Plagiarism Vs.
Inspiration: Graphic Design
Students’ Challenges Toward Design References
Joanna De Mesa
School of Media Studies
Mapúa University
Intramuros, Manila, Philippines
Student e-mail address
Abstract
This study examined the perception of the Multimedia Design
Students of Mapua University on plagiarism. Moreover, the
researcher also sought the distinction between plagiarism and
visual inspiration and extracted their view regarding the role of the
internet in plagiarism. Through administering focus group
discussion, the study found out that the students are very much
aware of the difference of plagiarism and visual inspiration. When
it comes to the role of internet in plagiarism, the researcher of this
study found two opposing views; on the positive side, internet is
being utilized to spot individuals who plagiarized and the internet
community became an avenue to expose these people; on other side,
since internet is information superhighway, the exposure of the
people to vast information can foster the act of plagiarism. Other
reasons why people in the field of arts plagiarize are: they have
poor time management, procrastination and lack of creativity.
Keywords—plagiarism; inspiration; graphic design students;
design references; visual plagiarism
I. INTRODUCTION
Not only does plagiarism occur in text-based
applications in the academic institution, but it has somehow
become more important especially in visuals for non-text-
based media. Cases of visual plagiarism among students in the
graphic design program have increased seriously and the
problem could be further damaging without stern actions.
Much of the time, the reason for plagiarism by students is that
they do not understand the concept of visual plagiarism and
take intellectual honesty as escapism. (Garrett & Robinson,
2012; Cook, Minichiello & Lawrence, 2014). Plagiarism is
perceived to be one of the forms of dishonesty not only in the
academic field but also in the field of art and it is also
considered as a serious offense to students. Plagiarism is also
about imitating one’s work without granting credit to the
source; moreover, in the field of graphic design, visual
plagiarism is the prohibited utilization or almost copying an
artwork and claiming its as one’s own (Economou, 2011, as
cited in MacAvery Kane, 2011).
In the study of Macatangay (2015), he stated that the
most common reason why students commit plagiarism is
because they are not familiar with it and they do not have
Benigno B. Agapito, Jr.
School of Media Studies
Mapúa University
Intramuros, Manila, Philippines
bbagapito@mapua.edu.ph
enough understanding of it because of the other forms and
their degree of seriousness. Moreover, Foltŷnek, Rybička and
Demoliou (2013) affirmed that academic institutions do not
have adequate guidelines or a clear definition of plagiarism
and have not given a clear project brief of the task related to
academic integrity unknowingly allowing it to happen. Jereb
et. al. (2018, as cited in Park, 2003) also mentioned that
“Some students plagiarise unintentionally, when they are not
familiar with proper ways of quoting, paraphrasing, citing and
referencing and/or when they are unclear about the meaning of
‘common knowledge’ and the expression ‘in their own
words”.
Starovoytova (2017), also found out in her study that
plagiarism was not explained nor introduced to the students at
any level that is why most of the students really need to be
aware of it and there is also a need for the institutions to
establish policies about plagiarism. Garrett (2012) mentioned
in his study that most of plagiarism are also international;
individuals are not aware that they already practiced
plagiarism. As claimed by Stowers and Howell (2011),
international students are very much concerned with the issue
of plagiarism since for the reason of cultural diversity;
moreover, Stowers and Howell also supported the argument
that plagiarism is being observed due to lack of general
knowledge or what comprises it.
Plagiarism in the field of art
One of the major factors that lead to visual plagiarism
is having a lack of awareness by being confused with the idea
of being inspired and copying. (Bradley, 2013). No one starts
out with original ideas and suggests that creative persons or
students develop their understanding by copying thus
developing their design knowledge (Ferguson, 2011).
Therefore, in improving their understanding and artistic
judgment, they need to refer to existing works of art or design.
For students, unfamiliarity with what constitutes plagiarism is
the most consistent reason for committing it. Garett (2012, as
cited in Bltyman et.al, 2007) stated that it then follows that
lack of understanding of plagiarism means difficulty
recognizing its various forms along with the degree of it. It is
perceived that visual plagiarism is not that rampant compared
to academic plagiarism
It is considered that visual plagiarism is not as
prevalent as its text based equivalent ; however it is noted that
there is an increasing number of students across the higher
education sector using images to support their academic
practice and therefore the issue of image referencing and
academic integrity in a visual context could exist far beyond
the arts (as cited in Blythman et. al, 2007).
Despite the negative implications that are attached to
plagiarism, Garett (2012, as cited in Porter, 2010) argued that
through copying arts students can be a springboard of learning
and he also stated that copying is a part of the creative
learning process.
