BASIC CALCULUS

The Derivatives

LESSON 1: The Derivative as a Slope of the Tangent Line

I: THE TANGENT LINE TO THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT

From our Pre Calculus, we learned that a tangent line to a circle, centered at 0 is a line
intersecting a circle at exactly one point. It is found by constructing the line, through a point A
on the circle, that is perpendicular to the segment (radius) O
́ A, and a secant line to a circle is a
line intersecting the circle at two points.

A tangent line to the function f(x) at the point x=a is a line that just touches the graph of the function at the point in
question and is “parallel” (in some way) to the graph at that point. Take a look at the graph below
Figure 2: Illustration of a tangent line and secant line to the graph of a function at a given
point. (source:
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx)

The graph shows the tangent line (blue line), secant line (green line) at point P(x,y) to
the curve y = f (x). Lines tangent to the graph of a function y = f (x) from a given point (1, 13) and secant line passing
through the two points (1, 13) and (2, 7).Consider another situation below.

From the graph from previous page (Figure 3) the line is a tangent line at the
indicated point because it touches the graph at one point, P(x,y) and it is also “parallel” to
the graph at that point. While the second point on the graph, the line passes through the
graph, and it is not “parallel” to the graph at that point, thereby it intersects with the graph at
that point and so it’s not a tangent line to the graph at that point, and we call that line a
secant line.

Definition
Let C be the graph of a continuous function y = f(x) and let P be a point on C.
1. A secant line to y = f(x) through P is any line connecting P and another
point Q in C.

2. The tangent line to y = f(x) at P is the limiting position of all secant lines
́ PQas Q P.

Source: Basic Calculus LM, DEpEd.

EXAMPLE 1: Observe the graph below, what can you say about the “peaks” and “troughs” of
this smooth curve?
Notice that on the unit circle, these points correspond to the points (0, 1) and (0,−1), so
whenever the graph is smooth (meaning, there are no sharp corners), the tangent lines at
the “peaks” and “troughs” are always horizontal.

CURVES THAT DO NOT HAVE TANGENT LINES

There are two cases in which tangent line of a graph of a function at a point P(x, y)) do not
exist.
Case1. When the function is not continuous at x: It is clear from the definition of
the tangent line that the function must be continuous.
Case2. When the function has a sharp corner/cusp at P: This case produces different
limiting positions of the secant lines PQ depending on whether Q is to the left or to
the right of P.
1.Notice that on the unit circle, these points correspond to the points (0, 1) and (0,−1), so
whenever the graph is smooth (meaning, there are no sharp corners), the tangent lines at
The “peaks” and “troughs” are always horizontal.
7
CURVES THAT DO NOT HAVE TANGENT LINES
There are two cases in which tangent line of a graph of a function at a point P(x, y)) do not
exist.
Case1. When the function is not continuous at x: It is clear from the definition of
the tangent line that the function must be continuous.
Case2. When the function has a sharp corner/cusp at P: This case produces different
limiting positions of the secant lines PQ depending on whether Q is to the left or to
the right of P.

1.

2.
8
II: THE EQUATION OF THE TANGENT LINE
From our Analytic Geometry, we define slope as the rise over the run or the change
in y over the change in x.

Slope of a Line
A line passing through distinct points (x0, y0) and (x, y) has slope
, mm=y−yox−xo
Example 2. Find the slope of the line through the points (1,2), and (3, 4).
Solution:
Let
P
0(x0, y0)=(1,2)∧P❑(x❑,y❑)=( The slope of the line : m=y❑−y0x−x0=4−23−1=22=1⟹m=1

Point-Slope Form
A line passing through points (x0, y0) with slope, m has the equation
y−yo=m(x−xo )

Example 3. From example #2. Find the equation of the line.

