Bicol College

College of Criminal Justice Education

Daraga, Albay

PERFORMANCE OF BARANGAY PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM (BPATs)

IN MAINTAINING PEACE AND ORDER IN DARAGA, ALBAY

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education
Bicol College
Daraga, Albay

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

SEVILLA, MARC JAN DEXTER V.

BULAWAN, RAY MARK M.
MONREAL DAVER JOHN B.

2022
Introduction

Historically, upon the arrival of the Spaniards, several ancient barangays were

combined to form towns. Every barangay within a town was headed by the cabeza de

barangay (barangay chief), who formed part of the elite ruling class of the municipalities

of Spanish Philippines. Having said, it is marked on our history that policing comes in

different forms in the Philippines as we had our own special method of community

policing. The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine

Constabulary or the PC, which was inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing it as an

insular police force under the American regime. On August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree

no. 765 was issued, establishing the Philippine Constabulary Integrated National Police

or the PC/INP as the country’s national police force. These fragmented and diverse local

police units were integrated into a national police force with the Philippine Constabulary

as its nucleus. While we adopted in the past various community policing systems, such as

Koban of Japan and Singapore Police Force, nevertheless, the Philippine National Police

have to resort to homegrown policing system anchored on the community partnership

called bayanihan. Bayanihan answers the need for the whole neighborhood to get

involved in policing and law enforcement. The community relies upon the police to

“serve and protect” and the police, in return, rely upon community support and

cooperation in order to be effective. In the past, various anti-criminality strategies and

concepts were adopted by the PNP in its effort to curb criminality and maintain peace and

order. However, most of the concepts were found to be unsustainable as these were just

revised versions of crime prevention concepts from other countries and were not suitable

to the existing criminality situation in the Philippines. It is along this line that a
peacekeeping concept responsive to the unique peace and order condition in the

Philippines needed to be crafted. The concept basically calls for PNP members to lead in

the fight against all forms of criminality, including insurgency, distinct to their areas of

responsibility, utilizing active citizen involvement and community empowerment. The

1987 Philippine Constitution, particularly in the Declaration of Principles and State

Policies, states that the prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people.

The Government may call upon the people to defend the state and all citizens may be

required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.

Policing is one of the major, formal devices designed to bring about the regulation and

control of behavior in a community. If social disapproval and other informal social

processes fail to contain crime, drug abuse, and sociopathic behavior, the police are then

expected to provide a main line of defense against deviants and lawbreakers.

Parenthetically, the police in modern societies are also charged with the maintenance of

public order as well as with the control of crime.

It is for this reason that pursuant to the authority of the National Peace and Order

Council and the Philippine National Police, the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team

(BPAT) is created as the primary operators to conduct Community-Oriented Policing and

Public Safety System. The BPAT will be composed of PNP supervisor, Barangay

Chairman, Ex-O, Barangay Tanod (sectoral representatives, police auxiliaries).With the

Barangay Peacekeeping Operations and the BPAT, security and safety services

traditionally dispensed by the PNP will be enhanced by the grassroots approach. The

BPAT, the prime movers of the BPO will render services tailor-made for the community

which they belong and serve. They will be focused on the three general endeavors which
are; security services focused on proactive community based policing system, conflict

resolution through Barangay Justice System and crisis management which includes

disaster mitigation. These and more, is what the BPO and the BPAT is all about. This is

the new dynamic and proactive approach to community peacekeeping which the PNP

leadership is pushing for.

One of the provisions of the United Nations Charter is that organization's goal is

to "bring about the adjustment or resolution of international disputes or circumstances

threatening to disturb the peace by peaceful methods and in conformity with the

principles of justice and international law." The rule of law assures that international law

and basic principles of justice are equally relevant to and adhered to by all states.

Hence, Barangay Peacekeeping Operations, or BPO, and its implementers, the

Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs), were formed to address concerns about

peace, order, and safety at the barangay level. In this way, it will have an immediate

impact on the lives of our inhabitants, aiding the smallest but most important element of

our community, the Filipino family. The basic function of the police is to keep the peace.

Visibility of police officers is a fundamental goal of peacekeeping operations.

Maintaining peace and order would be very difficult without this. Increased police

visibility, on the other hand, may not be successful in all cases or may fall short of the

aim of fighting crime. This is where the police must share the burden of crime-fighting

with members of the community. Collaboration and community support are essential.

Indeed, the PNP's primary goal expressly states that only the community's active

engagement can guarantee peace, order, and public safety.

 Law enforcement activities such as “Ronda” from one place to another should

have the involvement of community members. Community peacekeeping activity through

this is believed to be more effective considering the direct support and participation from

the community members, specifically in monitoring and reporting purposes.

