DENTAL PORCELAIN
-also known as dental ceramic
DENTAL CERAMIC
-is a dental material used by dental technicians to create
biocompatible life-like dental restorations such as crowns,
bridges and veneers.
The word “ceramic” is derived from the Greek word keramos,
meaning pottery clay.
DENTAL PORCELAINs HISTORY
-Around 10.000BC (Old Stone Age) ceramic - like tools have
already been used by humans to support their lifestyles and
needs of fisher - hunter- gatherer civilizations.
-During the Middle Stone Age (10.000 to 5500 BC) ceramics
were important materials, and they have retained their
importance in human societies ever since.
-10,000 to 6,000 BC- craftsmen of the Paleo-Indian Culture
made arrowheads, spear points and flaking tools from a
variety of natural rock materials with mineral phases such as
feldspar, mica, and quartz, which have since been used in
dental ceramics.
-Natural minerals are not tooth-colored, subsequent
civilizations used a variety of materials to produce simulated
teeth.
-700 BC, the Etruscans made artificial teeth of ivory and
bone, human teeth and animal teeth (possibly oxen) that
were held in place by gold wires or flat bands and rivets.
-The first porcelain tooth material was patented in 1789 by
de Chemant, a French dentist in collaboration with
Duchateau, a French pharmacist.
-In 1774, Duchateau improved the “mineral paste teeth”
(porcelain teeth) soon thereafter de Chemant.
However, this baked compound was not used to produce
individual teeth, since there was no effective way at that time
to attach the teeth to a denture base material.
-In 1808, Fonzi, an Italian dentist, invented a “terrometallic”
porcelain tooth held in place by a platinum pin or frame.
-In 1817, Plateau, a French dentist, introduced porcelain
teeth to the United States.
-In 1822, Peale, an Artist, developed a baking process in
Philadelphia for these teeth.
-In 1825, First commercial production of porcelain teeth by
Stockton.
-In 1837, Ash, from England developed an improved version
of the porcelain tooth.
-In 1839, the invention of vulcanized rubber allowed
porcelain denture teeth to be used effectively in a denture
base.
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DENTAL PORCELAIN: Classification
Dental ceramics can be classified according to one or more of
the following parameters:
USES OR INDICATIONS:
-Anterior and posterior crown, veneer, post and core, fixed
prosthesis.
COMPOSITION:
PRINCIPAL CRYSTAL PHASE AND/OR MATRIX
PHASE:
-Silica glass, leucite - based feldspathic porcelain, leucite -
based glass-ceramic, aluminous porcelain, alumina
PROCESSING METHOD
-Casting, sintering, partial sintering and glass infiltration
FIRING TEMPERATURE
-Ultralow fusing [crown and bridge veneer ceramic]
, Low fusing [crown and bridge veneer ceramic]
, Medium fusing [denture teeth, pre sintered zirconia], and
High fusing[denture teeth, and fully sintered alumina and
zirconia core ceramics..
TRANSLUCENCY
-Opaque, translucent, transparent.
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DENTAL ANESTHESIA
-is the application of anesthesia in dentistry.
-it includes local anesthesia, sedation, and general
anesthesia.
-It helps manage pain during dental procedures and
surgeries.
-It blocks painful sensations in specific areas of your mouth.
-It can be used while you are awake or asleep, depending on
the procedure, your needs, and your doctor’s
recommendation.
ANESTHESIA
-is a safe way to help patients relax, feel safe, and experience
less pain before, during, and after procedures are complete.
-It can cause you to be in a semi-conscious or unconscious
state.
Some anesthetics will have specific diet restrictions, while
others may require you to arrange transportation from your
dentist’s office.
TYPES OF DENTAL ANESTHESIA:
1. LOCAL ANESTHESIA
-It is the most common type that begins working in less than
10 minutes.
-It is applied topically or injected into a specific location in
your mouth.
-It makes parts in the mouth numb.
-Commonly used dental anesthetics include lidocaine,
articaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine, and bupivacaine.
-Available as prescription or over the counter medications.