Given: m=1,
P0(x0,y0)= (1, 2)
Solution:
y−yo=m(x−xo)y−2=1(x−1)y=(x−1)+2y=x+1

Equation of the Tangent Line

Steps in finding the equation of a Tangent Line:

Given a graph
y=f(x)∧at point,P(xo,yo)

1.
Get the slope of the tangent line by computing the slope of the line, using the
formula of slope, find the limit as
x approaches xo. You may substitute with f(x)
.
m=lim x→0 y−yo−xo m=Imx→0f(x)−f(x¿¿o)x−xo
2.
Substitute the value of m and the coordinates of the known point P(xo,yo) into the point-slope form.y −yo=m(x−xo)

Example 4 (source: DepEd SHS Basic Calculus LM page 133 )

Find the equation of the tangent line to y=x 2 at x =2.

Solution:

To get the equation of the line, we need the pointP(x¿¿0,y 0)¿and the slope m

.
Substitute: 2 toy=x2⟹y=22
to find the value of y.
y=4 therefore, P(2, 4)

Find the slope:m=lim→x y−yox−xo=¿limx→x x2−4x−2=x+2=4

0 0

Finding the equation of tangent line with slope, m=4 passing through

P(2, 4) y- 4= 4(x-2)⟹y=4x−4

III: THE DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE

We can always find the slope between two points.
But how do we find the slope of a
point
?
There’s nothing to measure!
But with derivatives we use a small difference ... then shrink it towards zero
Definition of Derivative
Left be a function defined on an open interval I⊆R, and let∈I. The derivative of fat is defined to be f'(xo)=limx⇢x f(x)−f(x¿¿o)x−xo
o

.
¿
If this limit exist, that is, the derivative of f at x o, the slope of the tangent line at(x¿¿o,f (xo))¿
exists.
The derivative of the function, y=f(x)is denoted by '(x),Dx[f(x)],ddxf(x).ddx(y),dydxf'(x)=limΔx→0f(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx

Let us Find a Derivative!

To find the derivative of a function = f(x)
we use the slope formula:Slope =change∈ychange∈x=ΔyΔx

And (from the diagram) we see that :x

changes from tax+Δxy

changes fromf(x)tof(x+Δx)

Now follow these steps: The three-step Rule

1.Changing x to (x+Δx)
2.Simplify
3.Subtract f(x), divide by Δx, then find the limit asΔxapproacheszero.

Example 1:
Given the function f(x) = x2

Find its derivative.

Solution:
Step 1: f(x) = x2, change x to (x+Δx)f(x+Δx) = (x+Δx)2
Step 2: f(x+Δx) = x2+ 2x Δx + (2
Step 3: f’(x) = lim∆x→0¿x2+ 2x Δx + (Δx)2 - x2

x
f’(x)=lim∆x→02x+Δx

f’(x)= 2x

We may also written instead of"as Δxapproaches to 0".

So, "the derivative of" is commonly written:ddxx2= 2x"

The derivative of 2x equals 2x"

or simply"d dx of x2 equals 2x"12

What does x2= 2x mean?

It means that, for the function x2, the slope or "rate of change" at any point is2x.So when x=2 the slope is 2 x
= 4, as shown here:Or when x=5 the slope is 2 x = 10, and so on.
Note: sometimes f’(x)is also used for "the derivative of":

f’(x) = 2x"The derivative of f(x) equals 2x"

Example 2: Find the difference quotient for f(x)=x2+2,when x=4 ∧h=0.001.
 Solution: f(x+h)=¿
f(x+h)h=(x2+2xh+h2+2)−(x¿¿2+2)h=2xh+h 2 h=2x+h=8.001¿

Example 3: Average velocity and instantaneous velocity

Suppose the car leaves the Cagayan de Oro City at time t=0, and travels due north. Lets(t) represent the position of the
car (its distance from Cagayan de Oro City in km) attime t, (t1=4 ∧t2=5,¿. Suppose s(t) is defined by the
equation:s(t)=t2−5t+6, find the average velocity and the instantaneous velocity at t=3 hours.

Solution

:Since velocity gives the rate of change of distance with respect to time, the average rate of change or average velocity
during the fifth hour of driving between, t1=4∧t2=5, is

given by the quotient , change∈distance change∈time.

