Bearings, Seals and Gaskets

Application of Friction to
Bearings
• Plain bearing subject to:
Sliding friction – reduced by lubrication
• When the bearing is under load:
Oil is squeezed out and wear is caused by
friction
• Ball and roller bearing have much
less friction than plain bearings
Deformation
 Bearing Loading
load load

load
load
load load

load load

load load

Radial Thrust Combination

 Types of Bearings
• Plain bearings:
Shaft runs directly on the bearing
• Anti-friction bearings:
Balls or rollers as part of the bearing
• Function:
Decrease heat, friction and wear
Support static weight
Support radial and thrust loads
Allow tighter fit tolerances
Easier replacement
 Plain Bearings
• Usually confined to shafts with
limited movement or slow rotation
• Can also be used where the shaft is
rotating at high speed – needs
pressure lubrication:
Camshaft
 Sleeve Bearings and Bushes

• Sleeve bearings are plain bearings:

Sleeve pressed into hole or bore
• Overhead camshaft bearings – sleeve bearing fitted
into bores
 Split-Sleeve Bearings

Radial Thrust Combination

The type fitted to engine crankshaft main

journals and connecting rod big ends
Split Bearing

Rear End of a Crankshaft

 Plain Bearing Materials

• Metallic bearing
• White metals – tin and lead base
• High lead and standard copper lead
• Phosphor-Bronze
• Sintered bearings
• Non-metallic bearings
 Plain Bearing Materials

• Nylons and Acetals

• Polyurethane bushes
• Polytetrafluoriethylene (PTFE) bearings
• Carbon/Graphite bearings
• Flexible rubber bearings
• Thermoset-Fabric bearings
 Plain Bearing Materials
Coefficient of Maximum Bearing Maximum Bearing
Friction (on steel) Pressure (Mpa) Temperature (0C)
White Metal 0.2 15 150

Bronze 0.35 40 300

Rubber 0.4 15 150

Laminated Fabric 0.3 70 100

Nylon 0.2 15 100

PTFE 0.04 8 270

Sintered Metal 0.15 60 100

Antifriction Bearings
Antifriction
Bearing
Design
 Ball Bearings

• Also called ballrace or annular bearing

• Balls run on grooves
• Cannot be dismantled
• Not adjustable
• Will carry radial loads and light thrust
loads
• One of the most commonly used
bearings
Single-Row Ball Bearing
Double-Row Ball Bearing
Thrust Bearings
Cup and Cone Ball Bearing
 Roller Bearings
• Three basic types:
Straight roller bearings
Needle roller bearings
Tapered roller bearings
• A number of variations
Straight or Plain Roller
Bearing
Roller Assembly
Caged Needle Rollers
Needle Thrust Bearing
Loose Needle Rollers
Tapered Roller Bearing
Special Types of Bearings

• Shields and Seals

• Self-aligning
bearings
• Other bearings
 Bearing Lubrication

• Use to reduce:
Friction
Wear
Carry away heat
Bearing Lubrication
Bearing Lubrication
Bearing Lubrication
Bearing Lubrication
 Lubricating Methods

• Hand oiling
• Regulated low-pressure
• Mechanically regulated high-pressure
• Circulating systems
Hand Oiling
Grease Nipples
Constant Feed Oilers
Mechanical High-Pressure
Packing Bearings
Special Tools – Cleaning
and Repacking
Bearing Failure and Defects

• Abrasion
• Lack of lubrication
• Corrosion
• Faulty fitting
• Faulty adjustment
Antifriction Bearing Defects
Antifriction Bearing Defects
Removing and Installing Bearings
Using a Press
Using a Pipe or Tube
Using a Hammer and Drift

Mounting Compound
Cleaning and Checking
Bearings
Drying with Compressed Air
• Wash bearing
Sealed Bearings •Should
LubricateNOT
bearing
• Turn bearing
be Washed
• Examine balls or
rollers and bearing
If the Bearing is surfaces
Not to be
Used Immediately
 Bearing Adjustment

• Screw Adjustment
• Shim Adjustment
• Bearing Preload
Activity Workbook

Questions 1.1 to 1.32

 Topic 2

Seals, Gaskets and Sealants

 Principles of Sealing

• A seal operates by:

Deforming to suit the gap to be sealed
Providing a highly resistant path to fluid that
tries to escape
• Concept of minimal seal clearance
• Dynamic seal application
• Seal materials/shapes
Types of Gaskets and Seals
 Gaskets
Any device that maintains a barrier against transfer of
fluids across mating surfaces or a mechanical assembly
when the surfaces do not move in relation to each other

Unserviceable Serviceable
No Conformation Full Conformation
Application
Gasket Construction

