SPRING BOARD

Why do you like or

dislikes these things?
What are your Indicate the people,
likes and group, or
dislikes? organization that
influenced you the
most in liking or
disliking this things.
 SOCIALIZATION
AND ENCULTURATION
 John Locke, a British Enlightenment philosopher,
said that the human mind at birth is nothing but
blank slate, or tabula rasa.
 a t is S o c i al i z a ti o n ?
Wh
Socialization refers to the lifelong process
of social interaction through which people
acquire their identities and necessary survival
skills in society. It prepares newcomers to
become members of an existing group
through the adoption of values and behavior
that are considered appropriate by group.
Socialization is also important in politics, and
a citizen develops and acquires political ideas,
values, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions
through political socialization, a process
which enables the development of citizens to
function effectively within a particular
position.
 Process of Socialization
• Enables a person to gradually become a self-aware and
knowledgeable human being, and learn the ways,
values, rules, and culture of his or her society.
• Was equated with “civilization”.
• Was tantamount to “taming” individualists so that they
would willingly cooperate with others on common
goals and conform to socially acceptable ways of
behaving.
• Sociologists suggest combining the perspectives of
functionalism and interpretivism and incorporate them
in the analysis of other aspects of social life.
 Internalization refers to the process of
accepting the social norms, attitudes, roles, and
values transmitted by people and social groups
within society as one’s own.
Interpretivist sociologists, on the other hand
see socialization as an interactive process between
individuals and other members of society. They
engage other members of society in an effort to
integrate their own views, beliefs, and ways into
society.
 3 Significant aspects of socialization :
• Social Context – refers to the particular circumstances of a society and consists of
it’s culture, language, and the social structures that define social class, ethnicity,
and gender.
• Content – refers to ideas, beliefs, behavior, and other information that are passed
on by members of society to the individual; the process refers to the methods of
interaction that enable the content to be given to the person undergoing
socialization.
• Results – refer to the outcomes of socialization, and are evident when individuals
begin to practice the behaviors, attitudes, and values that society considers
necessary for them to function effectively as members. A significant result of
socialization is self-identity, which refers to the establishments of a unique sense
of identity and an awareness of how it relates to their society and the world.
What is Enculturation • Describe the process of being
socialized into a specific culture.
• Through enculturation,
individuals learn cultural,
symbols, norms, values, and
language by observing and
interacting with family, friends,
teachers, and society.
• Go hand-in-hand in instilling in the individual the
accepted values, norms, and standards of behavior in
society through social rules on behavior and laws.
• Also impart social status, roles, and identity on
members of society.
• Occur throughout an individuals’ life from childhood,
adolescence, adulthood, old age, until death.
Education and religion are significant tools
of socialization and enculturation.
 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION AND
ENCULTURATION
These groups are called participants
or agents of socialization and enculturation
consist of persons, groups, and institutions
that teach people essential knowledge to
participate successfully in society.
1.The Family – is the primary agent of
socialization of an individual upon birth,
throughout infancy, and up to childhood.
Nuclear family – Mother, Father, and Children
Extended Family – Aunts, Uncles, Cousin, and other
relatives. Other household like Helpers or Yayas.
•Dynamics of the family, it continues to be a primary
network for the transmission of values, attitudes and
behaviors.
•2. Schools – have a critical and active role in socialization, as their
values academic and social activities mold students’ beliefs,
values, and attitudes.
•Public schools – no-fee school, funded and operated by the state.
•Private schools – independent schools, non-governmental,
privately funded, or non-state schools, not administered by local,
state or national governments.
•Sectarian and Non-sectarian
•Also venues for political socialization.
3. Peer Groups – refer to people who share the same interests
or characteristics such as age and social background.
• also reinforce acceptable behaviors introduced by the family
and school, allow certain degree of independence from
family and certain figures of authority, and are also means
for socialization and involvement in social and political
issues.
• Are formed by informal, spontaneous, and voluntary means.
• Ex. Boy School, Girl Scouts, and the Young Liberals.
4. Mass Media – includes forms of communication
such as books, magazines, newspapers, other print
materials, radio, television, and movies.
•Source of information regarding events in society; it
presents various viewpoints regarding events and
developments within society; and it provides
entertainment by showcasing other people’s
experiences.
 MODELS OF MASS MEDIA
1. The pluralist model portrays media as
an ideological marketplace that enhances
debate and electoral choice. Ex. Talk
shows, relevant social issues, and live
debates.
2. The market model suggests that media reflects the
views of the general public, and that media presents
what they think the people want.
3. The dominant-ideology and elite-values models, put
emphasis on the influence of bias in the activities of
media institutions.
4. The dominant-ideology model traces the bias to links
between media and the political and social elite.
5. The elite-values model, meanwhile, recognizes
media bias as a product of the personal views of media
professionals such as journalists, broadcasters, and
editors.
The influence of media, is lesser among people
who have been exposed to more agents of socialization
and have a stable set of political and social views.
 5. RELIGION AND STATE
Considered as the ultimate sources of authority, making the
church and government important agents of socialization.
• Exerts a great influence on the views of a person, legitimizes
accepted social practices, provides stability to society, and can even
be sources of social change. The state, participates, in socialization
through laws and other regulations that reinforce appropriate
behavior, and help form values and attitudes of the citizens.
 MAJOR SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL
EVENTS
Can also be significant socializing forces for an entire generation.
• Cause transformations in the values, attitudes, and views that define
societies, leading to further changes in the behavior and traditions of
societies.
• Historical events tend to affect individuals and societies differently.
• This is the reason why the state is one agent of socialization that takes an
interest in defining a cohesive history for its society.
Nuclear Family Extended
Family
School
PEER GROUPS