LESSON QUIZ

Question 1:
What is the derivative of a constant function?
A) 0
B) 1
C) Infinity
D) Undefined
Correct Answer: A) 0
Explanation: The derivative of a constant function is always zero because the slope of a
horizontal line is zero.

Question 2:
Which function represents the derivative of f(x) with respect to x?
A) f'(x)
B) f(x)
C) F(x)
D) dx/dy
Correct Answer: A) f'(x)
Explanation: The notation f'(x) represents the derivative of the function f(x) with respect to x.

Question 3:
What does the derivative of a function at a specific point represent?
A) The average rate of change of the function
B) The area under the curve of the function
C) The slope of the tangent line to the curve at that point
D) The maximum value of the function
Correct Answer: C) The slope of the tangent line to the curve at that point
Explanation: The derivative of a function at a specific point represents the slope of the tangent
line to the curve at that point.

Question 4:
What is the derivative of x^2 with respect to x?
A) 1
B) 2x
C) 2
D) x
Correct Answer: B) 2x
Explanation: The derivative of x^2 with respect to x is 2x, as per the power rule of derivatives.

Question 5:
Which of the following functions has a derivative of 0 at all points?
A) x^2
B) x^3
C) x^4
D) 5x
Correct Answer: D) 5x
Explanation: The derivative of a constant multiple of x is the constant itself, which means the
derivative of 5x is 5. Hence, it is the only function with a derivative of 0 at all points.

Question 6:
Which of the following is equivalent to the derivative of f(x) with respect to x?
A) f(x)
B) ∫f(x) dx
C) lim(h→0) [f(x + h) - f(x)]/h
D) f(x + 1)
Correct Answer: C) lim(h→0) [f(x + h) - f(x)]/h
Explanation: The definition of the derivative is given by the limit of the difference quotient, as
shown in option C.

Question 7:
What does it mean if the derivative of a function is positive?
A) The function is increasing.
B) The function is decreasing.
C) The function has a local maximum.
D) The function has a local minimum.
Correct Answer: A) The function is increasing.
Explanation: If the derivative of a function is positive, it means the function is increasing
because the slope of the tangent line at each point is positive.

Question 8:
What is the derivative of sin(x) with respect to x?
A) cos(x)
B) -sin(x)
C) tan(x)
D) cot(x)
Correct Answer: A) cos(x)
Explanation: The derivative of sin(x) with respect to x is cos(x), as per the derivative of
trigonometric functions.

Question 9:
Which of the following represents the second derivative of f(x)?
A) f''(x)
B) 2f(x)
C) ∫f'(x) dx
D) f(x + 1)
Correct Answer: A) f''(x)
Explanation: The notation f''(x) represents the second derivative of the function f(x).

Question 10:
What does it mean if the derivative of a function is negative?
A) The function is increasing.
B) The function is decreasing.
C) The function has a local maximum.
D) The function has a local minimum.
Correct Answer: B) The function is decreasing.
Explanation: If the derivative of a function is negative, it means the function is decreasing
because the slope of the tangent line at each point is negative.

Question 11:
What does the derivative represent?
a) The area under the curve.
b) The slope of the tangent line.
c) The integral of the function.
d) The maximum value of the function.

Correct Answer: b) The slope of the tangent line.

Explanation: The derivative of a function represents the slope of the tangent line at a given point
on the curve. It describes the rate of change of the function at that point.

Question 12:
Which of the following notations is commonly used to represent the derivative of a function f(x)?
a) ∫f(x)
b) df/dx
c) f'(x)
d) d²f/dx²

Correct Answer: c) f'(x)

Explanation: The prime notation, f'(x), is commonly used to represent the derivative of a function
with respect to x. The other options are notations for integration or higher-order derivatives.

Question 13:
What is the derivative of a constant value?
a) 1
b) 0
c) The constant itself
d) Infinity

Correct Answer: b) 0

Explanation: The derivative of a constant value is always zero. This is because a constant value
does not change, so its rate of change is zero.

