Change in UPSC

CSAT Question Paper

Toughest
2022 CSAT paper

Introduces Data Sufficiency &

2020 increases maths questions

Sudden change in the paper & 13

2018 questions of DI were asked

CSAT became qualifying paper

2015 33% marks or 66/200

Removed English Comprehension &

2014 Decision Making

201 1 UPSC introduces CSAT as a scoring paper

अपन तो इधर Comprehension
से ही passing marks ला दगे।

Maths, Reasoning तो skip कर दगे!!

दो त ये comprehension passages लंबे,

ज�टल हो गये है, �सफ़ इसके भरोसे CSAT नह
�नकाल पाओगे । Maths-Reasoning ब त
ज़ री है।
 Maths Chapter Priority

Subject Topic Priority

Maths Number system, LCM, HCF, Brackets High

Maths Percentages and Profit Loss and Discount High

Maths Speed Time and Distance High

Maths Permutations and Combinations High

Maths Probability High

Maths Averages Medium

Maths Ratio Proportion and Variations Medium

Maths Allegations (Milk, Water) Medium

Maths Time and Work Medium

Maths Problem on Trains Medium

Maths Venn diagrams Set Theory Medium

MAths DATA Interpretation Medium

Maths Partnership Low

Maths Mensuration (Area, Volume, Perimeter) Low

Maths Arithmetic and geometric progression? Low

Maths CI/SI/Installments Ignore

Maths Elements of Algebra / Theory of Equations Ignore

Maths Geometry Ignore

Maths Trigonometry (Sin,Cos,Tan) Ignore

Maths Logarithm Ignore

Maths Co-ordinate Geometry Ignore

Page 3
 Reasoning Chapter Priority

Subject Topic Priority

Reasoning Direction Sense Test High

Reasoning Sitting Arrangement High

Reasoning Blood Relations High

Reasoning Clock-Calendar High

Reasoning Coding-Decoding Medium

Reasoning Sequence-Series Medium

Reasoning Ranking & sequencing, weight / height etc Medium

Reasoning Venn Diagram Medium

Non-Verbal Reasoning
Dice,
Reasoning counting of figures, Medium
cube and cuboids.
diagram series.

Reasoning Number series Medium

Reasoning Problem on Age Medium

Reasoning Analogy / Classification Low

Reasoning Mathematical Operations/Reasoning Low

Reasoning Inequality Low

Reasoning Statement assumption Low

Reasoning Statement argument Low

Reasoning Input Output Ignore

Page 4
Reasoning and Data Interpretation Trend

Topics 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

Blood Relation
& family 01 01 01 02 - - 01 03
relation
Counting of
- - - - 01
figure
Direction &
01 02 01 02 03 02 - - 01
Distances

Number Series 02 04 02 03 02 01 02 - 01

Letter series 02 01 02

Ranking &
01 01 01 01 01 01 - 01
Order

Syllogism 02 03 01 01 06 01 04 03 01 09 04

Puzzles 01 01 05 02 11 14 07 11 15 15 -

Dices 01 - 01 02 -

Figure
01 02 05 04 02 -
completion
seating
- - - - -
arrengement
Critical
- - - -
reasoning

Clock 01 01 01 02 01 01 - - -

Calendars 01 01 01 02 - 01 - - -

Cubes cutting 02 01 01 01 -

Problems on
- -
ages
Coding &
01 01 02 01 02 01 01
Decoding
Data
01 02 01 14 - 04 06 07 01 09
interpretation

Page 5
 Maths Trend

Topic 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Number System 09 07 12 08 05 04 03
Arthmatic
Progression
01 01 01 - 01
& Geometric
Progression
Average 01 01 04 02 04 04 - - - 01
Time, Speed
02 01 02 01 02 01 01 03 02 03 01 01
and Distence
Ratio &
02 01 01 - 01 - 02 - -
Proportions
Basic Geometry
02 01 02 01 01 01 - - - 02
& Trigonometry
Simple Equations
& Arthmatical 08 10 06 07 02 07 11 08 04 02 - 06
Reasoning
HCF and LCM 01 01 03 01 01 02 02 - 01
Pemutation and
06 03 02 01 02 03 05 - - - 02
Combination
Percentage 03 04 02 06 01 02 04 03 03 01 - 01
Set Theory &
01 01 01 - 04 02 - 01 01
Venn Diagram
Data Sufficiency 06 03 07 02 - - - - -
Mixture
01 01 01 01 01 - - 01 -
Alligation
Chain Rule - 01 - -
Simple &
Compound 01 01
Interest
Pipe & Cisterns 01
Time & Work 01 01 01 01 02
Probability 01 01
Area &
02
Perimeters
Surface Area &
01
Volume
Profit Loss &
02 01 01 01 01
Discount
Unit conversion 01

Page 6
 Comprehension Trend

Topic 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011

RC 27 27 25 30 26 30 27 32 34 31 40 36
Decision
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 8
Making

Page 7
 Unit Conversions & Formulas

METRIC SYSTEM PREFIXES UNITS OF AREA IN THE METRIC SYSTEM

Yotta = 1024 Symbol: Y 1 cm2 = 100 mm2
Zetta = 1021 Symbol: Z 1 dm2 = 100 cm2
Exa = 1018 Symbol: E 1 m2 = 100 dm2
Peta = 1015 Symbol: P 1 Ares (a) = 100 m2
Tera = 1012 Symbol: T 1 hectare = 100 Ares (a)
Giga = 109 Symbol: G 1 acre = 4046.86 m2
Mega = 106 Symbol: M 1 hectare = 2.47105 acre
Kilo = 103 Symbol: k UNITS OF VOLUME IN THE METRIC SYSTEM
Hecto = 102 Symbol: h 1 cc = 1 cm3
Deca = 101 Symbol: da 1 milliliter (mL) = 1 cm3
Deci = 10-1 Symbol: d 1 liter (L) = 1,000 milliliters (mL)
Centi = 10-2 Symbol: c 1 m3 = 1000 liters
Milli = 10-3 Symbol: m 1 hectoliter (hL) = 100 liters
Micro = 10-6 Symbol: µ 1 kiloliter (kL) = 1,000 liters (L)
Nano = 10-9 Symbol: n
UNITS OF TIME IN SI SYSTEMS
UNITS OF LENGTH IN THE METRIC SYSTEM 1 millisecond = 1,000 microseconds
1,000 millimeters (mm) = 1 meter 1 second =1,000 milliseconds
100 centimeters (cm) = 1 meter 1 minute = 60 seconds
10 decimeters (dm) = 1 meter 1 hour = 60 minutes
1 decameter (dam) = 10 meters 1 day = 24 hours
1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters UNITS OF TEMPERATURE
5
Centigrade (℃) to Fahrenheit (℉): C = (F-32 )
9
UNITS OF WEIGHT IN THE METRIC SYSTEM
5 
1 gram = 1,000 milligrams (mg) Fahrenheit to Centigrade (℃): F =  × C  + 32
1 gram = 100 centigrams (cg) 9 
1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams
1 metric ton (t) = 1,000 kilograms