The Local Government Unit of Daraga on March 25, 2021, adopted the Knights

of the Night Project in partnership with the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM),

the Daraga Municipal Police Station. This project basically aims to provide additional

protection and security in the municipality with the participation of the Public Safety

Officers and the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT). Seeing how active the

municipality is in the utilization of the BPAT, the researchers will conduct the survey in

Daraga, Albay's designated barangays. The study will determine the status of BPATs in

Daraga, Albay along with their mandates, their roles and functions, and its composition.

It will also analyze the performance of the BPATs in maintaining peace and order in the

municipality along law enforcement, support to Barangay Justice System, and crime

prevention. Further, it will identity the problems encountered by BPATs in the

performance of their mandates. Finally, the researchers aim to propose an action plan that

will enhance their performances in fulfilment of their mandates. Moreover, it is to ensure

that the survey is accessible to both researchers and respondents. Additionally, it

demonstrates that prospective respondents have a strong connection to the subject, which

will aid in data collection.

Objectives
 This study will evaluate the Performance of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team

(BPATs) in Daraga, Albay in maintaining peace and order. Further, this study ought to

specifically answer the following:

1. Determine the status of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs) in Daraga,

Albay along:

a. The Mandates;

b. Roles and Functions; and

c. Personnel

2 Analyze the performance of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs) on Peace

and Order Peace and Order in Daraga, Albay along:

a. Law Enforcement;

b. Barangay Conflict Resolution; and

c. Environmental Protection

3. Identify the problems encountered by Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs)

in maintaining peace and order in Daraga, Albay.

4. Propose a measure that will enhance the performance of the Barangay Peacekeeping

Action Team (BPATs) in maintaining Peace and Order in Daraga, Albay.

Assumption of the Study

The following assumptions are made in relation to this research:

1. The status of BPATs in Daraga, Albay in terms of the Mandates, Roles and

Functions, and the Personnel were determined, thus, served as the basis for the action

plan recommended by the researchers.

2. The performance of BPATs in maintaining Peace and Order in Daraga, Albay was

analyzed, thus, determined further the effectiveness of the BPAT in maintaining

peace and order in the municipality.

3. The BPATs encountered various problems in maintaining of Peace and Order in

Daraga, Albay that equates to the municipality’s high incidence of crimes considering

the population of the area and other risks along insufficient police force, the area

itself, and even insurgency.

4. The proposed measures anchored on the results of the study will enhance the

performance of BPATs, identify their advantages and disadvantages through

recognizing the problems they have been encountering in maintaining of Peace and

Order in Daraga, Albay.

Literature Review

This section presents the thematic literature review of the study. It presents some

of the studies of program for community peace and order, a basis for re-engineering

action programs through intervention, community satisfaction with BPAT performance,

rise and its impact on civilian protection, peacekeeping with integrity, analysis of factors

affecting peacekeeping contingent performance, participation of developing countries in

peacekeeping operations, response of the BPAT to covid-19, compliance of a patrol unit

with the standard patrol policies and protocols, and understanding prison administration.

Program for Community Peace and Order

According to Mangilimutan et al. (2020), peace is indivisible and global since it is

required for mankind to exist. It is vital for economic prosperity, social order, and

political stability to ensure the public's peace and security. The government in the
Philippines regularly oversees the community's peace, order, and public safety (POPS)

functions. The purpose of this descriptive-comparative study was to determine the extent

to which the POPS has been implemented in terms of crime prevention and control, anti-

illegal drug enforcement, public safety, and ordinance enforcement. It also investigated

the differences in program execution when communities are categorized based on

characteristics. It also addressed community leaders' concerns and suggestions. The

researcher devised a survey questionnaire to collect data from respondents. While the

data suggested general adoption, there were significant differences when barangays were

grouped based on criteria. The findings formed the basis for the creation of an improved

POPS program.

As stated by Pabotoy (2021), on the surface, equitable and meaningful

participation appears to be a less contentious issue. It is frequently easier to imagine the

environment in which we wish to live than it is to build it. Power dynamics and positions

of influence take decades to form, and considerably longer to challenge and rebuild. The

researchers saw brave and honest women who, when given the capacity and opportunity,

are willing and capable of preserving and propagating peace in the territories they inhabit.

"You're just a woman!" is a statement WePeace hears all the time. When female

peacekeepers are questioned about their capacity to carry out their task, they have found

an appropriate rebuttal: "We know how to love, and that is our greatest strength in

peacekeeping." Where are the women on the long and arduous road to attaining the real,

unified, all-encompassing title of "most advanced in gender equality"? Women are

standing out for their communities and exemplifying a new kind of peacebuilding:

dialogical and nonviolent. Women continually plant seeds of peace and opportunity for
future generations of women, not as placeholders, but as trailblazers whose ideas are

more than just consultative, but may help move a better society forward. Women

continue to promote the cause of women, smashing sections of the unbroken glass ceiling

with the understanding that if women before them could achieve it, then so many more

may follow in their footsteps. These are ladies who are working for women's rights as

well as peace. These are the women of WePeace.