Question 14:
If the derivative of a function is negative at a specific point, what can be said about the function
at that point?
a) The function is increasing.
b) The function is decreasing.
c) The function is constant.
d) The function is concave up.

Correct Answer: b) The function is decreasing.

Explanation: If the derivative of a function is negative at a specific point, it means the function is
decreasing at that point. The derivative provides information about the direction of the function's
change.

Question 15:
Which of the following functions will have a derivative of zero at some point?
a) f(x) = 3x + 2
b) f(x) = x² + 3x + 2
c) f(x) = 5x³ + 4x² + 3x + 2
d) f(x) = 2x² + 4

Correct Answer: d) f(x) = 2x² + 4

Explanation: The derivative of a function will be zero at points where the function has extrema,
such as minima or maxima. In this case, the function f(x) = 2x² + 4 is a quadratic function and
will have a derivative of zero at its vertex.

Question 16:
If the derivative of a function is positive, what can be said about the function?
a) The function is increasing.
b) The function is decreasing.
c) The function is constant.
d) The function is concave up.

Correct Answer: a) The function is increasing.

Explanation: If the derivative of a function is positive, it means the function is increasing. The
derivative provides information about the direction and rate of change of the function.

Question 17:
The derivative of a constant multiplied by a function is equal to:
a) The derivative of the constant.
b) The derivative of the function.
c) The product of the constant and the derivative of the function.
d) Zero.

Correct Answer: c) The product of the constant and the derivative of the function.
Explanation: The derivative of a constant multiplied by a function is equal to the product of the
constant and the derivative of the function. This property is known as the constant multiple rule.

Question 18:
Which of the following is the correct notation for the second derivative of a function f(x)?
a) f''(x)
b) d²f(x)/dx²
c) df²(x)/dx
d) d²f(x)

Correct Answer: a) f''(x)

Explanation: The notation f''(x) is commonly used to represent the second derivative of a
function with respect to x. It indicates the derivative of the derivative.

Question 19:
The derivative of a function f(x) can also be interpreted as:
a) The area enclosed by the function.
b) The maximum value of the function.
c) The average rate of change of the function.
d) The integral of the function.

Correct Answer: c) The average rate of change of the function.

Explanation: The derivative of a function can be interpreted as the average rate of change of the
function over a small interval. It represents how much the function is changing on average at a
specific point.

Question 20:
If the derivative of a function is zero at a point, what can be said about the function at that point?
a) The function has a maximum or minimum at that point.
b) The function is constant at that point.
c) The function is increasing at that point.
d) The function is concave up at that point.

Correct Answer: a) The function has a maximum or minimum at that point.

Explanation: If the derivative of a function is zero at a specific point, it means the function has a
maximum or minimum at that point. The derivative provides information about the critical points
of the function.
LESSON 2: RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY
Continuity
of a function is the characteristic of a function by virtue of which, the
the graphical form of that function is a continuous wave. A Differentiable function is a
function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain

Definition 1 (Continuity at a Number). A function f is continuous at a number c ifall of the

following conditions are satisfied
(i)f(c) is defined
(ii)limx→cf(x)exist;∧¿¿
(iii)limx→cf(x)=f(c).
If at least one of the these conditions is not satisfied, the function is said to be discontinuousat c

If x < 1, then f(x) = 5x and so
imx→1−¿5x=5.¿
If x > 1, then f(x) = 2x + 3 and so limx→1+¿(2x+3)=5.¿
since the one-sided limits exist and are equal to each other, the limit exists and equal 5.
limx→1f(x)=5=f(1)

Since the one-sided limits at x = 1 do not coincide, the limit at x = 1 does not exist. Since this
limit is the definition of the derivative at x=1, we conclude that f is not differentiable at x=1

a.(c) If f is not differentiable at x = a, it does not mean that f is not continuous at x = a.(d) A
function f is not differentiable at x = a if one of the following is true:i. f is not continuous at x
=a.ii.the graph of f has verticala tangent line at x = asource: DepEd Basic Calculus TGTheorem
1If a function f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.