-They come in gel, cream, liquid, ointment, spray, patch, and
injectable forms.
[Disadvantages: You will remain conscious and able to
communicate throughout the procedure. The effects typically
last for a few hours after the treatment.]
Indication:
-Doctors administer it during minor dental procedures, such
as:
(Cavity fillings, tooth extractions, root canal treatment,
dental crown placement, scaling and root planing.)
SEDATION VS ANESTHESIA
-Sedation dentistry can help relieve nervousness and anxiety
during dental work, reduce pain, and/or help keep patients
from moving. Meanwhile, anesthesia is used to eliminate
pain and discomfort.
2. SEDATION GLASS DISPOSABLE LOCAL ANESTHETIC
-can be administered in 3 different strengths: CARTRIDGE
-Rubber stopper, glass cartridge containing local anesthetic,
Mild Sedation aluminum cap with rubber diaphragm.
-keeps you conscious, and you can respond to commands. Function:
Moderate Sedation Used in conjunction with a self-aspirating local anesthetic
-puts you in a state of semi-consciousness syringe and disposable local anesthetic cartridge.
Deep Sedation Variation:
-makes you unaware of your surroundings and unable to Available in different lengths (long/short) and gauges (30g,
respond to stimulation. 27g 21g)
False friends:
A popular option is nitrous oxide (laughing gas) Irrigation syringe needle, endodontic syringe needle.
-It is an inhalable gas that can be administered via a nasal __________________________________________
hood over the nose. Amalgam Fillings
-Other examples include diazepam (valium), midazolam Dental amalgam is a common material used to fill cavities.
(versed), and propofol (diprivan). Fillings made with
amalgam also are known as silver fillings. Over the years,
People with severe anxiety typically need a sedative before concerns have been raised about the use of amalgam because
receiving an injection of anesthesia, especially if they have a it contains mercury.
fear of needles. Those with dental phobia often visit sedation
dentists to receive care, Amalgam is a combination of metals that has been the most
popular and effective
3. GENERAL ANESTHESIA filling material used in dentistry for the last 150 years.
-It is the result of a temporary loss of consciousness. Although it sometimes is called
-It is used for longer procedures or if someone cannot "silver amalgam," actually consists of a combination of
tolerate dental treatment under local anesthesia or sedation. metals. These
-Often referred to as a medically induced coma. You will be include silver, mercury, tin and copper. Small amounts of
unresponsive during the entire procedure and not feel any zinc, indium or palladium also may be used.
pain. The medication is normally inhaled or administered
intravenously. Is amalgam fillings safe?
-The majority of evidence shows
General anesthesia is also typically administered to patients exposure to mercury from dental
in a hospital setting undergoing invasive oral surgeries , amalgam does not lead to negative
including: health effects in the general
● Extensive bone grafts population.
● Corrective jaw surgery
● Multiple tooth extractions -Exposure to mercury may pose a
● Oral cancer surgery greater health risk in certain groups
● Sleep apnea surgery of people, who may be more
● Cosmetic dental procedures susceptible to potential adverse
● Cleft lip/palate surgery effects generally associated with
Mercury.
Benefits:
-Can consolidate multiple appointments into one Benefits of Dental Amalgam:
appointment.
-Prevents pain during the procedure. -Strong and long-lasting, so they are less likely to break than
-Can be used with sedation to relieve anxiety, pain, fear, and some other types of
discomfort. fillings.
-safe and effective when properly used. -Useful in patients that have a high risk of tooth decay, for
-Helps make procedures easier to perform. large tooth
__________________________________________ preparations, and where moisture makes it difficult for other
INSTRUMENTS: materials such as
resins to establish a bond to tooth.
SELF-ASPIRATING LOCAL ANESTHETIC SYRINGE -Least expensive type of filling material.
-Finger bar,piston rod, barrel of syringe, threaded lip. -Used for more than 150 years in hundreds of millions of
Function: patients around the world.
Used to administer local anesthetic with a disposable
anesthetic cartridge and a disposable needle.