A Basis for Re-Engineering Action Programs through Suc Intervention

As indicated by Aydinan (2021), Based on the data gathered and analyzed, the

researcher concludes that respondents are well-versed in their tasks and responsibilities.

Respondents also said that they are well-versed in their obligations as first responders.

They also claimed to be well-versed in patrolling and hazard-detecting jobs. As a

consequence, the researcher advises barangay officials and their barangay enforcers to

continue doing their jobs to the best of their abilities in order to maintain the safety of

their respective communities. Aside from these suggestions, the researcher suggests that

barangay elected officials seek seminars and training from government agencies, state

universities and colleges (SUCs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other

sectors to help them maintain and improve the performance of their barangay enforcers in

their roles as peacekeepers. Finally, it is strongly advised that the proposed training plan

be funded and implemented in order to improve barangay enforcers' knowledge and skills

in the areas identified for improvement, as well as to provide continuous or sustainable

training, which is critical for maintaining law and order in the community.

Community Satisfaction with BPAT Performance

 As reported by Baldesanso et al. (2018), community satisfaction with BPAT

performance is really high in Ozamiz City. Residents have a positive opinion of BPAT's

extraordinary dedication and tenacity in carrying out its job as barangay law enforcers.

However, there is a need for improvement in the implementation of BPAT crime

prevention programs. BPAT members may benefit from sufficient facilities and crime

prevention training. Local government officials and the PNP in Ozamiz City may also

consider offering more support to BPAT in order to help it perform its duties more

efficiently.

Rise and Its Impact On Civilian Protection

As attested by Mampilly (2018), there are also implications for Indian foreign

policy. Historically, Indian peacekeeping actions have been commended for proving

India's commitment to the UN and the greater liberal order, as well as for generating

goodwill among African countries and beyond. For example, India's efforts have been

regarded as a significant basis for the country's appointment to the UN Security Council

as a permanent member. Africa has always supported India's objectives. Former US

President Barack Obama said that the country's peacekeeping activities were the key

reason for his support.

However, by using peacekeeping to compete with existing powers, the country

jeopardizes the ability of UN missions to achieve their goals. Following the triumph of

the Hindu nationalist BJP party in the 2014 national elections, India's involvement in

African peacekeeping is expected to become increasingly political. The party pushes for a

muscular foreign policy that is compatible with its position that India should be treated

equally with other recognized states, making it skeptical of unnecessary peacekeeping

duties. When paired with the Trump administration's recent recommendations to curtail

US aid for the Congo mission, the net result is almost certainly increased suffering for

Congolese people. The key takeaway from India's actions in Congo is that the

effectiveness of peacekeeping missions, particularly in terms of civilian protection, is

likely to be undermined when both rising and established powers see peacekeeping as a

battleground for influencing the evolution of the international system. Continuing to do

so risks damaging India's long-standing practice of using peacekeeping to create goodwill

among African states, instead creating hostility as a consequence of its poor performance

on the ground.

Peacekeeping with Integrity

As claimed by De Coning (2020), the performance of UN peacekeeping

deployments has come under increased criticism in recent years. It all started with

financial pressure from the US government, mostly but not only, to reduce the overall

cost of UN peacekeeping deployments. This pressure has resulted in a number of

initiatives, including the United Nations Secretary-campaign General's for peacekeeping,

a series of strategic reviews of ongoing missions, the adoption of a new Comprehensive

Performance Assessment System (CPAS) for UN Peacekeeping operations, and even a

Security Council resolution devoted to performance. Over the past 70 years, UN

peacekeeping has shown an incredible capacity to adapt to new difficulties, and there is

no reason to expect that this will change in the future. As researchers, we should

encourage this adaptive process by focusing on aspects of UN peacekeeping operations

that have been shown to be effective and avoiding those that have been shown to be

ineffective, and by continuing to generate evidence of the factors that influence the
effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations through comparative and longitudinal

research studies.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Peacekeeping Contingent Performance

As reported by Purwantoro et al. (2021), the goal of this research is to examine

the moderating impact of organizational behavior on the effects of leadership, training

effectiveness, and collaboration on soldier performance in the context of an Indonesian

peacekeeping detachment serving on a United Nations mission. The research polled 319

troops via the distribution of questionnaires to all 1,566 enlisted soldiers. Lisrel is used to

validate the statistical data. The research discovered that leadership, training

effectiveness, and collaboration all had a direct impact on troops' performance. Similarly,

when the three variables are combined through the moderating variable Organization

Behavior Citizenship (OCB), it is discovered that these three variables have a substantial

effect on the performance of troops participating in UN Peacekeeping Operations. To

improve military performance, the unit must develop leadership, efficiently teach

members, and foster collaboration. Additionally, it must build an OCB environment to

amplify the influence of those factors. This is the only study that we are aware of that

examines the moderating influence of OCB on the link between leadership, training

effectiveness, and teamwork on soldier performance.

