沃尔玛的成功关键

全球统一采购
沃尔玛还跟供应商建立起直接的伙伴关系以排斥中间商，直接向制造商定货，消除中
间商的佣金在保证商品质量的同时实现利润最大化。（直接选品，提高采买效率，减
少成本）
高效的供应链管理系统（信息管理，高校配送，卫星结合）
先进信息系统（管理信息系统及信息技术创新）
卫星
沃尔玛投资发射了一颗商用卫星，建立了自己的卫星通信系统，使其分布在全球的每家商
店都拥有自己的终端，并通过卫星与总部相连。通过商店付款柜台扫描器售出的每一件商
品，都会自动存储，当某一商品的库存减少到一定数量，就会发出求救信号，沃尔玛的数
据中心供应商建立了联系，供应商收到求救信号后形成了快速反应的供应链，以此安排生
产和供货，并运往最近的分销中心，再由分销中心的信息系统安排发货至各门店，整个过
程不超过 48 小时，这种运营管理方式，使公司能够迅速掌握运营状况，及时补充存货的不
足，减少成本，加速资金周转，减少库存费用。
satellite
WalMart has invested in launching a commercial satellite and established its own satellite
communication system, so that each store distributed around the world has its own terminal and is
connected to the headquarters through satellite. Every commodity sold through the scanner of the
store's payment counter will be automatically stored. When the inventory of a certain commodity
decreases to a certain amount, a distress signal will be sent. The supplier of Wal Mart's data center
has established a contact. After receiving the distress signal, the supplier forms a quick response
supply chain to arrange production and supply, and then it will be shipped to the nearest
distribution center, and then the information system of the distribution center will arrange the
shipment to each store, The whole process does not exceed 48 hours. This operation management
mode enables the company to quickly grasp the operation status, timely supplement the shortage
of inventory, reduce costs, accelerate capital turnover, and reduce inventory costs.
具体分析沃尔玛的信息系统
自动补货系统
沃尔玛和零售商之间通过库存报告、销售预测报告和订单报告等实时信息交换，供应商对
其所供应的货物及在其销售点的库存了如指掌，一旦被大量采购，就会促使商品制造商大
量生产此商品，从而自动跟踪补充各个销售点的货源，由供应商管理零售库存，并承担零
售店里的全部产品定位责任，使沃尔玛大大降低运营成本（cost），降低库存量，缩短了
从订货到交货之间的时间间隔，让产品到达门店的速度更快,提高运营效率。
Through real-time information exchange between Wal Mart and retailers, such as inventory
reports, sales forecast reports and order reports, suppliers know the goods they supply and the
inventory at their point of sale very well. Once they are purchased in large quantities, commodity
manufacturers will be prompted to produce a large number of goods, thus automatically tracking
and supplementing the supply of goods at each point of sale. The supplier will manage the retail
inventory and assume all the product positioning responsibilities of the retail store, It enables
retailers to greatly reduce operating costs, reduce inventory, shorten the time interval from
ordering to delivery （ more dependable ） , make products arrive at stores faster, and improve
operational efficiency.
EDI(过电子确认系统(EDI)，向全世界 4000 多家供应商发送采购订单及收集产品信息和报
价单，并向全球 2000 多家商场供货。)
是沃尔玛与供应商之间，利用电子通信传递数据信息，产生托订单请求和发票，供应商通
过 EDI，得知最新的订单、存货和配送状况，使得信息传输的速度大幅度提高。
1.供应商接收来自沃尔玛的订单，制订货物交付计划，并通过 EDI，把货物运送的清单以
及运输时间等信息发送给物流供应商或者沃尔玛。 The supplier receives the order from Wal
Mart, formulates the goods delivery plan, and sends the goods delivery list, transportation time
and other information to the logistics supplier or Wal Mart through EDI.