Page 8
Unit Conversions & Formulas (2-D FIGURES)

S No. Name Figure Nomenclature Area Perimeter

l = length 1. Area=l  b = lb
1. Rectangle b = breadth 2. Area of four 2 (l + b)
d = l 2 + b2 walls = 2(l+b)h

a  side
(i) a  a = a2
2. Square d  diagonal 4a
(ii) d2/2
d=a 2

a, b and c are
three sides of
(i) 1/2 b  h
triangle and s
(ii)
is the semi-
perimeter, where s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
Triangle
3. a + b + c = 2s
(Scalene) a+b+c (Heron’s formula)
s=  
 2  (iii) 1/2×product
of sides×sin of
b is the base and
included angle
h is the altitude of
i.e. 1/2×a×b×sinθ
triangle
a = side
h = height or
Equilateral altitude
4. 3 3a
triangle (i) a2
4
h=
3 a
2
a = equal sides
b = base
h = height or 1
(i) bh
Isosceles altitude 2
5. 1 2a + b
triangle (ii) × b × 4a 2 − b 2
4
4a 2 − b 2
h=
2

b  base
h  altitude/
Right angled height 1
6. bh b+h+d
triangle d  diagonal 2
d= b2 + h 2

Page 9
 Isosceles a  equal sides
7. right angled d  diagonal 1 2 2a + d
a
triangle d=a 2 2

AC is the diagonal
and h1, h2 are Area of △ADC
the altitudes 1 AB + BC + CD +
8. Quadrilateral +△ABC =  AC
on AC from the 2 AD
vertices D and B  (h1 + h2)
respectively
a and b are sides
adjacent to each
other.
9. Parallelogram ah 2(a + b)
h = distance
between the
parallel sides
a = length of each
side
d1 and d2 are the 1
10. Rhombus  d1  d2 4a
diagonals 2
d1 = BD
d2 = AC
a and b are
parallel sides
to each other
11. Trapezium and h is the 1 AB + BC + CD + AD
(a + b)  h
perpendicular 2
distance between
parallel sides

Regular a = length of each 3 3 2

12. a 6a
hexagon side 2

Regular a  each of equal

13. 2a 2 (1 + 2) 8a
octagon side

Page 10
 r  radius of the
circle
2r (called as
14.
9. Circle
Parallelogram π = 22/7 = 3.1416 r2
circumference)
(approx.)

r  radius of the 1
15. Semicircle r2 r + 2r
10. Rhombus circle 2

16. Quadrant r  radius 1 1

r2 r + 2r
4 2
11. Trapezium

Ring or
(outer)  2R
circular path R  outer radius
17.  (R2 – r2) (inner)  2r
(shaded r  inner radius
Regular
12. region)
hexagon
O  centre of the
circle
r  radius
Regular θ
13. l  length of the (i) r2
Sector of a
octagon 360°
18. arc l + 2r
circle 1
  angle of the (ii) r  1
sector 2
 θ 
l = 2πr  
 360° 
14. Circle
  angle of the
Area of segment
sector
ACB (minor
Segment of a r  radius  ðθ θ
19. segment) = 2r  + sin 
circle AB  chord  360° 2
15. Semicircle ACB  arc of the  ð θ sinθ 
r2  +
circle  360° 2 

16. Quadrant

Page 11
Unit Conversions & Formulas (3-D FIGURES)

Curved/
Total
S No. Name Figure Nomenclature Volume Lateral
Surface Area
Surface Area

l = length
2(lb + bh +
1. Cuboid b = breadth Lbh 2 (l + b)h
hl)
h = height

2. Cube a= edge/ side a3 4a2 6a2

r = radius of
Right base.
3. circular πr2h 2πrh 3.
cylinder h = height of
the cylinder

r = radius
Right h = height
4. 1 Πrl πr (l + r)
circular cone l = slant height πr2h
3
l= r2 + h2
h = height
Area of base
Right
=B
5. triangular Bh Ph P  h + 2 (B)
prism
Perimeter of
base =P
h = height
l = slant height
Area of base
Right 1 1 1
6. =B Bh Pl P  l + B
pyramid 2 2
3
Perimeter of
base =P

7. Sphere r = radius 4 4πr2 4πr2

πr3
3

Page 12
8. Hemi-sphere r = radius 2 2πr2 3πr2
πr3
3

r = inner
radius
Spherical 4
9. π [R3 – r3] 4π [R2 + r2]
shell
R = outer 3
radius

Frustum π π (r + R) l +
10. h (r2 + Rr π (r + R) l
3
of a cone + R2) π [R2+r2]

Page 13
 List of Some Important Formulas

1. Some important fraction to percentage conversion:

1 1 1 1
1 = 100% = 50% = 33.33% or 33 % = 25%
2 3 3 4

= 20% = 16.666% or 16 % = 14.28% or 14 % 1

= 12.5% or 12 %
2

= 11.11% = 10% = 9.09% 1

= 8.33% or 8 %
3

= 7.69% = 5.88% = 5.26% =4.35%

2. Successive Percentage:

y If there is successive increase of p% and q% in a quantity, then the effective percentage

increase would be
pq
= p+q+
100
Example: Succesive increase of 15% and 20% equivalent to the single increase of
15 × 20
Solution: Using the above given formula, 15 + 20 + =38%
100
y If there is successive increase of p%, q% and r% in a quantity, then the effective percentage
increase
 p  q  r  pq qr pqr
=1 +  1 +  1 + p q+r+
 =+ + +
 100   100   100  100 100 10000

Example: Succesive increase of 10%, 15%, 20% equivalent to the single increase of
10 × 15 15 × 20 20 × 10 10 × 15 × 20
Solution: Using the above given formula, 10+15+20+ + + + 51.8%
=
100 100 100 10000

 x 
3. If a value P is increased by 𝐱%, then we have to decrease the new value Q by  × 100  %
 x + 100 
to get back to the original value P.