Participation of Developing Countries in Peacekeeping Operations

As indicated by Chand (2021), the United States is a worldwide organization

devoted to preserving international peace and security, establishing friendly ties among

states, and promoting socioeconomic development and human rights. To help in the

management and settlement of armed conflicts, the United Nations established a method
known as peacekeeping. A new global security dynamic began to develop with the

founding of the UN's first peacekeeping mission, the UN Truce Supervision Organization

(UNTSO), in 1948. Member states have provided peacekeepers to UN peacekeeping

deployments since their founding. Following the end of the Cold War, developing

countries' contributions to UN peacekeeping operations increased considerably. The

research seeks to discover, grasp, and explain developing countries' attempts to settle

interstate and intrastate disputes via peacekeeping operations. The study also explores,

from a comparative standpoint, the many reasons for India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and

Nepal's active participation in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Furthermore, the

research investigates local and international factors and their impacts on participation in

UN peacekeeping deployments. It also investigates the nature, scope, and extent of

engagement in UN peacekeeping operations. The study ranges from 1948 to 2018.

According to the findings of this research, the engagement of these four South Asian

states was motivated by a range of goals. To achieve their goals and objectives, all four of

these countries are actively participating in UN peacekeeping. The United Countries has

grown into a useful, logical, and realistic way of fulfilling these nations' goals. These four

states strive hard to preserve their position in UN peacekeeping because it is very

beneficial to them. They may pursue their national interests while projecting a positive

image as peacekeepers. Furthermore, it is highlighted that domestic and international

conditions have affected these four countries' participation in UN peacekeeping

deployments. It illustrates that when local and international circumstances are favorable,

their contributions are bigger, and they are slower when they are not.

Response of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team to Covid-19

 In accordance with Roxas (2021), Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an

infectious illness caused by a recently identified coronavirus. The COVID-19 outbreak is

often recognized as the world's most serious economic and social disaster. Responding to

a calamity of this magnitude posed significant problems for the government and

community leaders. Following the announcement of the first localized transmission in

March, local officials appointed by the Department of Health are now responsible for

distributing assistance to small businesses and individuals in an inclusive and transparent

manner; in order to receive, monitor, and receive assistance, they must also collaborate

with national and other local governments, the private sector, and even foreign

organizations. Furthermore, a number of municipal governments are working swiftly to

enhance health-care delivery, change economic policies, and adopt new public-safety

legislation. As a result, it is important to remember that the most immediate and direct

form of governance is always the local institution. Because the pandemic's full

ramifications, including health, social, economic, and political consequences, are

concentrated around the globe, they are vital and must be open, accessible, and

responsive to people's requests. As PGEN Camilo Cascolan (2020) pointed out, the PNP

will never be really effective without the community's aid and collaboration. In this

context, the community's participation in assisting people afflicted by the pandemic is

vital. The researcher would want to do research in this area in order to learn about the

lived experiences of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team in response to COVID-19.

The inquiry discovered that, despite their lack of preparation, knowledge, and

competence, the BPAT in Dagupan City's barrio of Bacayao Sur is active in responding

to COVID-19. Nonetheless, they were able to respond to COVID-19 in a thorough and

flexible manner, both proactive and reactive. Despite their obstacles, individuals were

able to establish resilience in response to COVID-19.

Compliance of a Patrol Unit with the Standard Patrol Policies and Protocols

According to Vicente et al. (2020), while patrol officers are the backbone of every

police station, they are unable to cover the whole city. The compliance of the Baguio City

Police Office's (BCPO) Mobile Patrol Unit is investigated in this study (MPU). The study

attempted to examine the efficacy of patrol policies and procedures in attaining the

fundamental purposes and objectives of patrol, as well as compliance with patrol policies

and procedures based on the MPU's operational handbook. This study used a quantitative

technique and descriptive research. The findings indicate that the MPU of BCPO's patrol

policies and procedures are effectively and efficiently implemented, that the unit's

personnel are knowledgeable, goal-oriented, and work in unison, that the personnel are

highly motivated to carry out their mandates, and that the personnel adhere to established

patrolling standards. It is recommended that the MPU form a committee and select

personnel to supervise the recording and evaluation of the unit's activities. It is also

recommended to develop an action plan based on the study's findings that includes the

unit's stated needs.

Understanding Prison Administration

As stated by Narag and Jones (2016), under current jail management practices,

inmates are specifically barred from assisting with prison administration or governance.

This is feasible in developed countries when governments have the resources, security,

and personnel to supply the resources, security, and people. It is, however, impractical in

developing countries like the Philippines, where poverty, corruption, and underfunding of
prison facilities are widespread. Prisoner leaders often cooperate with prison management

on governance in such contexts. Despite the fact that this framework was created out of

need rather than design, it normalizes social situations inside a prison. This article

analyzes the implications of such a shared governance paradigm for correctional

administration via ethnographic research.

