Identity, Culture

and Society
IDENTITY
 Is the distinctive characteristics that defines an
INDIVIDUAL, or is shared by those belonging to a
particular GROUP.
 people may have multiple identities depending on
the GROUPS WHICH THEY BELONG.

 Example:
in a family
in school
 Identity can also be influenced by other factors such as sexual,
orientation gender and nationality.
 Identity can also changed over the course of a person’s lifetime

 Example:
young people (son or daughter) → mother or father
student → professional
member of Roman Catholic → non Catholic Christian Group
Question
answer
 Identities are important because they shape both
individual and group behavior as well as people’s
view about other people and society.

 Society entails knowledge about various identities and

how these shape people’s view and behavior.

 Enables a person to appreciate what makes him

similar or different from other people.
CULTURE

 Society’s way of life, beliefs, away of thinking that exist

in a place or orientation
question

 Does Culture give significance to an individual?

answer

 Yes, it allows people to understand themselves in

relation to others

 It provides them, us, a lens through which they base

what is considered the right way of doings.
 Material aspects Associated with
Culture
 Clothes
 Music
 Food
Non-Material aspects
Associated with Culture

 Interpretation of others behavior especially the bases

of what we regard as “right or wrong”
SUB-CULTURES

 A group that has beliefs and behaviors that are

different from the main groups within a culture or
society.
SOCIETY
 refers to a group of people living in a community.
 according to Madver and Page , “it is a web of social
relationships which is always changing.

 Elements of Society: shared laws

traditions
values
 SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND
POLITICAL CHANGE

 the concept of indentity is related to to social, cultural

and political change, peoples individual and
collective identities have oftentimes transformed
social order and paved the way for lasting change.
example
 Filipinos first held election, 1930s.
-------- it is also a good example of how political and
social changes have transformed Filipino women’s
identities.
---- Rapidly advancing technology (sociocultural and
political change)
--------because people know more about what is
happening elsewhere in the world, trends.
Transformation.
 Phenomenon of international migration has also
change Filipino identities and beliefs.
 ANTHROPOLOGY,
SOCIOLOGY AND
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
 Systematic study of biological, cultural and political
and social aspects of man.

 It is derived from two Greek words, “Anthropos” which

means “man” and “logos” which means “ study” or
“inquiry”
question
 Is ANTHROPOLOGY significant branch of knowledge?

--- it integrates the elements from the biological sciences

and humanities to fully comprehend the complex
human species including their past practices and social
patterns, across diverse cultures.
renowned anthropologist

 Edward burnett taylor

 Franz boas
 Alfred Kroeber bronislaw
 Clifford Geertz
 Margaret mead
SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

 studies how social patterns and practices and cultural

variation across different countries.
CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY

 studies cultural variation across different societies and

examines the need to understand each culture in its
own context.
LINGUISTIC
ANTHROPOLOGY

 studies language and discourse and how they reflect

and shape different aspects of human society and
culture.
 BIOLOGICAL OR
PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
 studies the origins of humans as well as the interplay
between social factors and the process of human
evolution, adaptation and variation over time.
ARCHEOLOGY

 Deals with prehistoric societies by studying their tools

and environment.
SOCIOLOGY

 Define by Anthony Giddens as “study of human social

life group and society”.
 Social relationships
 It is an academic discipline that attempts to provide a
deeper assessment of individual and group behavior,
as well as by examining the interplay between
economic, political and social factor.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 systematic study of Politics

 which Andrew Heywood describes as “the activity

through which people make, preserve, and amend
the general rules under which they live.

 Focuses on the fundamental values of equity

(fairness), freedom, justice.
POLITICAL SCIENTIST
 The works of Greeks Philosophers such as Plato, and
Aristotle as well as later European thinkers, Niccolo
Machiavelli, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Baron de
Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Karl
Marx are influential in the field of political science.
BRANCHES OF
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
 Public Administration

 Political Economy

 Comparative Politics
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

 Examine how government function and policies are

made.
POLITICAL ECONOMY

 Evaluates the interplay between economics, politics,

and its implications to various institution within the
society.
COMPARATIVE POLITICS

 Compares domestic politics and governance across

different sovereign states.
question
 What is the highlights on the discussion on Social,
cultural, and political changes?

The importance of learning about our society and

its process.
Helps us understand our social roles and how we
can participate in the changes we wish to make in our
respective societies.
Thank you!
 BECOMING A
MEMBER OF THE
SOCIETY
SOCIALIZATION AND
ENCULTURATION

John Locke a British Enlightenment

philosopher, said that the human mind
at birth is nothing but a blank slate, or
“TABULARASA”
Socialization
Lifelong process of social
interaction through which people
acquires their identities and
necessary survival skills in society.

 it is considered as central
process of social life.
The process of socialization
enables a person to gradually
become aware, knowlegeable
human being, learn values, rules
and culture in his or her society.
Interpretevist sociologist on
the other hand, see
socialization as an interactive
process between individuals
and other members of the
society.
Example:

The orientation of a student to

his/her new school,
 attendance in Sunday school,
 cathecism for Catholics,
 recruitement for political parties.
 The process of socialization
enables a person to gradually
become a self-aware and
knowledgeable human being,
and learn the ways, values,
rules and culture of his/her
society.
POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is also important in
politics, and a citizen develops and
acquires political ideas, values,
attitudes, beliefs, and opinions.