Variations:
Non-self-aspirating type, disposable type (assembled), top
loading type, intraligamentary syringe.
False friends:
Irrigation syringe, endodontic syringe
Conclusion:
Mercury is used in amalgam because it helps make the filling
material pliable.
When it is mixed with an alloy powder, it creates a
compound that is soft
enough to mix and press into the tooth. But it also hardens
quickly and can withstand the forces of biting and chewing.
Everyone is exposed to mercury through air, drinking water,
soil and food.
Concerns have been raised, for instance, about the amount of
mercury
building up in fish as a result of pollution. Mercury enters the
air from
industries that burn mercury-containing fuels. Mercury from
all sources can build up in body organs.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A DENTIST
[Dentistry is a unique profession considering dentists are
mostly focused on patient care, they also often own and
run their own businesses. Many dentists have a diverse set
of personality traits that allow them to work both closely
with patients and be successful managers of their
Practices.]
PATIENCE
-the capacity to accept or tolerate delay,
trouble, or suffering without getting angry
or upset.
-the ability to continue doing something for
a long time without losing interest,
especially something difficult.
-In dentistry, patience allows a dentist to
actively listen to the patient's needs and
wants when discussing care. For the
dentists, patient oral health is of the
utmost importance, and to encourage this,
each patient is treated with respect,
dignity, and empathy.
Situation:
GENERAL DIFFICULTY
-these patients may try to drag you into a verbal argument by
pulling on your own emotions. This is especially relevant at
the
moment where tensions and anxieties are understandably
high.
-dentist can handle this situation by staying calm, think
about
the language and use positive sentences, relax facial
expression, speak softly and open minded, remain neutral,
and
treat the patient with respect.
"TO LOSE PATIENCE IS
TO LOSE THE BATTLE"
MAHATMA GANDHI
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ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS
-These are skills that allow you to use your
resources efficiently and effectively. Being
organized means you manage your time,
energy and workspace well and can
accomplish all your assigned tasks successfully.
Article 1: Dental Specialties: How to choose yours
Dentists need to have strong organizational skills. This
includes keeping accurate legal dental
records of patient care. Strong organizational skills are also
critical for the dental clinic business
setting.
Article 2: What a career in Dentistry demands
Being organized is a skill that’s important in every aspect of
your life, and particularly so in your
career. When you’ve established a clear set of goals for
yourself and your business, you are
less stressed, more productive and, most importantly, you
have the time to focus on providing
quality care to your patients.
Organizational skills is essential for dentists to effectively
manage their
time, provide quality care to patients, and run a successful
dental
practice.
[TimeManagement, PatientRecords,Inventory Management,
Staff Management]
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LEADERSHIP SKILLS
[When you are involved in running a dental practice, it is
vitally important to be able to lead your team effectively.
That means understanding the personalities of the people
who work with you and learning effective communication
skills to help you manage them.
Leadership skills can help you to achieve the position of
being known as the best dentist in town at a particular
specialty.]
The importance of leadership:
-A good leader demonstrates concern while at the same
time showing that he/she means business. While this is
desirable in relation to support staff, it becomes especially
important when dealing with colleagues such as associates
and hygienists. All too often, principal dentists are fearful of
interfering with an associate’s work patterns for fear of
upsetting them and rocking the boat.
The Leadership Qualities:
● Ability to Communicate Your
● Vision
● Team Building Skills
● Ability to Delegate
● Determination
● Humility
● Clear and Honest Communication
● Compassion
● Decisiveness
● Specialist Knowledge
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 DENTAL X-RAY
THE HISTORY OF DENTAL X-RAYS
-German physicist Wilhelm Röentgen accidentally
discovered the power of x- rays in 1895 while observing
fluorescent light emanations coming from a cathode-ray
tube.
-Röentgen’s discovery became an overnight
scientific sensation that captured the
attention of scientists around the world
and within six months the technology was
being used to locate bullets of soldiers
wounded in battle.
