REVIEW AND

POINTERS
SHIELA MAE P. ONLOS
 CULTURE
• It refers to that complex whole which includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts and morals, laws,
customs and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by a person as a member of a society.
 CULTURE

• It serves as a foundation of person’s

continuing interaction with his/her
surroundings.
 CULTURE
• People develop a culture of their own out
of their learnings and experiences from
their environmental exposure (Banaag,
2012 p. 46).
 ANTHROPOLOGY

• relates to sociology, it always describes human,

human behavior and human societies around the
world.
• It is a comparative science that examines all
societies.
• The term anthropology means scientific study of
man or human beings.
 SOCIOLOGY

• is the study of human social

relationships and institutions.
 SOCIOLOGY
• Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from
crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the
divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of
a common culture, and from social stability to radical
change in whole societies.
 SOCIOLOGY
• The purpose of sociology is to understand how
human action and consciousness both shape and
are shaped by surrounding cultural and social
structures.
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
• is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing
with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of
political activities, political thought, political behavior, and
associated constitutions and laws.
• Political Science is a social science that deals with humans and
their interactions. It is a branch of sociology; it essentially deals
with the large-scale actions of humans, and group mentality.
 POLITICS
Politics is a collective activity, involving people who
accept a common membership or at least acknowledge
a shared fate;
Politics presumes an initial diversity of views, if not
about goals then least about means;
 POLITICS
Politics involves reconciling differences through
discussion and persuasion; and

Political decision become authoritative policy for a

group, binding members to decisions that are
implemented by force if necessary.
 SOCIOLOGIST PERSPECTIVE
Functionalist:
• The functionalist perspective sees society as a complex
system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and
stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-
level orientation and broadly focuses on the social structures
that shape society as a whole
 SOCIOLOGIST PERSPECTIVE
Conflict Theory
• Conflict theories are perspectives in political philosophy and
sociology which argue that individuals and groups (social classes)
within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than
agreement, while also emphasizing social psychology, historical
materialism, power dynamics, and their roles in creating power
 SOCIOLOGIST PERSPECTIVE
Interactionism
• Interactionism is a theoretical perspective in sociology
that focuses on the everyday interactions between
individuals as the basis for the development of society.
Interactionism focuses on humans as social actors rather
than just focusing on the role of society.
 SOCIOLOGIST PERSPECTIVE
Structural functionalism
• is a macro-level theory that sees society as an
interconnected system with each part having a different
function while still working together. Functionalists view
society as a system whose parts work together to promote
solidarity and stability.
 POLICY ANALYSIS

Policy analysis or public policy analysis

• is a technique used in the public administration sub-
field of political science to enable civil servants,
nonprofit organizations, and others to examine and
evaluate the available options to implement the goals
of laws and elected officials.
 CULTURAL RELATIVISM

• It is the ability to understand a culture on its

own terms and not to make judgments using the
standards of one's own culture
 SOCIALIZATION
- It is a continuing process of social interaction
through which people acquired their identities and
skills in society.

- It is a learning from people to other people.

-It exposes the person to the culture of society and

acquire them.
Socialization is also a form of social
control. It may be in the form of
coercion: like punishment, economy. It
may also be in the form of language
which was used as cultural symbols.
 SOCIAL GROUP
• Primary
• Secondary
• In Group/Out Group
• Reference Group
• Network
 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
• refers to the network of relationships in a
group and how they interconnect. This network
of relationships helps members of a group stay
connected to one another in order to maintain a
sense of community within a group.
 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Example:
• Government
• NGO
• Private
• Professional Association
• Educational Institution etc.
 STRATIFICATION
• refers to a society's categorization of its people
into rankings based on factors like wealth,
income, education, family background, and
power. Geologists also use the word “stratification”
to describe the distinct vertical layers found in rock.
 EXAMPLE OF STRATIFICATION

• Examples of social stratification include the

separation of society into economic classes
(rich vs poor), gender groupings (reinforcing
patriarchy), racial and ethnic hierarchies, and
birth-based castes.
 ETHNOCENTRISM
• Ethnocentrism is measuring or judging one's own
culture against another culture and can lead to judging
someone else's culture negatively. Ethnocentrism is
also the belief that one's own cultural rules are the best
and often better than another culture's rules.
 CULTURAL DIFFUSION
• refers to the spreading or merging of different
cultural ideas. It occurs directly, indirectly, or
through force and appears in various forms, including:
Relocation diffusion: When people migrate to new
places and influence or become influenced by the
existing cultures.
 CULTURAL DIFFUSION
• refers to the spreading or merging of different
cultural ideas. It occurs directly, indirectly, or
through force and appears in various forms, including:
Relocation diffusion: When people migrate to new
places and influence or become influenced by the
existing cultures.
 MODERNIZATION
•
in sociology, the transformation from a
traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular,
urban, industrial society. Modern society is
industrial society. To modernize a society is,
first of all, to industrialize it.
 MATERIAL CULTURE
• refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces
that people use to define their culture. These include
homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches,
synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and
plants, tools, means of production, goods and
products, stores, and so forth.
 CULTURAL ISOLATION
• Reduced access to the student's own culture group
raises the level of intensity. Students should consider
the degree of isolation from their own cultural group
when considering study abroad programs and sites.
Cultural immersion is different from isolation.
 SOCIAL NORMS
• are the perceived informal, mostly unwritten,
rules that define acceptable and appropriate
actions. within a given group or community, thus
guiding human. behaviour.
• They consist of what we do, what we believe. others
do, and what we believe others approve of and.
 ETHNOGRAPHIC
• is essentially about embedding ourselves as
researchers within specific social settings for a
prolonged period of time, in order to develop a
richer understanding of the dynamics and
complexities of social life, social relations, and the
workings of society.
 SYMBOL
• as anything that carries meaning to a specific group
of people or culture. For example, the language of a
society is a series of symbols that allow the people of
the society to communicate with each other. Symbols
can also take the shape of physical gestures and
actions.
 NORMS
• are a fundamental concept in the social sciences. They are
most commonly defined as rules or expectations that are
socially enforced. Norms may be prescriptive (encouraging
positive behavior; for example, “be honest”) or proscriptive
(discouraging negative behavior; for example, “do not
cheat”).
GOD BLESS   