2.供应商根据沃尔玛的需求以及货物运输计划，在 EDI 系统中，根据沃尔玛给出的货物标
签标准，制作货物标签，贴在货物包装箱上。同时将准备好的货物信息通过 EDI 系统发送
给 物 流 供 应 商 和 沃 尔 玛 。 According to the requirements of Wal Mart and the cargo
transportation plan, the supplier makes cargo labels in the EDI system according to the cargo label
standards given by Wal Mart and sticks them on the cargo packaging boxes. At the same time, the
prepared goods information will be sent to the logistics supplier and Wal Mart through the EDI
system.
3.物流供应商从供应商处取到货物后，读取货物标签，将实际货物数据与此前收到的数据
进行核对。接下来再将货物整理，向沃尔玛发动发货信息。通过 EDI 向供应商发送完成运
输 的 报 文 。 After receiving the goods from the supplier, the logistics supplier reads the goods
labels and checks the actual goods data with the data received previously. Next, sort out the goods
and send shipment information to Wal Mart. Send the message of completed transportation to the
supplier through EDI.
4.沃尔玛收到货物后，通过读取标签信息，开出收货发票。并通过 EDI 向供应商发送收货
确 认 After receiving the goods, Wal Mart will issue a receipt invoice by reading the label
information. And send the receipt confirmation to the supplier through EDI
使用 EDI，企业录入的信息更加精准，同时也降低了业务成本。其次， EDI 可以帮助供应
商更好的把控生产周期，更合理的安排生产，并且确保对订单及时做出响应，让整个物流
EDI 流 程 更 加 可 靠 ， 从 而 提 高 运 营 效 率 。 With EDI, enterprises can input more accurate
information, and reduce business costs. Secondly, EDI can help suppliers better control the
production cycle, arrange production more reasonably, and ensure timely response to orders,
making the entire logistics EDI process more reliable, thus improving operational efficiency.
使用 EDI 系统，沃尔玛可以将 POS 的数据以电子的形式直接传送给供应商，供应商可以及
时了解沃尔玛的销售情况，及时调整采购计划和生产计划。供应商利用 EDI 系统在发货前
向沃尔玛发送预先发货清单，这样沃尔玛可以做好进货准备，省去货物的录入环节，提高
商品的检验效率。沃尔玛在接受货物时用扫描仪读取机器的条码信息，与进货清单核对，
判断到货和发货清单是否一致，从而大大节约了商品的流通检验环节，增加商品的流通速
度，增加流动资金的运用效率，从而大大降低了商品的仓储成本。可及时利用运输资源，
降低运费并减少运输时间，减少待料时间和和生产成本，提高了订单和发票的传输速度，
提 高 运 营 效 率 。 Using EDI system, Wal Mart can directly transmit POS data to suppliers in
electronic form, so that suppliers can timely understand Wal Mart's sales situation, and timely
adjust purchase plans and production plans. Suppliers use the EDI system to send the pre shipment
list to Wal Mart before shipment, so that Wal Mart can be ready to purchase goods, save the entry
of goods, and improve the inspection efficiency of goods. When receiving goods, Wal Mart uses a
scanner to read the barcode information of the machine, check it with the purchase list, and judge
whether the arrival and delivery lists are consistent, which greatly saves the circulation inspection
link of goods, increases the circulation speed of goods, increases the efficiency of the use of
working capital, and greatly reduces the storage cost of goods. It can make timely use of
transportation resources, reduce freight and transportation time, reduce waiting time and
production costs, improve the transmission speed of orders and invoices, and improve operational
efficiency.
自动订货
沃尔玛利用更先进的快速反应和联机系统替代采购指令，真正实现了自动订货，这些系统
利用条形码扫描和卫星通信系统，与供应商每日交换产品销售、运输和订单信息，包括商
品规格款式颜色，从发出订单到货物送到门店内，最快时间甚至不超过 10 天。
由于订单处理周期的缩短，沃尔玛卖给最终客户之后的结算非常迅速，这种物流信息的流
动，提高了沃尔玛供应链的工作质量和效率，提升运营管理效率。
Wal Mart uses more advanced rapid response and online systems to replace purchase orders, and
truly realizes automatic ordering. These systems use barcode scanning and satellite
communication systems to exchange daily product sales, transportation and order information with
suppliers, including product specifications, styles, and colors. The fastest time from order issuance
to delivery of goods to the store does not even exceed 10 days.
