parenting

experience, some prisons have programs to improve parenting skills. Although

there is evidence that such prison-based programs are effective and beneficial

for prisoners and their families, participation in such programs has declined in

recent years.

In the study of Lopez (2019), correctional education functioned as a

coping mechanism to sustain the inmates while living in the prison. Prison

schools provide a separate environment for the inmates. Academic courses are

effective rehabilitative techniques only to the extent that they allow inmates to

express themselves and sublimate antisocial tendencies. The authors

highlighted that public participation and cooperation are required in the

reintegration of the Prisoners and resocialization of ex-Prisoners. It is important

to note that many ex-Prisoners in the Philippines do not have much access to

employment opportunities due to the lack of support from the government and

the aftercare services. Public participation and cooperation in the reintegration of

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the ex-Prisoners are much needed in the Philippines. Currently this study did not

evaluate the impact of correctional educational on ex-Prisoners in finding

employment after release.

Heredero (2016) stated that community readiness to support prisoner

reintegration appears to be communicated via symbolic notions of risk, forfeiture,

forgiveness, redemption, and moral inclusion. The importance of symbolic

messages of reintegration aligns with the process of desistance. The public is

less supportive of reintegration at a personal involvement level, and in the

domain of housing; both are indicators of increased risk. These trends can be

interpreted as indicating that the public is willing to forgive ex-Prisoners and will

allow for the provision of community resources to this population but is less likely

to overlook ex-offender forfeiture of citizenship at a personal level; the public is

not keen on having an ex-offender as its personal work colleague or neighbor.

The public was more supportive of reintegration when it viewed offending as an

unstable characteristic that can be targeted by rehabilitation. Interestingly, the

symbolic notion of potential for redemption was important; the belief that

rehabilitation could change offending was influential on public support for

reintegration. However, the findings may also indicate that the public links

reintegration to successful rehabilitation.

Local Studies

In his study, Ponferrada (2018) found out that prisons are expected to

provide punishment, deterrence, and rehabilitation, although the very

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characteristics essential to punishment are obstacles to rehabilitation. Concepts

of humanitarian reform and rehabilitation assume that imprisonment itself is

sufficient punishment and call for the establishment of civilized living conditions

and of treatment efforts aimed at the social reintegration of Prisoners. Effective

reforms would include the elimination of indeterminate sentences which

encourage inmates to pretend to be rehabilitated to gain an early release.

Rehabilitation programs should be facilitative rather than coercive. Only

dangerous prisoners or those for whom other punitive measures have failed

should be imprisoned. With fewer inmates, prison programs could be more

effective. Additional minimum security institutions should be built since they

create a relaxed atmosphere conducive to better relationships among inmates

and between inmates and the prison staff. Community-based corrections can be

provided through small halfway houses and work release centers which would

help inmates maintain family ties and rejoin the community.

Tayag (2018) examined the cases of thirty inmates from the New Bilibid

Prisons who were in the death row or sentenced with reclusion perpetua or life

imprisonment. The nature of their punishment is indicative of the weight of the

crime that they committed. It turned out that most of the respondents in this

study experienced to a certain extent, some kind of abuse in the past, either

physical or sexual, emotional or both. These experiences of abuse play a great

role in the impairment of the cognitive processes of an individual, such as his or

her conscience and the ability to understand how other people feel. There are
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changes that occur in one‘s belief system which at certain times may be

manifested through hostility and aggression.

Aala (2017) aimed to determine the impacts of labeling on reintegrated

Prisoners’ lives. He sought to determine the profile of the reintegrated Prisoners,

to identify the psychological and social impacts of labeling and lastly, to

determine the significant difference on the psychosocial impact of labeling on

reintegrated Prisoners when grouped according to profile. The researchers used

the descriptive type of research and utilized twenty-nine (29) reintegrated

Prisoners as respondents. Data were gathered through self-made questionnaire.

The results showed that majority of the respondents were male, elementary and

high school graduate, single and unemployed. Most of them had served their

sentence institutionally and committed drug related cases. The respondents

agreed that they were able to experience depression and rejection as they were

judged negatively. They also agreed that they experienced hardships in finding a

suitable job after their release in prison. Their imprisonment had created a

permanent and unbridgeable distance between the respondents and their

families. There is no significant differences exist and the respondents have

assessed the psychosocial impacts of labeling on reintegrated Prisoners to be

the same. This means that respondents have experienced the same impact;

whether it is psychological or social, of being labeled as reintegrated Prisoners.