A process which enables the

development of citizen to function
effectively within a particular political
system.
 INTERNALIZATIO
N
Refers to the process of accepting the
social norms, attitudes, roles, and
values transmitted by people and
social groups within society as ones
own.
SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS
OF
SOCIALIZATION
Social context
-- refers to the particular
circumstances of a society and
consist of its culture, language, and
the social structures that define a
social class, ethnicity and gender.
Content
-- refers to ideas, beliefs,
behavior, and other information
that are passed on by members
of the society to the individual.
Process
-- refers to the method of
interaction that enable the
content to be given to the
person undergoing socialization.
 Results
-- refers to the outcome of
socialization, and are evident
when individuals begin to
practice the behaviors, attitudes,
and values that society considers
necessary for them to function
effectively as its members.
Example:
- Ability of an individual to
speak his or her native language,
and understand and comply with
basic rules and norms in his or her
community.
A significant result of
socialization is self-identity,
which refers to the
establishment of a unique
sense of identity and an
awareness of how it relates to
their society and the world.
CONFORMITY,
DEVIANCE and
SOCIAL
CONTROL
 Conformity
Refers to the process of altering ones
thought and action to adapt to the
accepted behavior within his or her
group or society.

A product of pressure exerted by the

group on the individual.
3 Types of CONFORMITY
 1. COMPLIANCE
Refers to the outward conformity to
social pressure but privately
disagreeing with it.

This action is often motivated by

reward or avoid punishment.
 2. IDENTIFICATION
Refers to the individual adopting a certain behavior or
opinion because it enables him to have a satisfying
relationship with the member of his group.
 3. INTERNALIZATION or
ACCEPTANCE
Involve public compliance and internal
acceptance of the norms and standards
imposed by the group.
Acceptance eventually results to the
integration of the groups set of belief and
behavior into the individuals own framework.
 DEVIANCE
A behavior that elicits a strong negative
behavior from group members and involves
actions that violate commonly held social
norms.

Deviance however varies depending on the

context of the group or society.
What may be considered normal
behavior in one culture may be
considered deviant behavior in others.

example: in the Philippines, women

driving cars is common. But in Saudi
Arabia, it is considered undesirable
behavior for women and is banned by law.
 ANOMIE
refers to a condition where
social control becomes
ineffective due to the loss of
shared values and sense of
purpose in society.
Emile Durkheim
This gives way to
either the breakdown of
traditional life or a
period of social change.
 ROBERT MERTON

Relates deviance to the strain

felt by individuals whenever
social norms conflict with reality.
 1. STRUCTURAL STRAIN
THEORY

Argues that the tensions and strains

between socially-approved goals
an individuals ability to meet them will
lead to deviance.
Example:
a construction worker trying to gain
a job for months but is unable to do so
will have an increasing frustration with
society and may force him into less-
desirable means of livelihood or even
crime.
 2. SUBCULTURAL VIEW
Points to the emergence of deviant
behavior within certain groups in
society or subcultures.
Set of values and behavior prevalent
within these groups makes them very
prone to engage in deviant criminal
behavior.
Example:
gang
(defiance, delinquency and non
conformity as traits that define
their identity as a group), youth
culture,
 3. LABELING THEORY
Symbolic interactionist considers deviance as a socially
constructed phenomenon
There is actually no deviance in society; deviance only
emerges when society begin labeling certain actions as
“deviant” or “undesirable”
 4 CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
Analyzes deviance in the framework of competing interest
between social groups and the maintenance of power among
the elites.

Reflections of societys inequalities as those who are less

powerful in society are more likely to be considered as deviant
or criminals.
 5. BROKEN WINDOW
THEORY

Suggest a direct relationship between

social disorder and deviance.
Example:
local government maintaining
constant police presence and
cleanliness in areas associated with
criminality to discourage the
occurrence of petty crimes and
vandalism.
 Control theories
consider deviance as emerging because
of inadequate social controls. If
society is unable to maintain the
control and order, it encourages
members to engage in deviant behavior.
SOCIAL CONTROL and
SANCTIONS
 SOCIAL CONTROL
Systematic means and
practices used to maintain
norms, rules, and laws;
regulate conflict; and
discourage deviant behavior.
SANCTIONS
Are the most common
means of social control,
and are often employed
to address conflicts and
violations of social norms.
Sanctions can be FORMAL or
INFORMAL
FORMAL SANCTIONS
Are those provided for by laws
and other regulations in society.
Laws formally designated
certain deviant behaviors as
crimes, and prescribe sanctions.
 INFORMAL SANCTIONS
Most commonly imposed by
smaller societies, communities, or
groups. These are often arbitrarily
agreed upon by members of the
group or society.
Example: ostracism
and social stigma
Ostracism
- the individual is forcibly
isolated fro the rest of
society for a certain time.
 Social Stigma

- stigmatized person still

remains within the society but is
subject to isolation and rejection
by members of society.
Example;

Gossip is considered as another way of

imposing informal sanctions
HUMAN
DIGNITY and
HUMAN
RIGHTS
 HUMAN dignity
Refers to the idea that a person has the
innate right to be valued, respected, and
treated well.
 HUMAN rights
Are legal, social, and ethical
principles that consider the human
person as deserving of liberties and
protections by virtue of his or her
human dignity.
Are HUMAN
RIGHTS and
HUMAN
DIGNITY
significant?
In SOCIALIZATION,
human dignity and
human rights is the
primary aim and must be
recognize and respect.
 Characteristics of HUMAN
RIGHTS
UNIVERSAL, because they
belong to all human beings.
FUNDAMENTAL, since
they cannot be taken
away from any human
being.
ABSOLUTE, since they cannot
be qualified and are considered
basic necessities for living in
genuine life.
INDIVISIBLE, as various
rights are interrelated and
given equal importance.