Example: Age of Ravi is 20 years. If the Shyam’s age is 25% greater than that of Ravi then how
much per cent Ravi’s age is less than Shyam’s age?

Page 14
 (a) 18% (b)12% (c)15% (d) 20%

Solution: (d), Age of Ravi = 20 years & Age of Shayam = 25 years

Solution using percentage change formula:

25
Here x = 25, then percentage decrease = ×100 = 20%
125
1 1 1
Since increase = , therefore Ravi’s age is = = → 20% less than that of Shyam’s.
4 4 +1 5

4. Similarly if a value P is decreased by x%, then we have to increase the resultant value by
 x 
 × 100  to get back the original value.
 100 − x 

Example: Mr. Sharma has 25% less stock of grocery items in his shop as compared to that in
Mr. Verma’s shop. Find by how much percent does Mr. Verma has more stock in hi shop than
Mr.Sharma.

(a) 33.33% (b) 33% (c) 32% (d) 35%

Solution: (a), Now if Sharma has 25% less stock then by formula, Verma’s stock is
 25 
 × 100  = 33.33% more.
 100 − 25 

5. Successive Discounts:

Sometimes, discounts are offered on prices which are already discounted. Such cases are
called Successive discounts.

If d1, d2, d3 …….. are percentage of successive discounts offered on a marked price (MP), then
the selling price SP is

S.P = MP (1 – d1/100) (1 – d2/100) (1 – d3 /100)

Equivalent Single Discount: When a number of successive discounts are given, the effect of
all those discounts can be achieved by a single discount. This single discount is called the
effective (or single) discount. If d1, d2, d3 ……. Are the percentages of successive discounts,
then the effective discount (d%) is

Page 15
 d% = 100 [1 – (1 – d1 /100) (1 – d2/100) (1 – d3/100)…..]

Two successive discounts of x% and y% are equivalent to a single discount of x+y−xy/100

6. When the average of groups or set, instead of individuals, having different number of elements
is being calculated, then it is called the weighted average. Since in this case the number of
elements is different for the different sets thus they carry different weightage. If the number

of elements in n different groups be k1, k2, k3, k4, ……,kn and the averages of the respective

groups be A1, A2, A3, A4,…..AN then the Weighted average =

Example 1: The number of students of IIM in morning batch, evening batch and weekend
batch is 30, 40 and 60 respectively and their respective average ages are 22, 21 and 25 then
the average age of all the students is
Sum of ages 30 × 22 + 40 × 21 + 60 × 25 3000 1
Solution: Weighted average = ⇒ = 23
= years
Number of students 130 130 13

7. Graphical Representation of Alligation:

x = Average of the first group

y= Average of the second group

m = Average of the mixture (Mean Price).

q1 : q2 is the ratio in which both the quantities are mixed together

q1 y − m
when y> x. Therefore, =
q2 m − x
Note:- Mean price always lies between the cost prices of the ingredients.

Example 1: In what ratio should I mix rice of Rs 25 per kg and Rs 40 per kg to get the average
price of Rs 30 per kg.

Solution: Alligation method

Page 16


8. Dividing the Profits:

Unless otherwise stated the distributable profit distributed in the ratio of product of their
capital and time of investment.
If the duration of investments are the same, then the profit is to be shared among the
business partners in the ratio of their investments.
Example 1: Three partners A, B, C invest Rs 34000, Rs 26000 and Rs 10,000 respectively in a
business for one year. Out of a total profit of Rs 17500, A’s share would be

Solution: Now the duration of investments are the same so, profit will be divided in the ratio
of investments i.e.

34000 : 26000 : 10000 = 17 : 13 : 5

17
A’s share = 17500 × = Rs 8500
35

9. Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price

Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price

profit Loss
× 100
10. Profit % = × 100 Loss % =
CP CP

11. Given the cost price (C.P.) and profit percentage p%, the selling price will be given by
100+p
S.P. = C.P.×
100

12. Given the cost price (C.P.) and loss percentage L%, the selling price will be given by

Page 17
 100 − L
S.P. = C.P.×
100

13. Given the Selling price (S.P.) and profit percentage p%, the cost price will be given by
100
C.P. = S.P.×
100 + p

14. Given the Selling price (S.P.) and loss percentage L%, the cost price will be given by
100
C.P. = S.P.×
100 − L

15. When two articles are sold at the same price, such that there is a profit of p% on one article
and a loss of p% on the other article (common profit or loss%), then the net result of the
(common profit or loss) 2 p2
transactions is a loss. This loss % is given by = = .
100 100

16. Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price

Marked price-Selling price

17. Discount Percent = × 100
Marked price

selling price
18. Marked Price = × 100
100-discount
Example 1: An umbrella marked at Rs. 80 is sold for Rs. 68. The rate of discount is :

(a) 10 (b) 16 (c) 12 (d)15

n(n+1)
19. Sum of all the first ‘n’ natural numbers =
2
100(100+1)
For example: The sum of first 100 natural numbers = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ….100 = =
2
5050

20. Sum of all the first ‘n’ odd natural numbers = n2

For example: The sum of first twenty odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + …………20th odd

number = 202 = 400

Page 18
21. Sum of all the first ‘n’ even natural numbers = n(n+1)

For example: The sum of first fifty even natural numbers = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8

+…….50th even term = 50 (50+1) =2550.

n(n+1)(2n+1)
22. Sum of squares of first ‘n’ natural numbers =
6
For example: The sum of squares of first ten natural numbers = 12 + 22 + 32
10(10+1)(2.10+1)
+ 42 + ….102 = = 385.
6

2
 n(n+1) 
23. Sum of cubes of first ‘n’ natural numbers = 
 2 
For example: The sum of cubes of first ten natural numbers =13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 + …….103 =
2
10(10+1) 
 2  = 5050.