Theoretical Framework

This study anchored on Simmons' (2011) Performance Management Theory of

Action, it is one of those fields that seem to be intuitively easy. Everyone's life is

intrinsically tied to it setting goals here, achieving targets there, implementing strategies,

developing vision statements, and living principles.

Simmons' (2011) Performance Management Theory of Action is shown that

specifies a model in the form of a "performance management cycle." This cycle is made

up of five components that define the procedures required to develop a performance

management system in a firm. Setting goals, assessing performance, offering feedback on

performance results, developing a reward system based on performance outcomes, and

changing objectives and activities are all components of the performance management

system cycle.

Moreover, this study is also anchored on expectancy theory proposed by Victor

Vroom in 1964. This theory is based on the hypothesis that individuals adjust their

behavior in the organization on the basis of anticipated satisfaction of valued goals set by

them. The individuals modify their behavior in such a way which is most likely to lead

them to attain these goals. This theory underlies the concept of performance management

as it is believed that performance is influenced by the expectations concerning future

events (Salaman et al, 2005). Hence, improvements in policing are viewed as firmly

connected to and affected by the very figures that drive advancements the social orders

wherein they exist. The social requesting elements of policing are comparable in any

general public, yet the way and manners by which these are done will reflect context

oriented cultural changes, including variances of crime, jumble, and political hazards. A

few social orders have created examples of policing that are broad in their range and

exercises and that mirror the first origination, essentially in Western social orders, that

policing is the public authority of neighborhood networks, while different social orders

have over the long run shown up at very limited thoughts of what the police ought to do.

Kevin Placeck's (2012) Democratic Peace Theory of the normative/cultural

approach contends that shared democratic and liberal ideals best explain the peace

between democratic states. According to this point of view, the democratic political

culture encourages peaceful conflict resolution that extends beyond the domestic political

process to other democratic states because leaders in both countries have a reasonable

expectation that their counterparts will resolve their differences peacefully. Thus,

political ideology determines how democracies treat allies and adversaries: democracies

that represent and act in the interests of their citizens are viewed with suspicion and

mistrust, whereas nondemocracies that use violence and oppression against their people

are viewed with fear and doubt. Because perception is so important, even if a state has

"educated people and liberal-democratic institutions," the democratic peace argument

would fall flat unless other democratic states see it as a genuine liberal democracy. Many

challenging cases may be explained as a consequence of this reasoning: Americans did

not believe England to be democratic in 1812 because it was a monarchy, and liberals in

the Union did not consider the Confederacy a liberal democracy. It practiced slavery.

Although some scholars consider institutional and normative reasons mutually

exclusive, combining these two viewpoints results in considerably more natural and

persuasive support of democratic peace theory. Thus, the specific democratic practices

that make war with other liberal democracies unlikely – free and fair elections, the rule of

law, a free press, and a competitive party system – are motivated by norms of both

'convergent expectations about what conventional behavior is likely to be' and standards

for what behavior ought to be.' These two hypotheses are mutually reinforcing and

complementary: cultural norms influence the formation and evolution of political

institutions, while institutions contribute to creating a more peaceful moral culture

through time.

Further, the study is anchored on the General system theory which originated in the

1940s in the work of the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy who initially sought to find a

new approach to the study of life or living systems. More broadly, Von Bertalanffy

envisioned general system theory as a way to address the increasing complexity of the

world's problems. General system theory emerged as an alternative to the dominant form

of inquiry and way of thinking, reductionist analysis, which was criticized for being

unable to address wholes, interdependence, and complexity. 

General system theory positioned itself as transdisciplinary rather than

interdisciplinary. Interdisciplinary refers to interaction between disciplines, whereas

transdisciplinarity refers to going beyond or across disciplines. General system theory

would be the common language across diverse disciplines. Central to this language was
the concept of ‘system,’ defined as a group of interacting, interdependent elements that

form a complex whole. It also pointed toward a new world view that emphasizes such

key concepts as every system's embeddedness in other, larger systems, and the dynamic,

ever-changing processes of self-organization, growth, and adaptation. It is not surprising

therefore that systems concepts have been central to the rise of ecology as a field of

inquiry, with such concepts as ecosystem. In creativity research the systems approach has

also at times been referred to as an ecological approach, because of the emphasis on the

larger ecosystem in which creativity emerges.

General system theory was generally interpreted to be equilibrium-oriented, and

fundamentally static, particularly as interpreted in mid-twentieth century functionalist

sociology. This focus on order and equilibrium was also one of the main sources for the

initial critiques of general system theory's application in the social sciences, most notably

in the functionalist sociology of Talcott Parsons. This was viewed as being fundamentally

politically conservative and oriented toward maintaining the status quo, rather than open

to creativity and change.

