Grammar: Relative clauses

Grammar: Relative clauses

Non-Defining relative clauses give extra information about a
noun. The clause is not necessary for the sentence to make
sense. A non-defining clause has a comma before it and either
another comma, or a full stop after it.
My new doctor, who I had my first appointment
with on Thursday, recommended the medicine to me.
In non-defining clauses, which can relate to a single noun, or
to the whole main clause.

I’m going to Thailand next week, which is very exciting.

 Grammar: Relative clauses
There are two main differences between defining and
non-defining clauses.

We cannot use that in a non-defining clause:

Revolutionary technology, which is rare, usually costs

a huge amount to develop.

NOT Revolutionary technology, that is rare…

 Grammar: Relative clauses
We can never omit the relative pronoun in a non-defining
clause:

Jane, who I have always trusted, was the only person I told
about the situation.

NOT Jane, I have always trusted…

Grammar: Relative clauses
 Grammar: Relative clauses
Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun.
If no word is needed, put (-)

who
-
whose
where
when
who
which
that/ which
where
whose
Grammar: Relative clauses
 Grammar: Reported speech
When we report what people said or thought in
the past, we usually change the tenses, pronouns,
possessives and references to time and place:

Anna: 'I won't go out tomorrow.’

Anna told me she would not go out
the following day.
 Grammar: Reported speech

Present simple Past simple

I usually repair
bikes here.

He said that he usually

repaired bikes there.
 Grammar: Reported speech

Present simple Past simple

I don’t have my
tools here.

He said that he didn’t have

his tools there.
 Grammar: Reported speech
Present Past
continuous continuous

I am not studying
English this month.

He told me that he
wasn’t studying English
that month.
 Grammar: Reported speech
Present Past
continuous continuous

My friends are using

my laptop now.

She said her friends were

using her laptop then.
 Grammar: Reported speech
Present Past
continuous continuous

I’m calling my
wife now.

He said he was calling

his wife then.
 Grammar: Reported speech

Past simple Past perfect

I quit my job
yesterday.

He said he had quit his

job the day before.
 Grammar: Reported speech

Past simple Past perfect

I failed the
interview.
He said he had failed
the interview.
 Grammar: Reported speech

Past simple Past perfect

We were in a
party last night.

They said they had

been in a party
the night before.
Grammar: Reported speech
 Grammar: Reported speech

Mark told me, ´´Karen was here yesterday´´

Mark told me Karen had been there the day before.

Grammar: Reported speech
Grammar: Reported speech