24. If a number N = ap × bq× cr×………. where a, b, c… are prime numbers and p, q, r…. are natural
numbers, then total number of factors of N is obtained by (p+1). (q+1). (r+1) …. i.e product of
all the powers (increased by 1) of the prime numbers. Eg 2400 = 25 × 31× 52 here a = 2, b=3,
c=5 all 2,3,5 are prime and p=5, q= 1, r =2

Hence total factors of 2400 = (5+1)×(1+1)×(2+1) = 36

25. Divisibility by 7: A number is divisible by 7 if the addition of the product of series 1/-2/-3/-
1/2/3 and the digits of number yield either a multiple of 7 (whether positive or negative) or 0.

Let’s check if number 4949 is divisible by 7 or not using the mentioned series.
y The product is to be obtained starting from
left hand side.
y If the number is bigger than series, then
the series is enlarged by repeating it.

Page 19
26. Divisibility by 13 : A number is divisible by 13 if the addition of the product of series 1/4/3/-1/
-4/-3 and the digits of number yield either a multiple of 13(whether positive or negative) or 0.

Let’s check if number 7605 is divisible by 13 or not using the mentioned series.

y The product is to be obtained starting from

left hand side.
y If the number is bigger than series, then
the series is enlarged by repeating it.

27. Any factorial can be expressed as product of the prime numbers.

Example:

(a) 10! = 1×2×3×4×5×6×7×8×9×10 = 28×34×52×71.

(b) Similarly 100! = 2a×3b×5c×7d×11e×………..971. (till last prime number smaller than the given
number).

(c) The values of a, b, c, d, e…….. can be calculated by an easy method as follows:

And so on with other prime numbers.

Thus we can say that 100! = 297×348×524×716×119×………..971
y This method is applicable only to find power of a prime number in a factorial function.
y The division is done successively, ignoring the decimal portion and until the quotient
reduces to 1 or is less than the divisor which is the prime number in these cases.

Note: In case of a number that is a combination of two or more prime numbers, the exponent
would be the power that is minimum of all the prime numbers involved.

Page 20
Note: In case of n!, number of zeroes at the end of the product is the exponent of 5, we do not
need to calculate the exponent of 2.

28. Comparison of Fractions:

In this case there are three different situations. Let us discuss them one by one.

(a) When two fractions have the same denominator, then greater fraction is that which has
9 9
greater numerator. So > .
13 13
(b) When two fraction have the same numerator, then greater fraction is that which has
9 9
smaller denominator. So > .
5 7
(c) When two or more fractions with different denominators and different numerator are to
be compared then you can use the following technique:
1 2 3 4
Example 1: Arrange the following fractions in ascending order , , ,
2 3 4 5
Solution: Take LCM of 2, 3, 4, 5 = 60

Now make denominators of all the fractions equal to 60.

1 1 30
If we make denominator of to equal to 60 then =
2 2 60
2 2 × 20 40
= =
3 3 × 20 60
30 40 45 48
Now < < <
60 60 60 60
1 40 3 4
So < < <
2 60 4 5

29. Laws of Surds:

( ) (a ) 1/n n
n
(i) n
a =a or =a
1/n 1/n 1/n
(ii) n
a n b = n ab or (a) .(b) =(a.b)
1/n
n
a na a1/n  a 
(iii) = = or 1/n =  
n
b b b b
a or ( x = ) x= (x )
1/m 1/mn 1/n 1/n 1/m
(iv) m n=
a a
=
mn n m

1/n
(v) n m p m
(a =
) n
a
= p mn
a pm

{
or  (a ) = }
p m 1/m  p 1/n
(a=)

(a p m)1/mn

Page 21
 (vi) a n b = n a n .b
Where n is index of rational number b and n
b is irrational.

30. Laws of Indices:

(i) am×an = am+n

am
(ii) am ÷ an = n
= a m−n
a
m n mn nm
(iii) (a ) ≠ a ≠ a

(iv) (ab)n=anbn
n n
a a
(v)   =
n
b b
(vi) a0 = 1
1
(vii) −n
= an
a
(viii) a n = b n ⇒ a = b

(ix) a m = bn ⇒ m = n
(x) (am)n = amn

31. Involution:

As in the previous articles we have studied that aaaa… (n times) = an. So the process of
multiplication of a number several times by itself is known as involution.

Similarly, we use the same method in some algebraic expressions as follows :

(i) (a+b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab = (a+b) (a+b)

(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab = (a-b) (a-b)

(iii) (a+b+c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)

(iv) (a+b)3 = a3 + 3ab (a+b)+ b3

(v) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a-b)

(vi) (a+b+c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 (a+b) (b+c) (c+a)

Page 22
 (vii) (a+b)2 = (a-b)2 + 4ab

(viii) (a – b)2 = (a+b)2 – 4ab

(ix) a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a-b)

(x) a3 + b3 = (a+b) (a2 + b2 – ab)

(xi) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)

(xii) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3ac = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)

The above rules are used widely. But these are important in finding the square, cube, etc. of
a number besides help in finding the remainder or divisibility of a number.

(a) an + bn is divisible by (a+b), when n is odd

(b) an + bn is never divisible by (a-b)

(c) an + bn is not divisible by (a+b), when n is even

(d) an – bn is always divisible by (a-b)

(e) an – bn is divisible by (a+b) only when n is even

(f) an – bn is not divisible by (a+b) when n is odd

(g) (an+ bn +cn) is divisible by (a +b + c) if n is odd & a, b, c are in AP.

(h) (an + bn + cn + dn) is divisible by (a +b +c +d) if n is odd & a, b, c & d are in AP.

This formula can be extended for any no. of terms provided that the terms as in a, b, c, d are
in AP & power n = odd.

(i) (an - bn) is divisible by (a + b) if n is even.

(j) (an - bn) is divisible by (a – b) if n is any natural no.

(k) (an - bn) is divisible by (ak-bk) if k is a factor of n.