RULES FOR FINDING DERIVATIVES

Example 1. If f(x)=6,thenf'(x)=0

Example 2. If f(x)=2π,thenf'(x)=0
Example 3. If f(x)=6e,thenf'(x)=0
Example 4. If f(x)=2x9⟹f'(x)=18x823
Example 5. If f(x)=x13⟹f'(x)=13x−23
Example 6. If f(x)=2x2⟹f'(x)=4x1=4x
Example
7. If f(x)=5x4+2x3, then f'(x)=20x3+6x2
Rule #2: Power RuleIf f(x)=xnforanynumber,nthenf'(x)=nxn−1
The derivative of f(x)=xnis found by multiplying the exponent, n to x raised to n-1
.Rule #1: Constant RuleIf f(x)=c,wherecisanyrealnumber,
thenf'(x)=0The derivative of a constant is 0.
Rule #3: Constant times a FunctionLet c be any constant. If g(x) g’(x)= cf(x), then g’(x) =
cf’(x).The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the
function
Example 8. If f(x)=12x4−2x3, then f'(x)=12(4)x3−6x2=2x3−6x2
Example 9. If f(x)=x4+2x3, then f'(x)=4x3+6x2
Example 10. If f(x)=x4−2x3, then f'(x)=4x3−6x2
Example11.Iff(x)=(5x¿¿4)(2x3)¿,thenf'(x)=(5x¿¿4)(6x2)+(2x¿¿3)(20x3)=30x6+40x6=70x6¿¿
Example 12. If f(x)=(12x¿¿4)(2x3)¿, then f'(x)=(12x4)(6x2)+(2x3)(2x3)=3x6+4x6=7x624
Example 12. If f(x)=1x2, then f'(x)=x2(0)−1(2x)[x2]2=−2xx4
DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
Rule #6: Quotient RuleIf f(x)=u(x)v(x),ifbothu'(x)∧v'(x)exist,∧ifv'(x)≠0,then,f'(x)=v(x)⋅u'(x)
−u(x)∙v'(x)[v(c)]2
The derivative of the quotient is obtained as follows: the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all
divided by the square of the denominator.
Rule #5: Product RuleIf f(x)=u(x)⋅v(x),∧ifu'¿Then f'(x)=u(x)⋅v'(x)+v(x)⋅u'(x)The derivative of the
product of two functions is equal to the first function times the derivative of the second, plus the
second function times the derivative of the first.
Rule #4: Sum or Difference RuleIf f(x)=u(x)±v(x),thenf'(x)=u'(x)±v'(x)The derivative of a sum or
difference of a function, f is the sum or difference of their derivatives.
Recall the Basic Basic Trigonometric Functions:sin x, cos x, tan x ,sec x, csc x, cot x.sin x and
cos x are defined and continuous everywhere andtan x = sin x/ cos x ,sec x = 1 /cos x ,csc x = 1
/sin x ,cot x = cos x /sin x are continuous on their domains (all values of x where the
denominator is non-zero).
Rule #7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The following is a summary of the derivatives of the trigonometric functions

d/dx sin x = cos x,
d/dx cos x = − sin x,d/dx tan x = sec2x
d/dxcsc x = − csc x cot x,d/dx sec x = sec x tan x,
d/dx cot x = − csc2x
Example1. From our Trigonometric Identities, we can show that
ddxsinx=cosxddxsinx=limh→0sin(x+h)
−sinxh=limh→0sinxcosh+cosxsinh−sinhh=limh→0sinx[cosh−1]+cosxsinhh=limh→0sinx[cosh−1]
h+limh→0cosxsinhh=cosx

Example 2. Find the derivative of the given function:g(x)=cosxsinxSolution:Recall the quotient

rule: the derivative of a quotient is equal to the denominator timesthe derivative of the numerator
minus the numerator times the derivative of thedenominator all divided by the square of the
denominator.
Example 1. Find the f’(x) ,
if f(x)=3exSolution. f'(x)=3ex
Rule #8: Derivative of an exponential function
If f(x) = ex, then f’(x) = ex.

