Motivation

The processes that account for the intensity, direction

and persistence of effort towards achieving a goal.
Intrinsic Vs Extrinsic Motivation
 Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
AKA
Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Hygiene Factors Motivators

•Company Policies •Nature of Work
•Working Conditions •Personal Growth
•Work Relationships •Achievement
•Supervision •Recognition
•Job Security •Responsibility
•Pay
 Adam’s Equity Theory
Condition Person Referent Example
Worker and Referent
Outcomes Outcomes contribute the same
Equity =
Inputs Inputs inputs and get same
outcomes

Underpayment Outcomes Outcomes Worker contributes same

< inputs, but gets less
Equity Inputs Inputs
outcomes than
Referent

Worker contributes same

Overpayment Outcomes Outcomes inputs, but gets more
> outcomes than
Equity Inputs Inputs
Referent
 Equity Theory
Restoring Equity: Inequity creates tension in workers
causing them to attempt to restore equity.
Strategies include:

- Changing outcomes
- Changing inputs
- Distorting perceptions of self or others
- Changing referent person
- Leaving the organization
Organizational Justice

Distributive
Justice

Procedural Organizational
Justice Justice

Interactional
Justice
 The Job Characteristics Model

Core Job Characteristics Critical Psychological Outcomes

States
Skill variety Experience meaningfulness
of High internal work
Task identity
the work motivation
Task significance

Autonomy Experienced responsibility High-quality work

for outcomes of the work performance

High satisfaction with work

Feedback from job Knowledge of the actual
results of the work activities

Low absenteeism and

turnover
Moderator:
•Employee’s Growth need
strength
 How can Jobs be Redesigned?

• Job Rotation
• Job Enrichment
• Relational Job Design
 Goal Setting Theory

• Suggests that specific and difficult goals

with feedback lead to higher performance.

• Subordinates must agree to the goals.

 Factors Influencing Goal-Performance
Relationship
• Goal Commitment
• Task Characteristics
• National Culture
 Managerial Application of Goal Setting
Theory

• Management by Objectives (MBO)

Expectancy, Instrumentality, and
Valence