Plain

Layered

Bonded Asbestos

Corrugated Steel
 Gasket Material
• Cork and Cork composition
• Special joint materials
• Fibre and Nylon
• Synthetic Rubber
• Asbestos and Asbestos composition
• Copper or Steel and Asbestos
• Steel core and composition
• Corrugated Steel
 Handling and Storing
Gaskets
• Store gaskets flat
• Gasket kits
Some gaskets kits are made for more than one
model
• Compare replacement with original
• Some gaskets may shrink
Making a Gasket
 Installing a Gaskets

• Treat gasket with care

• Clean surfaces
• Light coating of grease
• Bolts tightened gradually and evenly
 Cylinder Head Gasket

Before Installing – ensure cylinder

head and cylinder block are clean
Tightening Cylinder Heads
Housing Gaskets
 Manifold Gaskets

• Intake manifolds – seal against air

leaks
• Exhaust manifolds – seal against hot
gas leaks
• Tightened:
Gradual
In the correct sequence
Correct torque specifications
Sealants and Sealing
Compounds

Special Grade
of Sealant
Oil Pan Gaskets
Never Reuse a Gasket
 Analysing Gasket Failure

• Ask the owner

• Check fastener torque
• Inspect the gasket:
 Uneven pressure
 Burning
 Corrosion
 Cracks
 Voids
• Inspect mating parts
 Seals

• A piece of material or a method that

prevents or decreases the flow of
fluid or air between two surfaces
• The sealed surface may be stationary
or have movement between them
 Duties of a Seal

• Prevent lubrication leaks

• Keep out dirt and foreign bodies
• Keep different fluids apart
• Remain flexible
• Seal rough surfaces
• Wear faster than more expensive
parts
O-Rings

Static Seal

Dynamic Seal
O-Rings
Speedometer Drive With
O-Ring
O-Ring Maintenance
O-Ring Back-up Ring
Application
O-Ring Failure Diagnosis
 O-Ring Installation
• Ensure O-ring is compatible with
fluid
• Clean the entire area
• Inspect O-ring grooves
• Inspect shaft or spool
• Lubricate the O-ring
• Install
• Align parts accurately
Correct Size O-Ring
 Check O-Ring After
Installation
• Static O-ring:
Torqued again after unit is warmed and cycled
several times
• Dynamic O-ring:
Cycled through their normal pattern
Allow to assume neutral position
• All dynamic rings should pass a very
small amount of fluid when rotating
Hydraulic Seals
Types of Hydraulic Seals
U and V Packings
Spring-Loaded Lip Seal
 Hydraulic Seals

• Cup and Flange packings

• Mechanical seals
• Metallic seals
• Compression packing
• Compression gaskets
Seal Selection

• Pressure resistance?
• Heat?
• Wear?
• Harmed by the fluid?
• Fit?
• Score or scratch
polished parts?
• Seal Failure and
Remedies
 Cased Oil Seals

Flat Seal Lip-Type Seal

Lip Seal with Double Lip Seal

Garter
Duo-Cone Seal
Duo-Cone Seals
Toric Rings

Metal Rings
Sealing Strips and Blocks
Side Seal
in Place

Shaft
Seal

Groove
Side Seal
 Secondary Sealing

• Oil Scroll
• Oil Slinger
 Cups

Primary Secondary
Cup Cup
Piston
Boots
 Properties of Seal Material

• Fluid resistance
• Abrasion and extrusion resistance
• Temperature range
• Dynamic recovery:
Compression set
Stress relaxation
Rebound resilience
 Servicing Oil Seals

• If a seal is removed for whatever

reason – it should be replaced
• When installing a seal:
Ensure it is not damaged or distorted
Install the correct way
Lip-type seals must have the lips pointing in
the right direction
Removal – Metal Case Seal

Housing Tool

Spanner
Installing – Metal Case Seal

Housing Seal Tool Hammer

 Servicing Oil Seals

• Protecting seals while installing

• Lubricating seals before installing
• Checking sealing surfaces
• Checking boots
• Hydraulic brake seals
 Oil Filter Seals
Oil Filter
Cylinder Block
Maintenance of Other Seals
Checking Seals for Leakage
Removing Seals
Checking Shafts and Bores
Splines and Keyways
Bore Condition
Heat Damage
 Installing Seals

• Genuine seals
• Proper fluids
• Seals and Fluids clean and free of dirt
• Clean shaft or bore
• Lubricate the seal
• Metal cased seal – lubricate outside
diameter
 Installing Seals

• Use factory recommended tools

• No undue force on packings
• Shim stock
• Driven in evenly
• Check unit operation before start up
• Dirt and grit
Cocked Seal
Run-in Checking of New Lip
Type Seals
• Break in period
• Slight seepage may occur
Activity Workbook

Questions 2.1 to 2.25