32. When rates are different for different years.

Simple Interest:
P1 r1 t1 P2 r2 t 2 P3 r3 t 3 Prt
Amount = P + + + + ............ + n n n
100 100 100 100
Compound Interest:

Page 23
 t t t t
 r1  1  r2  2  r3  3  rn  n
P
Amount =  1 +   1 +   1 +  .........  1 + 
 100   100   100   100 
P = Principal
r1 = Rate % p.a. for t1 years
r2 = Rate % p.a. for t2 years
r3 = Rate % p.a. for t3 years
and so on.
Example : Find the CI on Rs. 10000 for 3 years. If the rate of Interest is 4% for 1st year, 5% for
2nd year and 6% for 3rd year.
t t t
 r 1  r 2  r3  3
Solution: CI for 3 years = P1 1 + 1  1 + 2   100  . − P1
1 +
 100   100   
= 10000 × 1.04 ×1.05×1.06 - 10000
= 11575.2 – 10000
CI for 3 years = 1575.2

 r 
t

33. Compound Interest = P 1 +  − 1 and
 100  
t
 r 
Amount = P + C I = P 1 +
 100 
Where P = Principal, R = Rate, T = time
Example : What will be the amount when Rs. 10000 is deposited in a bank at 10% per annum
compounded annually for 3 years?
n 3
r  10 
Solution: A =P 1 + 
 =P 1 +
3
 =10000 × (1.1) =Rs.13310
 100   100 

Pr 
n −1
R  
34. Difference between CI and SI for n year =  1 +  − 1
100  100  

35. If compounding is done k times a year (i.e., once every 12/K months), at the rate of r% p.a.
kn
 r/k
then in n years, the principal of P will amount to P 1 + 
 100 

Example : Find compound interest on Rs. 5000 at 16% per annum for 1 year, compounded
half-yearly.

Solution: Principal = Rs. 5000, Time = 1 Year = 2 half year,

Rate = 26% per annum = 8% half-yearly.

Page 24
   8  
2

 Amount = Rs. 5000 × 1 + =   Rs.(5000 × 1.08 × 1.08)

= Rs.5832.
  100  
 C.I. Rs. (5832 - 5000) = Rs. 832

36. General term of an A.P:

Tn = an = a+ (n – 1) d
Where a is first term of A.P.
n is the number of terms.
d is the common difference.

37. Sum of first n terms of an A.P:

n n
Sn = {2a+(n−1)d} or (a+l)
2 2
Where ‘n’ is number of terms; ‘a’ is first term; ‘d’ is common difference and ‘L’ is the last term.

38. General term of G.P:

Tn = l = a . rn-1, where l is the last term of G.P.

39. Sum of first n terms of a G.P:

a.(r n − 1) a(1 − r n )
Sn = if r > 1, while Sn = if r < 1.
r −1 1− r
a
But when it is an infinite series then S∞ = sum of infinite terms of a G.P = for r < 1 only.
1− r

40. Trains:

Let us examine the very common interpretation while dealing with the questions on trains.
(a) When a train crosses a stationary man, a pole or a tree or any object having negligible
length as compared to the length of the train

at time T=t0 at time T = t1

In the figure above the initial and the final positions of train HT crossing a object P is

Page 25
 shown. In the initial position the object P is in aligned with H, where H is the head of

train and this is the point of time at which the train is ready to begin crossing the object

at time T=0. In the final position, the object P is in alignment with T (the tail of the train)

and this is the point of the time at which the train has just finished crossing the object

at time T = t1.

Now in this case the pole is stationary so we can conclude that to cross the pole, the train

of length HT (equal to l) has to travel a distance equal to its own length.(l in this case)

and to do so it takes time t1.

So, length of train (l)

t1 =
speed of train

(b) Now if the train is crossing the man or a object which is moving in the same direction as

that of train with speed M, then relative speed comes into play and t1 in this case will be

given by
length of train (l)
t1 = , where S >M
speed of train (S) − Speed of man (M)
(c) And if the train and man is moving in opposite direction then
length of train (l)
t1 = when t1 is the time taken by train to pass the man.
speed of train (S) + Speed of man (M)
(d) A train of length l crossing a bridge or a tunnel or a platform of length p.

Initial Position at T = t0 Final Position at T= t1

l+p
(l+p) and to do so it takes time t1=
speed of train (S)
(e) If a train of length l1 and speed S1 is crossing another train of length l2 which is moving in

same direction as that of first train with speed S2, then the time taken to cross the other
l1 + l2
t1 = s1 > s2
speed of train (S1 ) + Speed of another rain (S2 )
l1 + l1
(f) If they are moving in opposite direction then t1 =
S1 + S2

Page 26
41. Average Speed:
If different segments of a given distance are covered at different speeds, then the concept of

average speed comes into the picture.

Total distance covered
Average speed =
Total time taken
The total distance covered shall be divided by the sum of all travel times of the different
segments, to get the average speed.

Note: Average of speeds is not same as Average speed.

Example 2: A car travels 600 km in 11 hours and another 800 km in 17 hours. Find the average
speed of the car during entire journey?

(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 70

d1 + d 2 600 + 800
Solution: Here, distance & time are known. Thus average speed = = = 50 km/
t1 + t 2 11 + 17
hr.

Example 3: If a car moves from A to B at a speed of 60 km/hr and comes back from B to A at

a speed of 40 km/hr then find its average speed during the journey?

(a) 38 (b) 48 (c) 50 (d) 41

2uv 2 × 60 × 40 4800
Solution: Average Speed=
= = =48 km/h.
u+v 60 + 40 100

42. Circular Tracks:

When two or more people are running on a circular track, then relative speed comes into
consideration. The major questions that arise in this situation are as follows:
Meeting at the Starting Point- A, B, C are running a race on a circular track and they have
started from the same point.
If A takes t1 seconds to complete one round of given circular track, while B takes t2 seconds
and C takes t3 seconds to complete one round of the circular track then, the time taken to
meet for the first time at the starting point = LCM(t1, t2, t3).
Note: Whether they are moving in same or opposite direction, the time taken to meet at the
starting point will remain the same.
Example11: On a circular track of 400m, A and B start running from the same point in the
same direction with 40m/s and 25m/s of speed respectively. Find after how much time will
they meet again at the starting point?
(a) 100 sec (b) 80 sec (c) 60 sec (d) 40 sec
400
Solution: (b), Time taken by A for one complete round = = 10 seconds.
40
400
Time taken by B for one complete round = = 16 seconds
25