-While dentists in New York, New Orleans, and Boston all
took dental x-rays of a patient in 1896, and
independently developed equipment to ease the process,
dental x-ray technology was not widely used until the
1950s. While commercial dental x-ray equipment was
available for sale as early as 1923, impediments to early
adoption of the technology included concerns about
radiation exposure and electrocution, as well as the high
cost of the technology. By the 1950s, though, radiation
and electrocution protection protocols had been firmly
established and the technology was no longer as cost-
prohibitive to smaller practices. Additionally, between the
1920s and 1950s, x-ray innovators and dental practitioners
made numerous improvements to oral x-ray equipment,
photography, and techniques, which helped speed up the
process, improve safety, and further lower costs.
-Since the 1950s, dental x-ray technology has
continued to advance, as evidenced most
clearly by the shift from capturing the rays on photographic
film and then having to develop it to the near-instant x-ray
imagery captured by digital radiography. Digital x-ray
technology was first developed and introduced commercially
in the early 1980s but did not enjoy widespread adoption in
the dental field until the 1990s. Today, you’d be hard-pressed
to find a dental practice that still uses photographic film to
produce dental x-rays.
DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY
-commonly known as X-rays, are radiographs used to
diagnose hidden dental structures, malignant or benign
masses, bone loss, and cavities.
-helps the dentist detect oral health issues, like
cavities and gum disease, before they worsen.
-are essential to proper oral health and maintenance.
The two types of Dental X-rays:
Intraoral: The film or sensor is inside your mouth.
Extraoral: The film or sensor is outside your mouth.
INTRAORAL X-RAYS:
-Bitewing X-rays.
-Periapical X-rays.
-Occlusal X-rays.
BITEWING X-RAYS
-Bitewings show the upper and lower teeth in one area of
your mouth. These dental X-rays help your dentist detect
decay between your teeth or any changes that occur just
below your gum line.
-Bitewing X-rays don’t usually show the roots of your teeth.
PERIAPICAL X-RAYS
-A periapical X-ray shows your entire tooth, from the crown
to the root tip. This type of X-ray helps your dentist detect
decay, gum disease, bone loss and any other abnormalities of
your tooth or surrounding bone.
OCCLUSAL X-RAYS
-Occlusal X-rays help your dentist detect any issues in the
floor or roof of your mouth. These images are helpful when
diagnosing fractured or impacted teeth or evaluating the
roots of your front teeth. Occlusal images can also help
identify cysts, abscesses and jaw fractures.
-Pediatric dentists
may use occlusal X-rays to evaluate developing teeth.
EXTRAORAL X-RAYS:
-Panoramic X-rays.
-Cephalometric X-rays.
-Oblique Lateral X-rays
-Cone beam CT scan.
PANORAMIC X-RAYS
-A panoramic dental X-ray shows all of the structures in your
mouth on a single image, including your upper and lower
teeth, jaw joints, nerves, sinuses and supporting bone.
-A panoramic X-ray allows your dentist to get an overview of
any existing oral health issues.
CEPHALOMETRIC X-RAYS
-A cephalometric X-ray shows your entire head from the
side. It shows your dentist the location of your teeth in
relation to your jaw.
-Orthodontists (dentists who specialize in correcting bites)
often use cephalometric X-rays to plan treatment.
OBLIQUE LATERAL X-RAY
-are extraoral views of the jaws that can be taken using a
dental X-ray set (see Fig. 10.1). Before the development of
panoramic equipment they were the routine extraoral
radiographs used both in hospitals and in general practice. In
recent years, their popularity has waned, but the limitations
of panoramic radiographs (see Ch. 12) have ensured that
oblique lateral radiographs still have an important role.
CONE BEAM CT SCAN
-Dentists use computed tomography (CT) scans to capture
3D dental X-rays of your teeth, jaws, joints, nerves and
sinuses. These X-rays can also detect tumors or facial
fractures.
-Surgeons often use dental CT scans to check the height,
width and location of your jawbone before dental implant
placement.
The 4 major components of Dental X-ray machine:
-The tubehead
-An extension arm.
-The control panel.
-cylinder