The most commonly used framework links changes in policing to changes in

societal contexts. The police change because the societies in which they operate change.

For example, changes in the ideologies and practices of policing throughout American

history (the political, progressive/professional, and community policing models) resulted

from factors such as public and intellectual disillusionment with the performance of prior

models, leading to the delegitimation of policing by large segments of society and the rise

of reform advocacy in policing circles; the emergence of new politically influential civic

society interest groups demanding change and greater accountability; changes in crime
and disorder perceived as warranting a different formal and more effective control

response; shifts in legal norms and conceptions of justice as these are applied to the

police; and technological innovations in information processing and communication.

Police cannot remain aloof from the changing societal contexts within which they work if

they wish to remain legitimate.

Considering the possible constraints of the BPATs being the implementers of

peace and order, it is presumptive that their execution of their duties be evaluated. With

an extensive evaluation between the BPATs and the community itself, this study will

know what is the be able to determine the performace of BPATs in maintaining peace

and order in the municipality of Daraga. The relationship between the study and the

pertinent theories are best illustrated in the paradigm presented

Performance Management
Theory of Action

Expectancy Theory Democratic Peace Theory

General System Theory

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm of the Study

 The key concept of the Performance Management Theory captures the evaluation

of BPATs in their fulfillment of their duties. Peacekeeping is the basic function of the

police. And police visibility is one of the main thrusts of the peacekeeping activity.

Without this, it would be very difficult to maintain peace and order. However, enhanced

police visibility may not work in all situations or fail to achieve its objective of

addressing criminality. This is where the police must share the mantle of responsibility

for fighting crime with the members of the community. Community cooperation and

support is indispensable. In fact, the basic mission of the PNP expressly states that peace

and order and public safety can be assured only with the active involvement of the

community. In turn, BPAT was created and was delegated with fuctions which they are

expected to perform. With expectancy comes the faith that better efforts will result in

better performance. Expectancy is influenced by factors such as possession of appropriate

skills for performing the job, availability of right resources, availability of crucial

information and getting the required support for completing the job. With these

expectations to perform well, democracy is upheld and the community is more nourished

with peace and security.

Research Framework

In this study, the Input-Process-Output will be used to discussed the concept of

the study. The input will be on the performance of the barangay peacekeeping team along

their mandates, roles and functions, and composition. Peacekeepers play a vital role in

securing vulnerable cities, engaging barangays, protecting people, and facilitating peace

processes to prevent these areas from becoming safe havens for terrorists. This process

revolved around research questions as a guide for researchers to complete and answer
surveys. Research questions help researchers formulate this sequence. Research questions

also help avoid unnecessary steps during the study.

Meanwhile, it is a researcher’s goal to determine what is the status of barangay in

their peacekeeping action and know the plans to ensure the safety of the people. One of

the members of barangay housekeeping is tanod, the Barangay Tanod Brigade was

organized to help the government maintain peace and order in the country. In accordance

with this obligation, they carry out Ronda, or night patrols, inevitably endangering their

lives and limbs in the hands of criminals and other smart members of society.
 INPUT
THE STATUS OF BPATs ALONG THEIR MANDATES, ROLES AND FUNCTIONS, AND COMPOSITION.

PERFOMANCE OF BPATs IN MAINTAINING PEACE AND ORDER ALONG LAW ENFORCEMENT, SUPPORT TO
BARANGAY JUSTICE SYSTEM AND CRIME PREVENTION.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY THE BPATs IN MAINTAINING PEACE AND ORDER

PROCESS
RESEARCH PROBLEM OF THE STUDY

OUTPUT
DETERMINE THE STATUS OF BARANGAY PEACEKEEPING ACTION

EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF BPATs

IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY BPATs

OUTCOME
PROPOSED MEASURE THAT WOULD HELP IMPROVE THE
PERFORMANCE OF BPATs IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR
DUTIES

Figure 2. Research Paradigm

The outcome of this research is to propose a measure that maintains and sustains

peace and order to serve as a guide for the people. Barangay peacekeeping operations are

a comprehensive and comprehensive anti-crime strategy aimed at enabling all parties

involved to share their responsibilities for peacekeeping and order in terms of self-

regulation.
Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of the study focused on the Performance of Barangay Peacekeeping

Action Teams' (BPATs) in maintain peace and order. To validate the Performance of

Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams' (BPATs), the respondents of the study are all the

members of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs), barangay officials, and

members of the community of barangays Binitayan, Maroroy, and Market Site, by

random sampling.

The study is limited to the validation of the performance of the Barangay

Peacekeeping Action Team along their mandates, roles and functions, and composition. It

is also limited to the evaluation of their performane along the following indicators: law

enforcement, support to barangay justice system, and crime prevention. Moreover, it will

identify the problems encountered by the implementors in maintaining peace and order in

the afore-cited barangays.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the performance of the Barnagay

Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in preserving peace and order in their barangay. This

study's finding may have significant implications for the following:

Barangay Action Team for Peacekeeping (BPAT). They will benefit from the

study's results as they are the major respondents. They would have a knowledge of how

and what they can do to increase their performance in creating peace in the barangay.