Page 27
 Now they will meet again at starting point after = LCM(10,16) = 80seconds.
Additional Information: When they meet for the first time at the starting point then:
Number of rounds completed by A = 80/10 = 8.
Number of rounds completed by B by then = 80/16 = 5

43. First Meeting at a Point other than Starting Point-

If A and B be two runners, then the time taken by them to meet for the first time =

lenght of the circular track

relative speed
Example12: Karan and Arjun start running on a circular track of length 600m. Speed of
Arjun is 30m/sec and that of Karan is 20m/sec. They start from the same point in the same
direction. Find
(i) When will they meet for the first time, at a point other than starting point?
(a) 100 sec (b) 80 sec (c) 60 sec (d) 40 sec
(ii) When will they meet if they are running in opposite directions?
(a) 12 sec (b) 15 sec (c) 16 sec (d) 18 sec
lenght of the circular track 600
Solution: (i) (c), Time = = = 60 seconds.
relative speed 30 − 20
lenght of the circular track 600
(ii) (a), Time = = = 12 seconds.
relative speed 30 + 20

44. Boats and Streams:

Problems related to boats and streams are different in the computation of relative speed
from those of trains/cars.
(a) When a boat is moving in the direction as the stream or water current, the boat is said to
be moving WITH THE STREAM OR CURRENT.
(b) When a boat is moving in a direction opposite to that of the stream or water current, it is
said to be moving AGAINST THE STREAM OR CURRENT.
(c) If the boat is moving with a certain speed in water that is not moving, the speed of the
boat is then called the SPEED OF THE BOAT IN STILL WATER.
(d) When the boat is moving downstream (in the direction of the flow of water), the speed of
the water aids the speed of the boat.
Thus, we have Speed of the boat with stream (DS) = Speed of the boat in still water(u) +
Speed of the stream(v).
(e) When the boat is moving upstream (in the direction opposite to the flow of water), the
speed of the water resists the speed of the boat. Thus, we have Speed of the boat against
stream (AS) = Speed of the boat in still water(u) – Speed of the stream(v).
(f) If we know values of DS and AS, then from (d) and (e).

Page 28
 DS +AS
Speed of boat (u) = .
2
DS -AS
Speed of stream (v) = .
2

45. Important Rules to Remember:

When quantity & nature of work is same:
(1) Given that, if M1 men can do a particular work in D1 days, while another set of men M2 can
do the same work in D2 days, then it may be concluded as 𝐌𝟏𝐃𝟏=𝐌𝟐𝐃𝟐=𝐖 (work is constant
in both case).
For example: If 20 men take 30 days to complete a job, in how many days can 25 men
complete the job?
Solution: 20 × 30 = 25 × D2D2 = 24 days.
(2) Similarly if M1 men can do a work in D1 days, working T1 hours per day while another set of
M2 men do that same work in D2 days working T2 hours per day, then it may be concluded
as 𝐌𝟏𝐃𝟏𝐓𝟏=𝐌𝟐𝐃𝟐𝐓𝟐=𝐖(work is constant in both case).
For example: If 20 men take 30 days to complete a job working 6 hours a day, in how many
days can 25 men complete the job, working 8 hours a day?
Solution: 20 × 30 × 6 = 25 × D2 × 8 D2 = 18 days.
When quantity of work is different but nature of work is same:
(3) Given that if M1 men can do W1 amount of work in D1 days while another set of M2 men
M1 D1 M 2 D 2
can do W2 amount of that same work in D2 days then, W1
=
W2
where W1&W2 are two
different quantities of same work.
For example: 100 men can build 300 meter long road in 60 days. How many more man can
build 1500 meter long road in 40 days.
M × 400
Solution: 100× 60 = 2 ⇒ M 2 = 750. So, 650 more men are required because 100
300 1500
men were working already.
Here 300m and 1500m are different quantities (length of road) of same work.
M1 D1 M 2 D2
(4) Similarly we can also deduce that T1
×= × T2 , , where T1 and T2 is number of hours
W1 W2
per day put in by M1 and M2 men respectively.
For example: 100 men can finish making 300 quilts in 60 days working 6 hours a day. How
many more men will be required if 1500 quilts are to be finished in 40 days working 9
hours a day?
Solution: Here 300 and 1500 are different quantities (number of quilts to be made) of
same work.
100 × 60 × 6 M2 × 40 × 9
Now according to the rule = ⇒ M 2 = 500. So, 400 more men are
300 1500

Page 29
 required because 100 men were working already.

46. If A,B and C are finite sets and ∪be the finite universal set then;
(i) n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B)
(ii) n(A∪B∪C) = n(A)+n(B) + n(C) - n(A∩B) - n(B∩C) - n(A∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)

47. Formula: Applicable only in the case when we are talking about the same person either from
left end/top or right end /bottom of a row

Total Person in a row = Position (from left or top) + position from (right or bottom) -1

11
48. Angle between the hands of the clock (θ) = [30 ×H− ×M]
2
Where H is hours’ time and M is minute’s time.

49. 100 years contain 5 odd days

So, 200 years contain 10 odd days or 3 odd days
And 300 years contain 15 odd days or 1 odd day
And 400 years contain 0 odd day.
Like-wise, years 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, ……….. contain zero odd day.
One ordinary year (365 days) = 1 odd day
One leap year (366 days ) = 2 odd days

50. Cubes:
A cube is a three dimensional figure, having 8 corners, 6 surfaces and 12 edges.
If a cube is painted on all of its surfaces with any colour and further divided into various
smaller cubes, we get following results:
y Smaller cubes with three surfaces painted will be present on the corners of the big cube.
y Smaller cubes with two surfaces painted will be present on the edges of the big cube.
y Smaller cubes with one surfaces painted will be present on the surfaces of the big cube.
y Smaller cubes with no surfaces painted will be present inside the big cube.