Example 2. Find the g'(x),ifg(x)=−4x2ex+5xex−10ex

Solution: applying product rule:g'(x)=¿

Recall: Properties of inverse Trigonometric Functions

If y is a function of x determined by the relation sin y =x, y is called the inverse
sine function of x and is denoted by:
y=arcsinx∨ y=sin−1x
Where the symbols are read as “the angle whose sine is x”.
Similarly, we have definition:
y=cos−1xifcosy=xy=tan−1xiftany=x
Rule #9: Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric
Functionsddxsin−1u=1√1−u2dudxddxcos−1u=−1√1−u2dudxddxtan−1u=11+u2dudxddxcot−1u=
11+u2dudxddxsec−1u=1u√u2−1dudxddxcsc−1u=1u√u2−1dudx
Example 2: if y=√a2−x2−acos−1xa,finddydx.

Rule #10: Derivative of Logarithmic Functions and Natural Logarithmic Functions

ddxlogaulogaeududxdydxlnu=1ududx

1. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the following function at the
indicated point, f ( x )=3−2 xat(−1,5).
a) -1
b) -2
c) 1/2
d) 2
e) None of the above
2. Which of the following functions are NOT everywhere continuous?
a) f ( x )=x2−4x+2
b) f ( x )=( x+3)4
c) f ( x )=1066
d) f ( x )=mx+b
e) None of the above
3. Which of the following functions are continuous?
a) f ( x )=¿IxI
b) f ( x )={3, x<412x+3, x ≥4
c) f ( x )=1x
d) f ( x )={ln x , x<00, x=0
e) None of the above
4. Which of the following functions are NOT differentiable?
a) f ( x )=¿IxI
b) f ( x )=(x+3)4
c) f ( x )=1066
d) f ( x )=mx+b
e) None of the above
5. Find the derivative of the given function, f ( x )=1966.
a) +∞
b) 1966
c) −∞
d) 0
e) None of the above
6. Find the derivative of the following function: f ( x )=x2x+6 x+9
a) f'( x )=2 x+6+9
b) f'( x )=x2+6c) f'( x )=2 x+6
d) f'( x )=2 x
e) None of the above
7. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=x12
a) f'( x )=−12√x
b) f'( x )=1√x
c) f( x )=12√x
d) f'( x )=√ x
e) None of the above

8. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=5 x

2(x+47)
a) f'( x )=15 x2+470 x
b) f'( x )=5 x2+470 x
c) f'( x )=10 x
d) f'( x )=15 x2−470 x
e) None of the above
9. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=5 x2x+47
a) f'( x )=5 x2−470 x(x+47)2
b) f'( x )=10x2+470 xx+47
c) f'( x )=10 x
d) f'( x )=5 x2+470(x+47)2
e) ¿
10. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=5( x+47 ) 2
a) f ' ( x )=5 x 2 +470 x
b) f ' ( x )=10 x−470
c) f ' ( x )=10 x+470
d) f ' ( x )=5 x 2−470 x
e) None of the above
11. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the following function at the
indicated point, f ( x )=3−2 x at(−1 , 5).
a) -1
b) -2
c) 1/2
d) 2
e) None of the above
12. Which of the following functions are NOT everywhere continuous?
a) f ( x )= x 2−4 x+2
b) f ( x )=( x+3) 4
c) f ( x )=1066
d) f ( x )=mx+b
e) None of the above
13. Which of the following functions are NOT differentiable?
a) f ( x )=¿IxI
b) f ( x )=(x+3) 4
c) f ( x )=1066
d) f ( x )=mx+b
e) None of the above
14. Find the derivative of the given function, f ( x )=1966.
a) +∞
b) 1966
c) −∞
d) 0
e) None of the above
16. Find the derivative of the following function: f ( x )=x 2 +6 x+9
a) f ' ( x )=2 x+6+9
b) f ' ( x )=x 2 +6
c) f ' ( x )=2 x+6
d) f ' ( x )=2 x
e) None of the above
17. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=x 1 2
a) f ' ( x )= −1 2√x
b) f ' ( x )= 1 √x
c) f ' ( x )= 1 2√x
d) f ' ( x )=√ x
e) None of the above
18. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=5 x 2 (x+47)
a) f ' ( x )=15 x 2 +470 x
b) f ' ( x )=5 x 2 +470 x
c) f ' ( x )=10 x
d) f ' ( x )=15 x 2−470 x
e) None of the above
19. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )= 5 x 2 x+47
a) f ' ( x )= 5 x 2−470 x (x+47) 2
b) f ' ( x )= 10x 2 +470 x x+47
c) f ' ( x )=10 x
d) f ' ( x )= 5 x 2 +470 (x+47) 2
e) ¿
20. Find the derivative of the function: f ( x )=5( x+47) 2
a) f ' ( x )=5 x 2 +470 x
b) f ' ( x )=10 x−470
c) f ' ( x )=10 x+470
d) f ' ( x )=5 x 2−470 x
e) None of the above