Role of Internet in Plagiarism
In both ways, the internet has also played its role as
an open source; encouraging students and designers to use
resources or acting negatively towards the reference. (Howard
& Davies, 2016). Deviant Art, Behance, Pinterest and other
design blogs have created strong creative reference sites that
make it easy to place saved images in the design program for
editing. Another risky platform that thrives in the internet era
is crowdsourcing design to collect ideas from people without
emphasizing the origin of ideas and designers. (Airey, 2012).
Some companies and competitions use crowdsource mainly to
offer and collect as many designs as they can with minimum
costs or rewards. Therefore, it may be an incentive to misuse
the concept concepts and irresponsibly using it as their own.
According to Howard and David (2009, as cited in Hasan and
Khan and Khan, 2018 ), “In an age when students gravitate to
online sources for research-and when tremendous amounts of
both reputable and questionable information are available
online- may have come to regard the internet itself as a culprit
in students‟ plagiarism.” and this claim is supported by Jereb
et. al, (2018) wherein they mentioned that internet and
technology opened the gates for plagiarism in the field of art.
In colleges, the academic community struggles to
solve issues in the sense of visual plagiarism, and internet
access allows students to access knowledge and visuals
without restrictions. Therefore, to address the problems of
students committing plagiarism in the academic environment,
it is important to develop academic integrity and
understanding of visual plagiarism. In the study of Hasan and
Khan (2018) titled “Internet and Increasing Issues of
Plagiarism”, it was deduced that the issue generated by
plagiarism can be prevented with awareness about it together
with a policy framework about ethics and values; furthermore,
better quality of student outputs, collaborative effort and tight
interpersonal relationship between the learner and the
instructor can aid in avoiding plagiarism”.
Contrary to the other findings in other researchers, Ison (2015)
found out that the internet does not have any negative effects
on the plagiarism of the students and it is not also the prime
mover of textual misuse. Stowers and Howell (2011) also
deduced that the internet is being used to combat the issue of
plagiarism.
Consequences of plagiarism
Plagiarism is indeed a serious offense and in fact, it
was mandated under the Republic Act 8293 also known as the
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines. The said law is
being observed to protect the scientist. Once proven guilty, a
convicted individual may commit the act of plagiarism “--
when it amounts to copyright infringement -- carries a penalty
of 3-6 years imprisonment and a fine of P50,000-P150,000.
Under the Cybercrime Prevention Act, however, the penalty is
a degree higher: (Romero, 2012).
In the academic field, if proven guilty, the student
who plagiarized a certain work will face a punishment that
depends on nature and its intent. Berlinck (2011, as cited in
Wagner, 2011) mentioned on his paper that if plagiarism was
committed in the higher education, the punishment can be the
following: “assigning a 0 (zero) score to a question a student
has copied from another, or even an exam that the student
copied, or a written paperwork that was the result of copying
parts or in its entirety from the other(s); failure in courses if
the student has repeatedly copied texts and issues submitted
for review; suspension of student activities during certain
periods when it turns out that the student may have committed
plagiarism of a more serious nature; in the case of the
preparation of monographs, MSc dissertations and PhD
theses, the observation of plagiarism in small portions may
lead evaluators to require a new writing and resubmission of
the work; in the case of plagiarism noted in extensive
writings, the student enrollment u gj yvts may be finished.
II. METHODOLOGY
This research study will be implementing a
qualitative method wherein the said methods is being
utilized to provide answers regarding experience, meaning
and perspective that is usually derived from the point of
view of the participant (Hammarberg, Kirkman & de
Lacey, 2016). To collect the needed data for this study, the
research will seek for the approval of the research adviser;
once it was approved, the researcher will begin with
extracting the data among all the participants by
administering a focus group discussion. According to
Nyumba et, al. (2018), focus group discussion is an
qualitative approach that is being administered to gain
deep comprehension of social issues; this also utilized to
gather data from selected participants instead of gathering
from statistically representative samples of a bigger
population. The focus group discussion will be conducted
via Google Meet and the researcher will jot down the key
points during the discussion.
 The participants of this study will be the Third Year
Multimedia Arts students enrolled in Mapua University
during the first semester of the academic year 2020-2021.
The respondents of this research will be selected through
accidental sampling or generally known as convenience
sampling method wherein individuals who are part of the
target population met a certain criteria such as
geographical proximity, availability and easy accessibility
(Etikan, 2016).