Page 30

If a cube is painted on all of its surfaces with a colour and then divided into smaller cubes
of equal size, then after separation, number of smaller cubes so obtained will be calculated
as under:
y Number of smaller cubes with three surfaces painted =8
y Number of smaller cubes with two surfaces painted = (n −2) × 12
y Number of smaller cubes with one surfaces painted = (n−2)2 × 6
y Number of smaller cubes with no surfaces painted = (n−2)3
Where, n = Number of divisions on the surface of the bigger cube =
length of edge of big cube
length of edge of one smaller cube

Page 31
Tricky CSAT Questions 2021 & 2022

1. In the series AABABCABCDABCDE... which letter appears at the 100th place?

(a) G (b) H (c) I (d) J
9. Parallelogram
2. A has some coins. He gives half of the coins and 2 more to B. B gives half of the coins and 2
more to C. C gives half of the coins and 2 more to D. The number of coins D has now, is the
smallest two digit number. How many coins does A have in the beginning?
(a) 76 (b) 68 (c) 60 (d) 52
10. Rhombus
3. There are eight equidistant points on a circle. How many right-angled triangles can be drawn
using these points as vertices and taking the diameter as one side of the triangle?
(a) 24 (b) 16 (c) 12 (d) 8

4. 11.
There isTrapezium
a numeric lock which has a 3-digit PIN. The PIN contains digits 1 to 7. There is no
repetition of digits. The digits in the PIN from left to right are in decreasing order. Any two
digits in the PIN differ by at least 2. How many maximum attempts does one need to find out
the PIN with certainty?
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
Regular
12.
hexagon X and Y contested an election. 80% of voters cast their vote and there were no
5. Two candidates
invalid votes. There was no NOTA (None of the above) option. X got 56% of the votes cast and
won by 1440 votes. What is the total number of voters in the voters list?
(a) 15000 (b) 12000 (c) 9600 (d) 5000
Regular
13.
octagon
6. Let p be a two-digit number and q be the number consisting of same digits written in reverse
order. If pxq=2430, then what is the difference between p and q?
(a) 45 (b) 27 (c) 18 (d) 9

7. 14.
There areCircle
two containers X and Y. X contains 100 ml of milk and Y contains 100 ml of water. 20
ml of milk from X is transferred to Y. After mixing well, 20 ml of the mixture in Y is transferred
back to X. If m denotes the proportion of milk in X and n denotes the proportion of water in Y,
then which one of the following is correct?
(a) m=n (b) m > n (c) m<n (d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data
15. Semicircle
8. In a group of 120 persons, 80 are Indians and rests are foreigners. Further, 70 persons in the
group can speak English. The number of Indians who can speak English is
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 30 or less (d) 30 or more

9. 16.
A student appeared in 6 papers. The maximum marks are the same for each paper. His marks in
Quadrant
these papers are in the proportion of 5:6:7: 8:9:10. Overall he scored 60%. In how many number
of papers did he score less than 60% of the maximum marks?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

10. Integers are listed from 700 to 1000. In how many integers is the sum of the digits 10?
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9

Page 32
11. The number 3798125P369 is divisible by 7, what is the value of the digit P?
(a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 9

12. In a class, 60% of students are from India and 50% of the students are girls. If 30% of the
Indian students are girl, then what percentage of foreign students are boys?
(a) 45% (b) 40% (c) 30% (d) 20%

13. Consider the following addition problem

3P + 4P + PP + PP = RQ2; where P, Q and R are different digits.
• What is the arithmetic mean of all such possible sums?
(a) 102 (b) 120 (c) 202 (d) 220

14. A person P asks one of his three friends X as to how much money he had. X replied, “If Y gives
me ₹ 40, then Y will have half of as much as Z, but if Z gives me ₹ 40, then three of us will have
equal amount”. What is the total amount of money that X, Y and Z have?
(a) ₹420 (b) ₹360 (c) ₹300 (d) ₹270

15. Considering the following multiplication problem: (PQ) x 3= RQQ, where P, Q and R are different
digits and R ≠0.
What is the value of (P + R) ÷ Q?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient date

Page 33
Some of the questions asked by UPSC

1. Consider the four age pyramids given below namely A, B, C and D

representing four different countries. (नीचे दिए गए, नामतः A, B, C एवं
D, चार आयु पिरैमिड अलग-अलग चार देशों को निरूपित करते हैं। उन पर विचार
कीजिए।)(UPSC-2011)

Which one of them declining population : indicates the (इनमें से

कौन-सा एक, घटती जनसंख्या को इं गित करता है)?

(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D

2. "Price is not the same thing as value. Suppose that on a day the price of
everything viz., coal, bread, postage stamps, a day's labour, the rent of
houses, etc. were to double. Prices then would certainly rise, but values of
all things except one would not." The writer wants to say that if prices of
all things were doubled. (“कीमत वही चीज़ नहीं है जो मूल्य है। मान लें कि किसी
दिन हर चीज़ जैसे, कोयला, रोटी, डाक टिकटें, एक दिन का श्रम, मकानों का भाड़ा, आदि
की कीमतें द्गुनी हो जाती हैं। तब कीमतें निश्चित रूप से बढ़ेगी, किन्तु एक को छोड़कर बाकी
चीज़ों के मूल्य नहीं बढ़ेंगे।" ले खक कहना चाहता है कि यदि सभी चीज़ों की कीमतें दुगुनी हो
जाएँ तो)(UPSC-2014)
(a) सब चीज़ों के मूल्य स्थिर रहेंगे। (the values of all things would remain constant. )

(b) बिकी हुई चीज़ों के मूल्य दुगुने हो जाएँ गे। (the values of the things sold would be

doubled.)

(c) खरीदी गई चीज़ों के मूल्य आधे हो जाएँ गे। (the values of the things bought would

be halved.)

(d) के वल मुद्रा का मूल्य आधा हो जाएगा। (the value of money only would be halved.)
 6. The digits 1 to 9 are arranged in three rows in such a way that each row
contains three digits, & the number formed in second row is twice the
number formed in the first row; & the number formed in the third row is
thrice the number formed in the first row. Repetition of digits is not allowed.
If only 3 of the 4 digits 2, 3, 7 and 9 are allowed to use in the first row, how
many such combinations are possible to be arranged in three rows? (अंक 1
से 9, तीन पंक्तियों में इस प्रकार व्यवस्थित किए गए हैं कि प्रत्येक पंक्ति में तीन अंक हैं, और
दूसरी पंक्ति में बनी संख्या पहली पंक्ति में बनी संख्या की दोगुनी है; और तीसरी पंक्ति में बनी
संख्या पहली पंक्ति में बनी संख्या की तीन गुनी है। किसी अंक को दो बार रखने की अनुमति
नहीं है। यदि चार अंकों 2, 3, 7 और 9 में से के वल तीन अंकों को पहली पंक्ति में व्यवस्थित
करने की अनुमति हो, तो इन तीन पंक्तियों में व्यवस्थित करने के लिए ऐसे कितने संयोजन
संभव हैं?) (UPSC 2022)

(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 1

7. In a tournament of Chess having 150 entrants, a player is eliminated

whenever he loses a match. It is given that no match results in a tie/draw.
How many matches are played in the entire tournament? (150 प्रतियोगियों वाली
किसी शतरंज टू र्नामेंट में जब-जब कोई खिलाड़ी बाजी हारता है, उसे बाहर कर दिया जाता है। यह
निश्चित किया गया है कि कोई भी बाजी बराबरी (टाई/ड्रॉ) पर निर्णीत नहीं होगी। इस पूरे टू र्नामेंट
में कितनी बाजियाँ खेली गई?)

