ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

● EGYPTIAN
● BABYLONIAN

Prepared by:
CAÑAS, KIMVERLY R.
BENTOY, CRISBELLE D.
ABELLA, DONNA L.
ARINGAY JOJIE ANN
BATOON. KAYESHIA M.
BATO, RIZA MAE
EGYPTIAN
MATHEMATICS

INTRODUCTION
NUMERICAL SYMBOLS

THE EGYPTIAN ZERO

SYMBOLIZE BEUATY,
COMPLETE AND
ABSTRACTION
Ancient Egyptian texts could be written in
either hieroglyphs or in hieratic. In either
representation the number system was always given
in base 10. The number 1 was depicted by a simple
stroke, the number 2 was represented by two strokes,
etc. The numbers 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 and
1,000,000 had their own hieroglyphs. Number 10 is
a hobble for cattle, number 100 is represented by a
coiled rope, the number 1000 is represented by a
lotus flower, the number 10,000 is represented by a
finger, the number 100,000 is represented by a frog,
and a million was represented by a god with his
hands raised in adoration.
EGYPTIAN FRACTION

THE EYE OF
HOURS
EGYPTIAN ADDITION
AND SUBTRACTION IN
EGYPTIAN NUMERALS
ADDITION
SUBTRACTIO
N
EGYPTIAN
MULTIPLICATION
AND
DIVISION
EGYPTIAN
MULTIPLICATION
APPLYING THE DISTRIBUTION LAW
a x (b + c) = (a x b) + (a x c)
EXAMPLE
23 X 13 = 23 X (1+4+8)
= 23 + 92 +18
= 299
EGYPTIAN
DIVISION
23 X 13
EGYPTIAN

GEOMETR
Y
 ●GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS APPEAR
BOTH THE MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL
PAPYRUS (MMP)
AND RHING MATHEMATICAL PAPYRUS
(RMP)

●Used many sacred geometric

shapes
like square, triangle and obelisks
ARE
AOBJECT FORMULA (using
modern notation)
TRIANGLE A = ½ bh
RECTANGLE A = bh
CIRCLE A = ¼ (265/81) d˄2
VOLUM
E
CYLINDRICAL
GRANARIES
BABYLONIAN
MATHEMATICS

INTRODUCTION
Babylonian mathematics (also known
as Assyro-Babylonian mathematics) was any
mathematics developed or practiced by the
people of Mesopotamia, from the days of the
early Sumerians to the centuries following the
fall of Babylon in 539 BC.

Sumerians develop the earliest known

writing system PICTOGRAPHIC
WRITING WRITTING KNOWN AS
CUNEIFORM SCRIPT
 CUNEIFORM
PICTOGRAPH Latin word “cuneus” which means
a king of picture “wedge”
writing
Like the Egyptians, the Babylonians used
to ones represent two and so on up to nine.

However, they tended to arrange the

symbols into neat piles. Once they got to
ten, there were too many symbols, so they
turned the stylus on its sideto make a
different symbol

That is a unary system

BABYLONIAN
NUMERALS
● The Babylonians were working their way
to a positional system.

● The Babylonian system of mathematics

had a very advanced number system even
for today’s standards.

● It was a sexagesimal (base 60) numeral

system rather than 10 (decimal)
● When they wrote “60” they would put a single
wedge mark in the second place of numeral

● When they wrote “120” they would put a two wedge

mark in the second place of numeral.
 POSITIONAL NUMBER SYTEM
A positional number system is one where the number
are arranged in columns. We use a positional system
and our columns represents power of ten. So the
right hand column is units, the next is tens, the next
is hundreds and so on

10˄2 = 100 10˄1 = 10 10˄0 = 1

7 4 5
(7 ● 100 ) + (4 ● 10) + 5 = 745
POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The Babylonians used powers of sixty rather
than ten. So the left-hand column were units,
the second, multiples of 60, the third, multiples
of 360, and so on.

(2*60²) + (1*60) + (10 + 1) =

7271
LACK OF ZERO
●They had no symbol for zero to distinguish
between 10 and 1
●The number 3601 is not too different
from3660, and they are both written a two
one.
●The slanting symbol is zero.
x3600 x60 UNITS VALUE
The Babylonians used a system of SEXAGESIMAL
fractions similar to our decimal fractions

For example:
If we write 0.125 then this is
1/10 + 2/100 + 5/1000 = 1/8

Similarly in the Babylonian SEXAGEXIMAL

fraction0;7;30
7/60 + 30/3600 = 1/8
SEXAGESIMAL POINT
A semicolon used to represent
the beginning and end of the integer
of the fraction
 References
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/PEM2309/history-of-mathematic
s-egyptian-and-babylonian
https://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/egypt/node2.html
https://www.storyofmathematics.com/egyptian.html

Article:
Babylonian Mathematics
Egyptian Mathematics