Residents of the Community. With a working grasp of the BPAT and how they

operate, students would be able to determine how they preserve peace and order in the
barangay. If the BPAT improves its performance in peacemaking, its barangay or

community will preserve balance, peace, and order.

Officials of Barangay. They will acquire more ideas and revisions to the law as a

consequence of the BPAT's success, which they may use in their district. The study will

aid them in designing strategies and other disciplinary processes, as well as modifications

to the barangay's infrastructure, in order to maintain peace and order.

Future Researchers. The findings of this investigation would contribute new

information to the pool of knowledge accessible to future researchers. They may utilize

this as a starting point for performing more extensive study on the Barangay Action Team

for Peacekeeping's (BPAT) performance in terms of peacemaking and enforcing peace

and order. It could function as a cross reference, providing them with a foundation or

overview related with the previously mentioned subject.

Philippine National Police (PNP). The PNP had developed and promoted the

idea of Community Oriented Policing System which includes the Barangay Peacekeeping

Action Team (BPAT) for several years now. The results of this study contribute to

determine the efficacy and long-term viability of these policing operations. Especially to

the Daraga Municipal Station and to the Albay Police Provincial Office. Community

linkage and cooperation is an important aspect not to be neglected in policing and

specifically to anti-crime activities.

Local Government Unit. The data provided for by the study can provide inputs

for legislation and development of programs in peace and order initiatives. The data can

be used for proposing likeminded initiatives on police-community relations.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally to have a

clearer understanding of the terminologies used.

Mandates. The authority to carry out a policy or course of action. In this study, it

refers to the official duties delegated by the Philippine National Police to the BPATs.

Roles and Functions. In this study, it refers to the responsibilities played by the

members of the BPAT in conducting peacekeeping activities in association with the

various sectors of the community and ensure their continuous support towards the

maintenance of peace and order and safety.

Personnel. Refers to the composition of BPATs who are delegated with the duties

aligned with the mandates given to the members.

Law Enforcement. Is the task of ensuring the provision of security for citizens

going about their daily lives, in accordance with a nation's legal framework, mainly

through deterrence and prevention, but also by appropriate interventions to stop

violations of the law (Google, n. d.). This refers to the policing practices to identify those

that are effective and to facilitate the exchange of data and research between the policing

community and academia.

The Barangay Justice System, otherwise known as the Lupon Tagapamayapa is

a system created by the government in order to solve disputes within the Barangay level

before going into court. In this study, it is the amicable settlement of disputes wherein the

parties involved are encouraged to make mutual concession to obtain a peaceful

resolution of the dispute without formal adjudication thereof.

 Crime prevention. Is the attempt to reduce and determine crime and criminals. It

is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law,

and maintain criminal justice (Google, n. d.). In this study, it refers to one of the key

indicators of performance of BPATs in the performance of their duties.

Performance. The action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action,

task, or function (Google, n.d.). In this study, it refers to the actual duties of the BPATs to

promote peaceful and orderly community organized and responsive to the safety and

security needs of its citizens in cooperation with the local police.

Barangay. Is a small territorial and administrative organization in the Philippines

that acts as the most local level of government (Google, n.d.). Throughout the inquiry, the

location of the study, as well as the region on which the researchers would focus their

efforts, were decided.

Peacekeeping. Is the proactive maintenance of a truce between nations or

communities, usually by an international military force (Google, n.d.). In this study, it

refers to the duty of BPATs that originated from the basic function of the police in which

they perform to promote peace and security among community.

Order. Is the sequence, pattern, or technique by which people or things are

arranged or disposed in relation to one another. (Source: Google, n.d.). At the study, the

BPAT instills values in the community and ensures that they are disciplined and adhere to

barangay norms and regulations.

 Management. the act of governing or regulating objects or people (Google, n.d.).

It is characterized in the study as how the BPAT controls and instills peace and order in

the barangay, as well as how they deal with different circumstances to maintain order and

peace in the community.

Barangay Action Team for Peacekeeping (BPAT). Force multipliers in the

implementation of the peace and order plan to metamorphose into an effective

neighborhood security and public safety organization supporting the consolidation and

development activities of the civil government.

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, research instrument, data gathering

and procedures, sampling technique, the selection of the respondents and participants as

well as the analysis of the data and study site.

Research Design

This study is a descriptive-evaluative research since the result of the study will

assess the BPATs involvement in the process of maintain peace and order in Daraga, the

different opinion among other respondents such as the selected members of the Daraga

Municipal Police Station, barangay officials and community members through

observation and interview. According to Arifin, evaluation research is a research that has

an aim to provide information for decision maker (policy maker) related to a power or

strength of a program, seen from its effectiveness, cost, device, etc.