To analyze the gathered data, the researcher will be
employing thematic analysis. Maguire and Delahunt
(2017) affirmed that the aim of thematic analysis is to spot
the themes such as patterns that are relevant or interesting
and utilize these spotted themes to give a comment on the
problem.
A total of 7 respondents will be selected to be part of
this study but before that, they must sign and agree to the
approval form that will be given by the researcher. The
respondents will be guaranteed full anonymity throughout
the study and the confidentiality of their answers will be
strictly observed.
III. RESULTS
A. Defining Visual Plagiarism
Based on the results of the conducted focus group discussion,
all of the respondents had an idea on what visual plagiarism is.
All of the participants are very much aware of what visual
plagiarism is. Majority of the participants stated that visual
plagiarism happens when someone copied a certain artwork
and claimed it as his creation. A participant also answered that
visual plagiarism is the utilization of an artwork and close
imitation of an existing art and representation of it as one’s
original work. One particular respondent also mentioned the
issue of plagiarism and he stated that it is one of the most
challenging ordeals of the artists of today’s generation
especially those artists who use a lot of references from the
internet.
B. Defining Inspiration
On this part, the respondents had different answers regarding
their perspective on design inspiration. There are respondents
who stated that for them, design inspiration is any idea,
thought or expression about a particular subject that can spark
their creativity in them. For one respondent, when he has a
design inspiration, it can be his creative driver and because of
it, he can do his artworks enthusiastically and there is
challenge that can hinder him in crafting his art. Design
inspiration is also perceived by other participants as an
integration of various elements then applying it as one to
create your own design or pouring it into your own specific
contexts and creativity. When making a design inspiration, an
artist collects ideas from the designs or artworks of the other
people and from there, he wil craft something that is unique
and can be called his own.
C. Reasons why Art students plagiarized
Because there is no adequate knowledge, arts students tend to
plagiarize. They do not know how they will be able to present
their own idea in a manner where copying won’t be necessary.
A lot of respondents deduced that plagiarism is being
practiced due to lack of creativity and patience when it comes
to honing one’s skills. Two of the respondents also mentioned
that due to deadlines and poor time management, students do
not have any choice but to copy the works of others for the
sake of submitting without sacrificing the achievement of high
grades. Technology is seen also to be one of the reasons why
plagiarism is inevitable. The students' exposure to tons of
artworks can make them tempt them to imitate the artwork
that can be seen on the internet. Their exposure to vast
resources on the internet is perceived to be one of many
reasons why they steal other individual's work of art.
D. The Difference Between Plagiarism & Inspiration
On this part of data, all of the respondents viewed plagiarism
negatively while inspiration was seen as the motivator of an
artist. It was found out in the discussion that plagiarism is
being dependent on a work that was created by someone and
they perceived it as copying the copying entirely the output
without giving credit. According to one respondent, plagiarism
equates to stealing since an individual is using someone’s
artwork without proper credit and it is also too much
inspiration. Inspiration on the other hand is definitely the
opposite of plagiarism. Inspiration is considered to be the
inspiration of the artists to craft their work; it definitely
motivates you to do something. Through inspiration, you are
incorporating various elements from other outputs that can aid
you to make your own.
All of the participants of this study deduced that an art is
considered to be plagiarized when the artist copied the other’s
work entirely without incorporating his ideas or his own
element. Moreover, if an individual does not also recognize
the artist that he copied from and he reproduced, then it is
already considered plagiarism. One respondents uttered that
some of the contemporary artist and arts are inspired by other
artists.
E. Role of Internet in Visual Plagiarism
The Internet is considered to be one of the tools to eradicate
plagiarism since there tools provided by the internet to
determine plagiarism such as google image search; moreover,
the internet creates a global and local community where
people have the ability to expose those people who
plagiarized. The Internet can also be an avenue for the people
to be educated about plagiarism. Because also of the internet,
websites and social media platforms can be used by the artist
to publish their works and determine as well whether a
creatine piece of art is plagiarized or not. The Internet is a
bridge of people---bring individuals together that is why a
participant said that it is hard to plagiarize now because you
might get called out because it.
Contrary to what were stated above, despite the contribution
of internet in determining plagiarized outputs, the majority of
the participants also considered the internet as an avenue for
plagiarizers to steal artworks since nowadays, everything can
be found on the internet and tempts the students to plagiarize
because of the vast information that it provides; in fact, one
participant stated that “Artworks online is vulnerable of
making copies around the world without the artist knowing
it.”. An artists can’t totally protect his artwork especially when
it is published on the internet because today, it is very easy to
store or save one’s art. A respondent als affirmed that “art is
subjective and artists are influenced by the people they admire
the most. Imitating is only part of the growth of an artist and
imitation is different from inspiration, plagiarism, and
especially from the contexts in design.”