Due to the shortening of order processing cycle （more dependable）, Wal Mart's settlement after
selling to the final customer is very fast. This flow of logistics information improves the quality
and efficiency of Wal Mart's supply chain and improves the efficiency of operation and
management.

沃尔玛配送
供应商将商品送到配送中心后，经过核对采购计划、进行商品检验等程序，分别送到货架
的不同位置存放。提出要货计划后，电脑系统将所需商品的存放位置查出，并打印有商店
代号的标签。整包装的商品直接由货架上送往传送带，零散的情况下，商品由工作台人员
取出后也送到传送带上，商店要货的当天就可以将商品送出。 After delivering the goods to
the distribution center, the supplier shall check the purchase plan, conduct commodity inspection
and other procedures, and then deliver them to different positions of the shelf for storage. After
proposing the purchasing plan, the computer system will find out the storage location of the
required goods and print the label with the store code. The whole package of goods is directly sent
to the conveyor belt from the shelf. In case of scattered goods, the goods are also sent to the
conveyor belt after being taken out by the workbench staff. The goods can be delivered on the day
the store asks for goods.
沃尔玛配送中心一端为装货月台,另一端为卸货月台，两项作业分开。沃尔玛采取的交叉配
送作业方式非常独特，而且效率极高，取时直接装车出货，没有入库储存与分拣作业（扫
码），降低了成本，加速了流通，提高运营效率，货物可快速到达门店。它可以同时停放
135 辆大卡车，每个配送中心有 600-800 名员工，24 小时连续装卸搬运配送作业;每天有
160 辆货车开来卸货，150 辆车装好货物开出，商品在配送中心停留不超过 48 小时 One end
of Wal Mart's distribution center is the loading platform, and the other end is the unloading
platform. The two operations are separated. Wal Mart adopts a unique and highly efficient cross
distribution operation mode. It directly loads and ships goods when picking, without warehousing,
storage and sorting operations (code scanning), which reduces costs, speeds up circulation, and
improves operational efficiency. Goods can reach stores quickly. It can park 135 large trucks at the
same time, each distribution center has 600-800 employees, and it can continuously load, unload,
transport and distribute for 24 hours; 160 trucks will come to unload goods every day, 150 trucks
will leave after loading goods, and the goods will stay in the distribution center for no more than
48 hours。
沃尔玛所有的系统都是基于的 UNIX 系统的一个配送系统，这是一个非常大的开放式平台，
不但来用传送带，还采用产品代码，以及自动补货系统和激光识别系统，这样，员工可以
在传送带上就取到自己所负责的商店所需的商品。那么在传送的时候，他们是怎么知道应
该取哪个箱子呢?传送带上有 浅谈沃尔玛配送中心及... 应被送往的商店来拿取这些商
品，并将取到的这些商品放到一个箱子当中。这些信号灯，有红的、绿的，还有黄的，员
工可以根据信号灯的提示来确定商品 All Wal Mart's systems are based on a distribution system
of UNIX system, which is a very large open platform. It not only uses the conveyor belt, but also
uses product code, automatic replenishment system and laser identification system. In this way,
employees can get the goods needed by their own stores on the conveyor belt. How do they know
which box to take when transmitting? There is a talk on the conveyor belt about the Wal Mart
distribution center and... the store that should be sent to pick up these goods, and put them into a
box. These signal lights are red, green and yellow. Employees can determine the goods according
to the signal lights。
这样快的交叉式配送方式和高效的库存管理，才能保证沃尔玛电商平台上所承诺的 保
证 2 天内发货，沃尔玛保证在 2 天内提货、包装并交付给顾客，与服务相结合，提高
服务质量。 Such a fast cross distribution method and efficient inventory management
can ensure that Wal Mart's e-commerce platform promises to deliver goods within two
days, and Wal Mart promises to pick up, package and deliver goods to customers within
two days, combine with service, and improve service quality.