The descriptive-survey method will be used since the researcher used a sample

population, who served as respondents in this study. This method is used to generate data
based on the perceptions and evaluation of the respondents who are the members of the

BPATs.

This study will also utilize an interview method. Interview will be used to know

the perception of the following entities, namely: BPATs and Barangay Officials. An

interview method will also be used to get information to the barangay officials and other

members of the community.

The interview method will be used in order to thoroughly ascertain the

perceptions of the entities involved in the conduct of BPATs duties in the municipality.

This method will also be used to allow the respondent to enumerate and elaborate the

challenges they encounter in handling their duties.

This study will use the descriptive research design. Further, the data that will be

gathered includes quantitative data sets. The quantitative data was for testing objective

theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables, in turn, were

measured through a Likert-type survey questionnaire. Primarily, this study assessed the

Performance of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs) in Daraga, Albay along

with Mandates; Roles and Function; and Personnel.

This study will also analyze the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs) in

maintaining peace and order in Daraga, Albay. This study also tackled the problems

encountered by Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs). Further, the measures

that will be proposed to maintain and sustain the peace and order in Daraga, Albay. The

basic data in this study came from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources

came from the responses of the respondents using the survey questionnaire. The
secondary source came from the documents like an annual report of accomplishment,

journals, books, thesis and dissertation, and the internet.

Research Instrument

To answer the objectives of the study, Problem 1 which focused on the evaluation

of the performance in maintaining peace and order, and Problem 3 on the problems

encountered by the respondents were gathered from the responses of the respondents

through a survey questionnaire. Two questionnaires were distributed to the respondents.

The first questionnaire was categorized for the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team

(BPATs) members and the second questionnaire is for the Barangay Officials and to the

community. The sets of questionnaires were made to able the researcher to gather the

data applicable to the respondents.

To get a reliable response, the researcher personally conducted the research. The

researcher used a questionnaire in gathering the data. The items in the questionnaire were

as follows: the first part was the Performance in implementing peace and order, and the

second part was the problems encountered. The study used a Likert-type of survey

questionnaire that gave the respondents three (3) choices of answers on the effectiveness

of the implementation of the program with the following scale values:

High Implemented - 2.50-3.00 - 3

Moderately Implemented - 1.50-2.49 - 2

Low Implementation - 0.50-1.49 - 1

Data Gathering Procedure

In the gathering of the data, the researchers sought permission from the adviser to

research the performance of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs) in

maintaining peace and order in Daraga, Albay. After seeking permission from the

adviser, the researcher also sought permission from the Chief of Police of Daraga

Municipal Police Station and Barangay Captain to conduct the research. Right after, the

researcher starts the conduct of the research.

The researcher personally approached and distributed the questionnaires to the

respondents. The gathering of the data was done based on the availability of the

respondents on the day and time the questionnaires were distributed.

After collecting the data, the researcher will tabulate and interpret it as a part of

the study. The researcher will gather the needed materials and information through the

use of the sources of data which were the interview and questionnaires, books,

magazines, theses, printed and non-printed materials. After collating the information, the

researcher will draft the last chapter of the study: Chapters 4 and 5. These chapters shall

present tables and figures, findings, conclusions and the recommendations.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents are the selected personnel from Daraga Municipal Police Station

and Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPATs). Further, other respondents were the

Barangay Officials and the communities within the Poblacion area of Daraga. The

Poblacion area was chosen because these are the areas where the majority of the PNP was

deployed for day-to-day interaction and the bulk of the population is concentrated in this

area.

These barangays were Binitayan, Maroroy, and Marketsite.

 Table 1

Research Respondents

Unit No. of Respondents

PNP

Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team

Barangay Officials

Community

TOTAL

Sampling Technique

The research scope is limited to Daraga. To select the respondents, this study will use

random sampling. Simple random sampling selects a smaller group (the sample) from a

larger group of the total number of participants (the population). It’s one of the simplest

systematic sampling method used to gain a random sample. The technique relies on using

a selection method that provides each participant with an equal chance of being selected,

giving each participant the same probability of being selected. Since the selection process

is based on probability and random selection, the end smaller sample is more likely to be

representative of the total population and free from researcher bias. 

Study Site

This study will be conducted in Daraga, Albay, officially the Municipality of

Daraga, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Albay, Philippines. According to the
2020 census, it has a population of 133,893 people. Daraga has 118.64 km 2 total areas

composed of 54 barangays.

Data Analysis Plan

The statistical tool that was used in this study is the frequency count and weighted

mean. This will be the method by which the number of respondents, responses, and

occurrences of the subject were determined. The formula for the computation of weighted

mean is given below:

X =f (w)

Wherein:

X - a symbol for weighted mean

f - frequency

w - assigned weights or points according to scale

N - total population of respondents

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