Question 1

1. (i) Explain the following topics within the theoretical framework of Pāḷi grammar. (8 marks)
(a) Sara (b) Class Consonants
(c) Conjunct consonants of 3rd letter and 4th letter (d) Combination of vowels
(ii) Transliterate the following words into Roman script. (4 marks)
(a) အာေရာဂျံ ပရမံ လာဘံ

(b) အတ-ာဟိ အတ-ေနာ နာေထာ

(c) ဣတ3ိ 4ူပံ ဓနံ

(d) သေဗ9သတ-ာ ကမ;သကာ

(iii) Transliterate the following words into Myanmar script. (4 marks)

(a) Sabbasattā bhavantu sukhisattā
(b) Natthi vijjā samaṃ mittaṃ
(c) Āyu vaṇṇo sukhaṃ balaṃ
(d) Sabbedevā aveyyā hontu

Question 2

2. (i) Explain the following topics within the theoretical framework of Pāḷi grammar. (8 marks)
(a) Byañjana (b) Classification of vowels
(c) Conjunct consonants of 1st letter and 2nd letter (d) Vowel Gradation
(ii) Transliterate the following words into Roman script. (4 marks)
(a) ေဇယျတု သဗ9 မဂ?လံ

(b) သေဗ9သခ?ါရာ အနိစCာ

(c) ပါပသ;i ရမတိ မေနာ

(d) ဣစEိတံ ပတ3ိတံ တုယှံ

(iii) Transliterate the following words into Myanmar script. (4 marks)

(a) Sukhiattānaṃ pariharantu
(b) Manussata bhāvo dullabho
(c) Sabbesattā aveyyā hontu
(d) Nibbāna paccayo hotu
 1. (i) (a) Sara (vowel)
Vowel means sound. They can produce their sounds by themselves. There are eight vowels in Pāḷi.
They are “a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e and o”. It is divided into two classes, short vowel and long vowel.

(b) Class Consonants (Vagga byañjana)

It consists of 25 letters. They are:

(k vagga) k, kh, g, gh, ṅ

(c vagga) c, ch, j, jh, ñ

(ṭ vagga) ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ

(t vagga) t, th, d, dh, n

(p vagga) p, ph, b, bh, m

(c) Conjunct consonants of 3rd letter and 4th letter

3rd letter + 4th letter

g + gh = ggh byaggha

j + jh = jjh majjhima

ḍ + ḍh = ḍḍh vuḍḍha

d + dh = ddh Buddha

b + bh = bbh abbhuta

(d) Combination of vowels

 a+a=ā i+i=ī u+u=ū

a+ā=ā i+ī=ī u+ū=ū

ā+ā=ā ī+ī=ī ū+ū=ū

a+i=e a+u=o

ā+ī=e ā+ū=o

a+ī=e ā+u=o

(ii) (a) အာေရာဂျံ ပရမံ လာဘံ

Ārogyaṃ paramaṃ lābhaṃ

(b) အတ-ာဟိ အတ-ေနာ နာေထာ

Attāhi attano nātho

(c) ဣတ3ိ 4ူပံ ဓနံ

Itthi rūpaṃ dhanaṃ

(d) သေဗ9သတ-ာ ကမ;သကာ

Sabbesattā kammāsakā

(iii) (a) Sabbasattā bhavantu sukhisattā

သဗ9သတ-ာ ဘဝHIu သုခိသတ-ာ

(b) Natthi vijjā samaṃ mittaṃ

နတ) ိ ဝိဇ.ာ သမံ မိတ3ံ

(c) Āyu vaṇṇo sukhaṃ balaṃ

အာယ6 ဝေဏ9ာ သ6ခံ ဗလံ

(d) Sabbedevā aveyyā hontu

သေဗ9ေဒဝါ အေဝယျာ ေဟာHIu

2. (i) (a) Byañjana (Consonants)

 Consonants cannot produce their sounds by themselves. So they are called mutes which produce
their respective sounds only in combination with the vowels. In Pāḷi, there are 33 consonants. They are
divided into two: class consonants (vagga byañjana) and non-class consonants (avgga byañjana).

(b) Classification of vowels

Ṭhān Short Long

Gutturals (pure vowels) a ā

Palatals (sonant vowels) i ī

Labials (sonant vowels u ū

Gutturals + Palatals (Dipthong) e

Gutturals + Labials (Dipthong) o

(c) Conjunct consonants of 1st letter and 2nd letter

1st letter + 2nd letter

k + kh = kkh akkhara

c + ch = cch maccha

ṭ + ṭh = ṭṭh aṭṭha

t + th = tth vattha

p + ph = pph puppha

(d) Vowel Gradation

Short Long Elevated Stretched

a ā ā ā

i ī e aya

u ū o ava

(ii) (a) ေဇယျတု သဗ9 မဂ?လံ

 Jeyyatu sabba maṅgalaṃ

(b) သေဗ9သခ?ါရာ အနိစCာ

Sabbesaṅkhārā aniccā

(c) ပါပသ;i ရမတိ မေနာ

Pāpasmiṃ ramati mano

(d) ဣစEိတံ ပတ3ိတံ တုယှံ

Icchitaṃ patthitaṃ tuyhaṃ

(iii) (a) Sukhiattānaṃ pariharantu

သုခိအတ-ာနံ ပရိဟရHIu

(b) Manussatta bhāvo dullabho

မHုဿတ- ဘာေဝါ ဒုလMေဘာ

(c) Sabbesattā aveyyā hontu

သေဗ9သတ-ာ အေဝယျာ ေဟာHIu

(d) Nibbāna paccayo hotu

နိဗ9ာန ပစCေယာ ေဟာတု

(ii) (a) ေဇယျတု သဗ9 မဂ?လံ

Jeyyatu sabba maṅgalaṃ

(b) သေဗ9သခ?ါရာ အနိစCာ

Sabbesaṅkhārā aniccā

Decline fully the following:

Sūriya (Pulliṅga) (Masculine) Vāri (Napulliṅga) (Neuter) Devī (Itthiliṅga)(Femine)
Bhikkhu (Pulliṅga) (Masculine)
Dāraka (Pulliṅga) (Masculine) Akkhi (Napulliṅga) (Neuter) Nadī (Itthiliṅga) (Femine)
Hetu (Pulliṅga) (Masculine)
 Declension ofMasculine noun ending in ‘a’

Sūriya= Sun

Case Singular Plural

Nom. Sūriyo Sūriyā
Voc. Sūriya Sūriyā
Acc. Sūriyaṃ Sūriye
Inst. Sūriyena Sūriyehi,Sūriyebhi
Abl. Sūriyā, Sūriyasmā, Sūriyamhā Sūriyehi,Sūriyebhi
Dat. Sūriyassa, Sūriyāya Sūriyānaṃ
Gen. Sūriyassa Sūriyānaṃ
Loc. Sūriye, Sūriysmiṃ, Sūriyamhi Sūriyesu

Declension of Masculine noun ending in ‘a’

Dāraka = Boy

Case Singular Plural

Nom. Dārako Dārakā
Voc. Dāraka Dārakā
Acc. Dārakaṃ Dārake
Inst. Dārakena Dārakehi, Dārakebhi
Abl. Dārakā,Dārakasmā,Dārakamhā Dārakehi, Dārakebhi
Dat. Dārakassa, Dārakāya Dārakānaṃ
Gen. Dārakassa Dārakānaṃ
Loc. Dārake,Dārakasmiṃ,Dārakamhi Dārakesu

Declension of Feminine noun ending in ‘ī’

Devī = Queen

Case Singular Plural

Nom. Devī Devī,
Voc. Devī Devī,
Acc. Deviṃ (short vowel) Devī,
Inst. Deviyā (short vowel) Devīhi,Devībhi
Abl. Deviyā (short vowel) Devīhi,Devībhi
Dat. Deviyā (short vowel) Devīnaṃ
Gen. Deviyā (short vowel) Devīnaṃ
Loc. Deviyā, Deviyaṃ Devīsu
 Declension of Feminine noun ending in ‘ī’

Nadī = River

Case Singular Plural

Nom. Nadī Nadī,
Voc. Nadī Nadī,
Acc. Nadiṃ (short vowel) Nadī,
Inst. Nadiyā (short vowel) Nadīhi, Nadībhi
Abl. Nadiyā (short vowel) Nadīhi, Nadībhi
Dat. Nadiyā (short vowel) Nadīnaṃ
Gen. Nadiyā (short vowel) Nadīnaṃ
Loc. Nadiyā, Nadiyaṃ (short vowel) Nadīsu

Declension of Neuter noun ending in ‘i’

Vāri = water

Case Singular Plural

Nom. Vāri Vārī,
Voc. Vāri Vārī,
Acc. Vāriṃ Vārī,
Inst. Vārinā Vārīhi,Vārībhi
Abl. Vārinā,Vārismā,Vārimhā Vārīhi,Vārībhi
Dat. Vārino, Vārissa, Vārīnaṃ
Gen. Vārino, Vārissa Vārīnaṃ
Loc. Vārismiṃ, Vārimhi Vārīsu

Declension of Neuter noun ending in ‘i’

akkhi = eye

Case Singular Plural

Nom. Akkhi Akkhī,
Voc. Akkhi Akkhī,
Acc. Akkhiṃ Akkhī,
Inst. Akkhinā Akkhīhi, Akkhībhi
Abl. Akkhinā, Akkhismā, Akkhimhā Akkhīhi, Akkhībhi
Dat. Akkhino, Akkhissa, Akkhīnaṃ
Gen. Akkhino, Akkhissa Akkhīnaṃ
Loc. Akkhismiṃ, Akkhimhi Akkhīsu
 Declension of Masculine nouns ending in ‘u’

Bhikkhu = monk

Case Singular Plural

Nom. Bhikkhu Bhikkhū,
Voc. Bhikkhu Bhikkhū,
Acc. Bhikkhuṃ Bhikkhū,
Inst. Bhikkhunā Bhikkhūhi,Bhikkhūbhi
Abl. Bhikkhunā, Bhikkhusmā, Bhikkhumhā Bhikkhūhi,Bhikkhūbhi
Dat. Bhikkhuno, Bhikkhussa, Bhikkhūnaṃ
Gen. Bhikkhuno, Bhikkhussa Bhikkhūnaṃ
Loc. Bhikkhusmiṃ, Bhikkhumhi bhikkhūsu

Declension of Masculine nouns ending in ‘u’

hetu = cause

Case Singular Plural

Nom. Hetu Hetū,
Voc. Hetu Hetū,
Acc. Hetuṃ Hetū,
Inst. Hetunā Hetūhi, Hetūbhi
Abl. Hetunā, Hetusmā, Hetumhā Hetūhi, Hetūbhi
Dat. Hetuno, Hetussa, Hetūnaṃ
Gen. Hetuno, Hetussa Hetūnaṃ
Loc. Hetusmiṃ, Hetumhi Hetūsu