沃尔玛的供应链运作流程
供货：
信息共享使实现供应链管理的基础，沃尔玛运用了 EDI 信息系统，向供应商提供商业文件，
发出采购指令，获取数据和装运清单，与供应商共享产品销售信息，使得供应商即时精确
的把握销售状况，以此调整采购计划和生产计划。 EDI 的使用减少了库存管理成本，有效
避免了缺货现象，缩短了订单发出到交付的时间，运营效率提高，变得更可靠更快速。
Information sharing is the basis for realizing supply chain management. Wal Mart uses EDI
information system to provide business documents to suppliers, issue purchase orders, obtain data
and shipping lists, and share product sales information with suppliers, so that suppliers can
accurately grasp the sales status in a timely manner, and adjust purchase plans and production
plans. The use of EDI reduces inventory management costs, effectively avoids out of stock,
shortens the time from order issuance to delivery, improves operational efficiency, and becomes
more reliable and faster.
沃尔玛在接受货物时用扫描仪读取机器的条码信息，与进货清单核对，判断到货和发货清
单是否一致，从而大大节约了商品的流通检验环节，增加商品的流通速度，从而大大降低
了商品的库存成本。
总而言之，EDI 的使用可及时利用运输资源，降低运费并减少运输时间，减少待料时间和
和生产成本，提高了订单和发票的传输速度，提高运营效率。 When receiving goods, Wal
Mart uses a scanner to read the barcode information of the machine, check with the purchase list,
and judge whether the arrival is consistent with the delivery list, thus greatly saving the circulation
inspection link of goods, increasing the circulation speed of goods, and greatly reducing the
inventory cost of goods.
In a word, the use of EDI can make timely use of transportation resources, reduce freight and
transportation time, reduce waiting time and production costs, improve the transmission speed of
orders and invoices, and improve operational efficiency.
配送：
供应商将商品送到配送中心后，分别送到货架的不同位置存放。提出要货计划后，电脑系
统将所需商品的存放位置查出，商品直接由货架上送往传送带，商店要货的当天就可以将
商品送出。沃尔玛配送中心一端为装货月台,另一端为卸货月台，两项作业分开。沃尔玛采
取的交叉配送作业方式非常独特，而且效率极高，取时直接装车出货，没有入库储存与分
拣作业（在传送带上，不用自己拿），降低了成本，加速了流通，提高运营效率，货物可
快速到达门店。
After the supplier delivers the goods to the distribution center, they are delivered to different
locations on the shelf for storage. After the purchasing plan is put forward, the computer system
will find out the storage location of the required goods, and the goods will be directly sent to the
conveyor belt from the shelf, and the goods can be delivered on the same day when the store calls
for goods. One end of Wal Mart's distribution center is the loading platform, and the other end is
the unloading platform. The two operations are separated. Wal Mart adopts a unique and highly
efficient cross distribution operation mode. It directly loads and ships goods when picking,
without warehousing, storage and sorting operations (on the conveyor belt, you don't need to take
them yourself), which reduces costs, speeds up circulation, and improves operational efficiency.
Goods can arrive at stores quickly.

沃尔玛供应链系统真正实现了门店，配送中心，供应商的三者的同步，与供应商建立良好
的伙伴关系，配合默契，是沃尔玛供应链系统高效运营的关键所在。
Wal Mart's supply chain system has truly realized the synchronization of stores, distribution
centers and suppliers. The key to the efficient operation of Wal Mart's supply chain system is to
establish a good partnership with suppliers.