Gamo (2018) argues that much can be revealed when inmates,

historically considered as objects of punishment, are treated as subjects of

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rehabilitation. Significant understanding can be realized by looking at

rehabilitation from the perspectives of inmates. An examination of their

constructed identities, adjustment, and agency in prison life and views on

participatory rehabilitation uncovers various insights that are critical towards a

sociological understanding of modern-day rehabilitation. After conducting in-

depth interviews among the inmates in the Philippine prisons and utilizing

hermeneutic phenomenology, the study proposes other ways of making

rehabilitation more participatory and hence inmate-centered.

Austria (2018) stated that community reintegration of ex-prisoners is an

important issue in efforts to reduce recidivism. The present study examined the

multiple, complex, and dynamic nature of variables influencing successful

reintegration by assessing the type and degree of change in reintegration

variables over time. Participants were 79 adult prisoners (54 male, 25 female)

who completed a prerelease questionnaire 1 month before their release, which

focused on prison-related variables, participant background, and anticipated

conditions upon release. A post release questionnaire was administered to the

same participants at 1-4 weeks and 3-4 months post release, focusing on the

quality of life conditions experienced following release. Results indicate that

current health ratings and several indicators of drug use were significantly

different over the three measurement phases. Ratings of employment and

housing stability, finance, and social support were unchanged over the post
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release period. Theoretical implications of the present investigation for

reintegration theory are discussed, together with practical applications.

Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present Study

Different perceptions on reintegrated convicted Prisoners of other

countries were discussed on the foreign literatures in this chapter. Also, different

perceptions and factors affecting the reintegration of convicted Prisoners was

determined in the literatures includes.

Studies were focused on the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs to

reintegrated convicted Prisoners as perceived by different government/state

agencies and the role of the community on the process of rehabilitation of

released Prisoners.

Different articles and literatures about the lives of released Prisoners in

the Philippines were depicted on the local literatures. The evolution and the

challenges on the process of reintegration was also discussed.

Effectiveness of the reintegration in the Philippines was the focused of the

different studies in the Philippine setting. Problems and issues regarding

reintegration and further improvement of the rehabilitation programs were also

included in the study.

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CHAPTER 3

METHOD OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURE

Research Method

This study utilizes the descriptive method of research. This method was

deemed appropriate to be used since such method describes the nature of the

phenomenon under investigation after a survey of current trends, practices and

conditions that relate to that phenomenon. In this study, the perception of PNP

Personnel of Calaca Municipal Police Station in 3 years term of office for the

PNP Chief similar to the Armed Forces of the Philippines were determined

through a survey questionnaire.

Population and Sampling Scheme

The information was gathered from the police station in Calaca,

Batangas. From the total population of the PNP Personnel of Calaca MPS, the

researchers used the Random Sampling Techniques that will represent the

entire population.
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The respondents of this study are thirty (30) PNP Personnel of San

Calaca, Batangas.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

This study needed thirty (30) respondents that comes from the uniformed

personnel of Calaca Municipal Police Station. They were profiled according to

Age, Gender, Civil Status, Rank and Years in Service

Research Instruments

The researchers use a self-designed questionnaire to be distributed to the

respondents. The research utilized the survey questionnaires as the main tool

for gathering the data needed for the research. It consists of three parts.

Part I of the instrument was designed to draw information on the profile of

the respondents in terms of: Age, Gender, Civil Status, Rank and Years in

Service. Part II of this instrument is the perception of PNP Personnel of Calaca

Municipal Police Station in 3 years term of office for the PNP Chief similar to the

Armed Forces of the Philippines.

Validation of Instruments

The self-designed questionnaire will be submitted to the Thesis Adviser

for further checking and revisions. After validating the instrument, it will be

submitted to the Dean of the College Department for final validation. After the
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final validation, the researchers will distribute the questionnaire to the

respondents for the latter to be able to answer.

Procedure in Data Gathering

Upon given permission by the Chief of Police of Calaca, Batangas, the

researchers will conduct the survey on the target respondents. The

questionnaires will be distributed to them and to be collected after. These will be

tabulated and interpreted.

Data Analysis/Statistical Treatment of Data

1. Frequencies

f = frequency of responses per category/demographic

N = total number of scores/responses

2. Percentage-is an index of relative position indicating the percentage of

scores that fall at or below a given score.

P=f/N

P= Percentage

F= Frequency of the number of the respondents

N= total number of respondents

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