F. Inspiration as a tool for reference
Respondents stated that multimedia arts students are most
likely to draw inspiration from other artists instead of
plagiarizing other’s work since they are just a beginner and
they need inspiration for them to come up with their own
work. When they are inspired by an artist, they incorporate
that artist’s element to their or sometimes, by being inspired
they are able to produce their own idea. Moreover, it seems it
is hard to plagiarize in the field of multimedia arts since you
are going to put your work on your portfolio. MMAS are most
likely to be inspired because they are innovative, creative and
always seek for brand new ideas. On the contrasting part, one
respondent stated that “There is no such thing as original.
Everything is recycled and it's the authenticity of the work
that makes it original. So I think multimedia arts students are
more likely to draw inspiration from other works. We simply
take a lot of old ideas and put them into a sort of new idea.”
G. Digital Media & its role on Multimedia Arts students
All of the respondents came up with the idea that digital media
motivates the artist to craft a variety of works that could set
them apart from others. Through digital media, the creative
juices of the students are being brought out especially when
multimedia students are looking for creative inspiration that
can be their avenue to create their own creativity while
making an artwork and it also provides vast information,
inspiration and learnings that need to be able to make an art
work. Because of the digital media, artist are also connecting
with each other. Digital media also provided them platform for
their art to be known among people.
H. Plagiarism among Multimedia Art Students
For those multimedia arts students who committed plagiarism,
a respondent stated that these students are having a hard time
in looking for their own path in the field of art. All of them
denounced the act of plagiarism in their field and even stated
that plagiarism of these students must stop this act because it
will never help them to be better and bolster their creative
skills. These people must also be called out because it seems
like they do not have interest at art at all. One student also
stated that in order to prevent oneself from copying other's
work, he must reconstruct his art in a modern way and he also
noted how important authenticity in this field because one will
never make it in the industry if plagiarism becomes a habit.
IV. DISCUSSION
The discussion part of this research study stresses the
prevailing factors that emerged throughout the study. Yielded
answers during the focus group discussion clearly showed that
all of the MMD students of Mapua University are very much
aware of what visual plagiarism is as like to what Economou
(2011, as cited in MacAvery Kane, 2011) said; visual
plagiarism was defined as the forbidden use of one’s art
without properly crediting the artist. Visual plagiarism was
also defined by stated authors as the act of copying one’s
artwork. The students had their own way of interpreting what
visual plagiarism is but their thoughts jived with what the
previous researchers’ meaning of visual plagiarism. Students
became very much aware of its definition because of the word
plagiarism and they just incorporated it in the field of visual
art in order to arrive at their definition as well as the
conventional meaning of visual plagiarism. In terms of
defining what design inspiration is, all of the students viewed
this concept in a positive way because this will trigger their
inner creativity in them. Because of design inspiration, they
were able to come up with their own artwork.
Arriving as to what are the underlying reasons why students
commit plagiarism, this research found out interesting reasons
why they do it and the extracted data were inline with what
Noh, Nudin, Narimah and Shamsudin (2018) stated in their
study. Similar to what Enaman stated in his study, plagiarism
occurs because the students do not have adequate knowledge
regarding the topic.
According to these researchers, the reasons why students
plagiarized are because of the following reasons: poor time
management skills, lack of creativity and knowledge in the
field of art. The respondents also suggested that plagiarism
occurs because students are lacking in the ability to brainstorm
and conceptualize new ideas that can be incorporated to their
art and because of the deadline that they are trying to beat,
they tend to copy others’ works. Issues like this can hinder an
artist's quest for inspiration and since they do not have the
focus to locate inspiration, artists run out of time to finish their
work and they would eventually resort to plagiarize the art of
others.
Plagiarism is such a complex term, that according to
Economou (2011); Multimedia Design Arts students of Mapua
University were able to define what plagiarism is based from
what was taught to them and they also incorporated what they
about it through experiences. For instance, they were caught
intentionally plagiarized someone else work, they faced
consequences and this taught them not to do it again. Visual
inspiration is considered to be one of the drivers of the arts
students to come up with their own work. An and Youn (2017)
found out in their study that when an individual was exposed
to aesthetic experiences, they are more likely to draw
inspiration for their art; inspiration also ignites the creative
cognition of an individual. With the absence of inspiration,
this becomes a hindrance to the creatives in the industry to
make their own art.