Lesson 3: OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

The Extreme Value Theorem tells us that we can in fact find an extreme value
provided that a function is continuous. Thus, before we set off to find an absolute
extremum on some interval, make sure that the function is continuous on that interval,
otherwise we may be hunting for something that does not exist.
Extreme Value Theorem:
If f is continuous over a closed interval, then, f has a maximum and
minimum value over that interval.
Here is the procedure for finding the absolute extreme value(s) ofa function f on an
intervala,b.
1. Find all critical points of fx) that are inside (in the interior) of the interval [a,b]. This
makes sense if you think about it. Since we are only interested in what the function is
doing in this interval we don't care about critical points that fall outside the interval.
2. Evaluate the function at the critical points, that is, where y = 0 or where the
derivative fails to exist. (Sharp points),
3. Evaluate the function at the end points of the interval. That is, find f(b) and f(a).
4. ldentify the largest and smallest y values found in that interval. Those are the
absolute extrema, meaning the maximum and the minimum values.

Definition
A critical number of a function is any number c in the domain od f at which the
function has a horizontal tangent or at which the derivative does not exist. That is, c is
a critical number of the graph of the function ,f if,
f'lcl=00rflcldoes not exist.
Critical numbers are values of x where the derivative f'Lx) can change the
sians from nedative to Dositive.

Example 1
Find the maximum and minimum values of flx=x*-3x-1 on-2,2.
Solution:
Step #1. Find the derivative: f'x=4x'-9x'
Step#2. Find the critical points: 4x-9x=0
Step#3. Evaluate the function at the end points of the interval: the value x= is not in
the interval,-2,2, so the only critical point is at, x=0 which is (0, -1).
Minimum value: (2, -9)
Maximum value: (-2, 39)
Step #4. Identify the largest and smallest y values found in that interval,-2,2: the
function values at the endpoints of the interval are f2=-9af-2=39, therefore the
maximum function value is 39 at x= -2. and the minimum function value is -9 at x = 2.
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
The Maxima and Minima Problems
ttos:/htpswww.google.com/search?
gEoptimization+meaning&og=OPTIMIZATION&ags=chrome.1018.8253i0i8&sourceid=chrome&i
e=U

Many real-life situations require us to find a a value that best suts our needs. If we
are given en several options for the value of a variable x, how do we choose the "best
value?" as problem is classified as an optimization problem. We now apply our
finding extremum values
ion solve some optimization PovoUs discussion

Lesson: 1 The chain rule

The chain rule states that the derivative
Definition
Lesson 2: IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Let the students answer the following activity as a sort of review on the concept of
chain rule.
Activity 1: Math Saya Tayo!
ldentify where the airplane in column A will land at the airport in column
AB.
Find the derivative of
f(x)-(r'+)4.
18x(3x*-5
Find the
derivative of
a.
h(x)-(3x*-5)'b. f(x)-48(x+1)23