(a) 151

(b) 150

(c) 149

(d) 148
 8. Consider the following graph: (नीचे दिए गए आले ख (ग्राफ) पर विचार कीजिए)

Which one of the following statements is not correct with reference to the
graph given above? (निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा कथन ऊपर दिए गए आले ख के संदर्भ
में सही नहीं है?) (UPSC-2018)

(a) On 1st June, the actual progress of work was less than expected. (1 जून
को कार्य की वास्तविक प्रगति अपेक्षित प्रगति से कम थी।)
(b) The actual rate of progress of work was the greatest during the Month
of August. (कार्य की वास्तविक प्रगति की दर अगस्त महीने में सर्वाधिक थी।)
(c) (The work was actually completed before the expected time
(कार्य वास्तव में अपेक्षित समय से पहले समाप्त हो गया।.)
(d) (During the period from 1st April to 1st September, at no time was the
actual progress more than the expected progress. ( 1 अप्रैल से 1 सितम्बर की
अवधि में किसी भी समय वास्तविक प्रगति अपेक्षित प्रगति से अधिक नहीं थी। )

9. The graph shows birthrate & death rate of a country. From graph, it can be
inferred that from 1990 to 2010: (आले ख में किसी देश की जन्मदर और मृत्युदर दी गई हैं।
आले ख से निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है कि वर्ष 1990 से 2010 तक:) (UPSC 2018)

(a) population growth rate has increased (जनसंख्या की वृद्धि-दर बढ़ी है)
(b) population growth rate has decreased (जनसंख्या की वृद्धि-दर घटी है)
(c) growth rate of population has remained stable (जनसंख्या की वृद्धि-दर स्थिर
रही है)
(d) population growth rate shows no trend (जनसंख्या की वृद्धि-दर किसी प्रवृत्ति को
नहीं दिखाती)
3. The number of deaths among the army personnel is 8 in 1000, but
among the civilian population it is 20 per 1000. Which one of the following
inferences can be drawn from this statement? (सेना के कार्मिकों में 1000 में से
8 की मृत्यु होती है, किन्तु नागरिक जनसंख्या में यह प्रति 1000 में 20 है। इस कथन से
निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है ?) (UPSC-2014)

(a) सेना में भर्ती होना बेहतर है। (It is better to join the army.)
(b) यह सम्बन्ध आकस्मिक है। (The relationship is fortuitous. )
(c) सशस्त्र बलों में जीवन गुणता सूचकांक बहुत ऊँ चा (Quality of Life Index is very
high within the armed forces. )
(d) उनकी विषमजातीयता के कारण इन वर्गों की तुलना नहीं की जा सकती। (The
groups cannot be compared due to their heterogeneity.)

4. Rights are certain advantageous conditions of social well-being

indispensable to the true development of the citizen. In the light of
this statement, which one of the following is the correct
understanding of rights?" (अधिकार, नागरिक के वास्तविक विकास के लिए
अपरिहार्य, सामाजिक कल्याण की कु छ हितकारी दशाएँ है’’। इस कथन के परिप्रेक्ष्य
में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन सी अधिकारों की सही व्याख्या है?) (UPSC-2017)

(a) Rights aim at individual good only. (अधिकारों का उद्देश्य के वल वैयक्तिक

कल्याण है।)

(b) Rights aim at social good only. (अधिकारों का उद्देश्य के वल सामाजिक कल्याण

है।)

(c) Rights aim at both individual and social good. (अधिकारों का उद्देश्य

वैयक्तिक कल्याण और सामाजिक कल्याण दोनों है। )

(d) Rights aim at individual good devoid of social well-being. (अधिकारों का

उद्देश्य सामाजिक कल्याण के बिना वैयक्तिक कल्याण है। )

 परिच्छेद (Passage)

5. In a democratic State, where a high degree of political maturity of the

people obtains, the conflict between the will of the sovereign law making
body and the organized will of the people seldom occurs. (लोकतांत्रिक राज्य
में, जहाँ लोगों में उच्च कोटि की राजनीतिक परिपक्वता होती है, सर्वसत्ताधारी विधिनिर्माता
निकाय के संकल्प और जनता के संगठित संकल्प में बिरले ही संघर्ष होता है।) (UPSC-
2017)
5. What does the above passage imply? (उपर्युक्त परिच्छेद का क्या निहितार्थ है?)

(a) In a democracy, force is the main phenomenon in the actual

exercise of sovereignty. (लोकतंत्र में, संप्रभुता के वास्तविक पालन में, बल प्रमुख
तथ्य होता है।)
(b) In a mature democracy, force to a great extent is the main
phenomenon in the actual exercise of sovereignty. (परिपक्क लोकतंत्र में,
संप्रभुता के वास्तविक पालन में, बल एक बड़ी सीमा तक प्रमुख तथ्य होता है। )
(c) In a mature democracy, use of force is irrelevant in the actual
exercise of sovereignty. (परिपक्क लोकतंत्र में, संप्रभुता के वास्तविक पालन में, बल
का प्रयोग अप्रासंगिक है।)
(d) In a mature democracy, force is narrowed down to a marginal
phenomenon in the actual exercise of sovereignty. (परिपक्क लोकतंत्र में,
संप्रभुता के वास्तविक पालन में, बल घटकर एक उपांतिक तथ्य (मार्जि नल फे नॉमिनॉन)
रह जाता है। )