Turnitin and Harrick (2016; as cited in Ennam, 2017) stated
that there are many forms of plagiarism and the mentioned
practices on their studies are very similar to the extracted data
from the respondents and one of them is when an individual
did not credit the rightful owner of that artwork.
In terms of plagiarism in the field of Multimedia Design,
respondents stated that it is not acceptable for a MMD student
to plagiarize just like Pritchett (2010, as cited in Fatimah &
Wulundari, 2018). According to his study plagiarism must not
be condoned regardless of the reason for copying someone’s
work. Plagiarism will ever be acceptable since you are
extracting benefits from other artists instead of working hard
to formulate your own. Students who plagiarize seem to be
uninterested in arts at all because if they are invested so much
in the creative field, they would totally allot time for them to
craft their own work.
In the article of Sandamis (2018), it was mentioned that
because of the digital age, information technology was born,
paving the way for various ways on how artists can showcase
their masterpieces and this argument was evident from the
yielded answers among the students. Since the internet is
creating a online global village, they are able to meet a lot of
people that can give them vast opportunities such as
establishing an online market where they can sell art.
Moreover, Kang and Chen noted that various forms of digital
media such as social media, brings art experience to the people
using their mobile phones; the same authors also stated that
because of social media, there is interaction among people,
particularly those who are into arts. This will be an avenue for
them to share their tips and hacks on their art; art
collaborations are made possible through the use of social
media. Collaborative works with well-known artists can give
them exposure in the field of art.
The internet is being viewed in negative and positive ways
since most of the students presented negative and positive
implications of the internet in plagiarism. The Internet can
also be a tool for unveiling people who resort to plagiarism
just like what was found out in the study of Jereb et. al,
(2018). On the positive side, because of the internet incepted a
virtual community of people, individuals are being exposed to
various design ideas that can inspire them in their field art just
like what Howard and Davies (2016) stated in their research.
The Internet must be utilized to promote the artist and
his arts not the contrary wherein the internet is being used for
other peoples’ personal gain. They pointed out that the internet
is an open source where various design elements can inspire
the artists. Even though the internet is aiding the artists in
tracking individuals' plagiarized work, academicians play an
important role in combating plagiarism. They must be critical
enough in defining what constitutes plagiarism because even
though this research found out that respondents are aware of
what plagiarism is, there are still some who don't know what it
is all about. People must take the issue of plagiarism seriously
because too much reliance on copying others’ works equates
to zero productivity at all.
V. CONCLUSION
Plagiarism was defined by the multimedia design
students as the act of stealing and not giving a credit to the
reference. In the final assessment of this research, it was found
out that all of the respondents of this study that are currently
enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Multimedia Design of
Mapua University are very much aware about the distinction
between plagiarism and visual inspiration wherein the former
is using an individual’s artwork without giving proper credit
and claiming it as one’s own while the latter is all inspiration
is th consolidating various elements either from the existing
pieces from other artists or any events, things or someone that
drives them.
Multimedia Design students strictly do not condone
plagiarism in their field; moreover, plagiarism is also
perceived as one of the predicaments in the art industry
because instead of promoting creativity among artists, they are
resorting to stealing ideas from others. Digital media can be an
avenue for multimedia art to get an inspiration that can be the
spribabord of their art pieces. It was also revealed in the study
that the internet can either foster and hinder plagiarism among
students. With the massive use of the internet, it can either
protect the artist and his artworks from being plagiarized or is
paving the way for stealing contents because of the vast
information that can be found through the internet. People,
particularly the netizens tend to expose the plagiarizers.
Digital media was designed for the common of the people;
hence, an individual must not utilize it for his personal gain
and issues like plagiarism must be taken seriously instead of
normalizing it.
a.
Recommendation for Further Studies
This study only focused on the perspective of the
Multimedia Design students of Mapua University. Future
researchers can consider extracting data from a bigger
audience and respondents from different schools. In terms of
data gathering, future researchers may also consider utilizing
other data gathering procedures, research methods and
research analysis. This study was also conducted amidst global
pandemic; therefore, aspiring researchers can conduct similar
studies after pandemic.
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I am grateful to the God Almighty
for his blessings throughout my research work to complete this
requirement successfully. I wish to express my sincere thanks
to my professor Benigno B. Agapito Jr. for his patience,
immense knowledge and providing all the necessary insightful
comments in creating this research paper.
My completion of this paper could not have been
accomplished without the support of my classmates, Timothy
Evangelista, Joses Olba, Tristan Averion, Cled Arcilla, Sofia
Cuaderno, Bruce Abad & Nico Raneses.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my
family, my sister Pauline De Mesa for giving guidance and
support throughout this finals week.
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