The majority of differentiation problems in basic calculus involves functions y

written explicitly as functions of the independent variable x. This means that we can
write the function in the form y = f(x). For such a function, we can find the derivative
directly. For example, if = 4x°+ cos(2x -7), then the derivative of y with respect to x is
dy/ dx = 20x*-2 sin(2x- 7). However, some functions y are written impliitly as
functions of x. This means that the expression is not given directly in the form y = f(x).
A familiar example of this is the equation x + y=5,

Activity 2: Express y in terms of x in the given equations if it is

possible. 1. 2x+y=8
2. 3x2+y=9x-10
3. y+ 4y?+ 3x? + 10 = 0

Implicit differentiation is the process of differentiating an implicit equation with

respect to the desired variable while treating the other variables as unspecified
functions. Implicit differentiation allows you to find the derivative of y with respect to x
without having to solve the given equation for y. The chain rule and other rules must be
used, if applicable, whenever the function y is being differentiated because of our
assumption that y may be expressed as a function of x.

For example, when you have an equation for y written in tems ofx, like y = x +5x, it's
easy to use basic differentiation techniques to find the derivative. However, for equations
that are difficult to rearrange with y by itself on one side of the equals sign, like x² + y²+

Mo2x + 8y - 5xy' = 15, a different approach is needed. With a technique called implicit
differentiation, it's simple to find the derivatives of multivariable equations as long as
you already know the basics of differentiation from the previous lessons.
Lesson 3: RELATED RATES
Related rates problems involve finding a rate at which a quantity changes by
relating that quantity to other quantities whose rates of change are known. The rate of
change is usually with respect to time. In particular, if y is dependent on x, then the rate of
change of y with respect to t is dependent on the rate of change of x with respect to t, that is,
dy/dt is dependent on dx/dt.
Suggested steps in solving problems involving related rates:
(Source: DepEd Basic Calculus TG)
1. If possible, provide an illustration for the problem that is valid for any time t. 2.
ldentify those quantities that change with respect to time, and represent them with
variables. (Avoid assigning variables to quantities which are constant, that is, which do
not change with respect to time. Label them right away with the values provided in the
problem.)
3. Write down any numerical facts known about the variables. Interpret each rate of
change as the derivative of a variable with respect to time. Remember that if a
quantity decreases over time, then its rate of change is negative.
4. ldentify which rate of change is being asked, and under what particular conditions this rate is
being computed.
5. Write an equation showing the relationship of all the variables by an equation that
is valid for any timet.
6. Differentiate the equation in (5) implicitly with respect to t.
7. Substitute into the equation, obtained in (6), all values that are valid at the particular
time of interest. Sometimes, some quantities still need to be solved by substituting the
particular conditions written in (4) to the equation in (6). Then, solve for what is being
asked in the problem.
Example 1:
A stone dropped in a pond sends out a circular ripple whose radius increases at a
con stant rate of 4 ftl'sec. After 12 secon ds, hoW rapidly is the area in-dosed by the ripple
increasing?
Solution:
Set up the problem by extracting information in terms of the variables x, y, and z, as
pictured on the triangle:
Given: dy/ dt = 3
Required: dx/ dt, when y= 30
We use Pythagorean Theorem:

-is negative, that means the distance x is decreasing, therefore the ladder is slipping down the
building. Example 3: Suppose that R(x) is the total revenue function for the sale of x number of
shirts, and R(x)F2x'+ 50x + 250 a. Find the marginal revenue function. b. Find the marginal
revenue for x=5 shirts. c. Find the actual revenue for selling the 6h shirt. Solution: a. Marginal
revenue function: R(x)=4x +50 b. Marginal revenue when x=5: R(5)=4(5)+50=70 c. Actual
revenue for the sale of the 6th shirt: R(6) – R(5)= 2[(36) +50 (6) + 250]- [2(25) + 50(5) + 250] =2
(11) + 50