RELIGION AND HISTORICAL EVENTS

CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE,
AND SOCIAL CONTROL
• Groups exert great influence on an
individual’s thoughts, values, attitudes,
and behavior.
Identification refers to the individual adopting
a certain behavior because it enables him or her
to have a satisfying relationship with the
members of his or her group.
Internalization or acceptance involves both
public compliance and internal acceptance of
the norms and standards imposed by the group.
Conformity refers to the process of altering one’s
thoughts and actions to adapt to the accepted
behavior within his or her group or society.
Types of conformity: compliance, identification, and
internalization or acceptance.
Compliance refers to the outward conformity to
social pressure but privately disagreeing with it.
Deviance
Deviance is defined as a behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction
from group members and involves actions that violate commonly held
social norms.

Sociologists believe that conformity and deviance are closely tied

concepts, and that social influences such as socioeconomic status and
relationships of power define how individuals react to authority and
behave in certain situations.
Sociologists, Robert Merton, relates deviance to the strain felt
by individuals whenever social norms conflict with reality. His
structural strain theory argues that the tensions and strains
between socially- approved goals an individual’s ability to
meet them will lead to deviance, Ex. A construction worker
who has been trying to gain employment for months but is
unable to do so will have increasing frustration with society.
The subcultural view points to the emergence of deviant
behavior within certain groups in society or subcultures.
This view is related to the labeling theory, which believes that
there is actually no deviance in society; deviance only emerges
when society begins labeling certain actions as “deviant” or
“undesirable”.
The conflict perspective, analyzes deviance in the framework
or competing interests between social groups and the
maintenance of power among the elites.
The broken windows theory suggests a direct relationship
between social disorder and deviance, and that maintaining even
an appearance of order is sufficient to discourage deviance.
Social Control and Sanctions
Social control is defined as any systematic means and practices used
to maintain norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage
deviant behavior. Sanctions are most common means of social
control, are often employed to address conflicts and violations of
social norms. Sanctions can be formal or informal.
• Formal sanctions are those provided for by laws and other regulations in
society.
• Informal sanctions are most commonly imposed by smaller societies,
communities, or groups.
What i s H u m a n
D i gn i t y ?
 i s H u ma n R i gh t s ?
What
 HUMAN DIGNITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
• Human dignity refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be
valued, respected, and treated well. Human rights are legal, social, and
ethical principles that consider the human person as deserving of liberties
and protections by virtue of his or her human dignity.
• Are significant concerns when dealing with socialization and issues on
deviance and social control. Socialization primarily aims to instill
recognition of and respect for human rights and dignity.
• Human rights are founded on natural rights, which are universal and
inalienable, and are not contingent on laws, customs, beliefs of values of a
particular culture.
• Human rights is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),
drafted by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 1948.
• The UDHR gave rise to succeeding conventions on specific human rights
issues such as International Convention and Social, Economic, and
Cultural Rights. Other nongovernment organizations, such as Amnesty
International and Human Rights Watch , conduct studies that monitor the
adherence of countries to the principles and provisions of human rights
conventions.
• Human rights are also recognized political and social concern and
governments address them primarily through the adoption and
enforcement of laws.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN
RIGHTS:
• They are universal because they belong to all human beings
regardless of race, religion, gender, and other characteristics.
• They are fundamental since they cannot be taken away from
any human being.
• They are indivisible as various rights are interrelated and
given equal importance.
• They are absolute since they cannot be qualified and are
considered basic necessities for living a genuine life.